Effects of Radix Puerariae, Radix Rehmanniae and Their Compatibility on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effects of the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Radix Rehmanniae on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mouses.[Methods]Diabetic mouse model was established.The body weight and fasting blood glucose of mice were measured after 7 and 14 d of administration,and the biochemical indicators of blood lipids(TC,HDL-C,and LDL-C)were detected after 14 d of administration.[Results]Compared with the Radix Puerariae group and Radix Rehmanniae group,the compatibility group(1:2)had the best hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and TC and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly decreased(P<0.05),while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)significantly increased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Puerariae,Radix Rehmanniae and their combination can reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice.The compatibility group(1:2)had a significant hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly declined,while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)rose significantly.

Puerariae Radix protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a common inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has long been used in Asia as a treatment for UC and Puerariae Radix(PR)is a reliable anti-diarrheal therapy.The aims of this study were to investigate the protective effect of PR using the dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)-induced UC model in mice and identify molecular mechanisms of PR action.The chemical constituents of PR via ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and identified potential PR and UC targets using a network pharmacology(NP)approach were obtained to guide mouse experiments.A total of 180 peaks were identified from PR including 48 flavonoids,46 organic acids,14 amino acids,8 phenols,8 carbohydrates,7 alkaloids,6 coumarins and 43 other constituents.NP results showed that caspase-1 was the most dysregulated of the core genes associated with UC.A PR dose of 0.136 mg/g administered to DSS treated mice reversed weight loss and decreased colon lengths found in UC mice.PR also alleviated intestinal mucosal shedding,inflammatory cell infiltration and mucin loss.PR treatment suppressed upregulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-1(caspase-1),apoptosis-associated speck-like(ASC)and gasdermin D(GSDMD)at both the protein and m RNA expression levels.The addition of a small molecule dual-specificity phosphatase inhibitor NSC 95397 inhibited the positive effects of PR.These results indicated that PR exerts a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice.

Response surface optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol（1∶15,v/v）for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.

Optimization of Preparative Separation and Purification of Total Flavonoids from Radix Puerariae by Macroporous Resin Method

Aim To screen the optimum macroporous resin and conditions for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Puerariae. Methods The static and dynamic adsorption/desorption methods were used, and the separation and purification process was evaluated by measuring the concentration of total flavonoid in the fractions with UV spectrophotometer. Results The SP70 macroporous resin was the most effective compared with other macroporous resins. The optimum conditions were screened, which were 0.5 g· mL^- 1 corresponding to crude drug for concentration of extract, pH 5 - 6, and appended 60 times the volume of the resin bed （BV） with the adsorption speed 2 BV·h^-1, and the volume of aq. 70% （V/V） ethanol as eluant was 5 BV with desorption speed 2 BV·h^-1. By this method, the final contents of total flavonoids exceeded 80%. Conclusion The SP70 macroporous resin is the most effective one for large-scale isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Pueraria, which meets industrial needs.

Molecular mechanism study of Radix Pueraria for the treatment of glioma based on network pharmacology

Radix Pueraria(RP)has a long history of dual-use in medicine and food,and is well known as“Asian ginseng”.Recently,some studies about the effect of RP against glioma have been reported.However,little is elucidated about the molecular mechanism of interaction.This study used network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to clarify the molecular mechanism of RP in the treatment of glioma.Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)was applied to screen potential active ingredients of RP and their targets.Targets for glioma were obtained from Genecards,OMIM,and Therapeutic Target Database(TTD).The topological analysis of cross-target and core target interaction was conducted using protein-protein interaction analysis(PPI).With the application of bioinformatics,GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were further carried out.Molecular docking was used then to validate the binding affinity between active components and key targets.This study successfully identified 6 potential active ingredients,namely beta-sitosterol,daidzein,formononetin,genistein,ononin,and puerarin.The hub targets were AKT1,TP53,VEGRA,EGFR,and MAPK3.These targets were mainly involved in biological processes,such as RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding,and positive regulation of cell migration in the membrane raft,and were regulated by PI3K-Akt pathway.Further study showed that almost all the compounds had good binding abilities with above-mentioned targets.In short,this study systematically revealed the anti-glioma mechanism of RP to provide reference for the treatment of glioma.

葛斛调脂方干预代谢综合征患者的随机对照研究

背景 全球约有1/4的人患有代谢综合征(Met S)。近年来我国Met S患病率也呈逐年上升趋势,对生命健康造成严重威胁。中医药治疗Met S有着多靶点、多环节的优势,但目前临床上缺乏高质量的随机对照研究和真实世界研究。目的 观察葛斛调脂方对Met S患者腰围(WC)、体质量、体脂率(BFP)及糖脂代谢的影响。方法2021年6月—2022年11月前瞻性选取上海中医药大学附属龙华医院门诊就诊及住院的84例Met S患者为研究对象。应用SPSS 25.0统计软件给定随机种子数,将受试者随机分为葛斛组(42例)和对照组(42例)。葛斛组应用葛斛调脂方颗粒治疗(葛根6 g,铁皮石斛6 g),患者空腹早晚各1次,1包/次,冲服,连续服用8周。对照组应用安慰剂颗粒干预,患者空腹早晚各1次,1包/次,冲服,连续服用8周。干预期间对两组患者进行相同的健康宣教(包括膳食方案和运动处方的指导)。干预8周后对比分析两组患者的WC、体质量、BMI、BFP、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)。结果 最终葛斛组41例、对照组41例完成8周的干预研究。治疗前两组患者WC、体质量、BMI、BFP比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前后WC、体质量、BMI、BFP差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患者的TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、FBG比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前后TG、TC、FBG差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在治疗期间和随访结束后两组均未发生严重不良反应事件。结论 葛斛调脂方能较好地改善MetS患者的WC、体质量、BMI、BFP、TG、TC及FBG,且安全性较好。

中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展

糖尿病患病率高且并发症多,严重影响各种疾病的预后。在治疗上,降糖西药不良反应较多,限制临床治疗。中医药对于防治糖尿病经验丰富,可通过多靶点多通路降低患者血糖。中药葛根作为辛凉解表药,有清热、生津、止渴之效,药理学研究其具有抗氧化应激反应、减少炎症因子积聚、增强胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等作用。葛根治疗糖尿病的主要活性成分为葛根素,临床研究表明以葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方辨证论治各种糖尿病患者,疗效显著。近年来研究发现葛根素、葛根药对及葛根类方可以通过多靶点、多通路抑制氧化应激反应、调节体内炎症因子水平、减少AGEs的形成与累积、抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡、增加胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等多种途径达到降低血糖,控制并改善各种并发症。文章旨在通过梳理相关文献,从葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方3个方面总结归纳中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展。

葛根、粉葛炮制前后多糖和微量元素含量研究

目的:探讨不同的切制规格及炮制方法对葛根、粉葛所含多糖、微量元素含量的影响。方法:利用UV以及ICP-MS检测方法,对葛的不同品种(葛根、粉葛)、不同规格(片、丁)、不同炮制方法(煨制、醋制)中所含多糖和微量元素含量进行测定。结果:多糖类含量粉葛远高于葛根;丁块型葛基本高于片型葛;葛根丁经过煨制、醋制后没有显著变化,葛根片煨制提高、醋制降低,粉葛丁经过煨制、醋制后提高,粉葛片经煨制、醋制后降低。微量元素含量,葛根中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、K、Mn含量均高于粉葛,但Ca含量明显低于粉葛;Fe的含量均是片大于丁,Zn、Ca含量则是丁大于片;葛根丁中微量元素含量经过煨制后变化较大、醋制变化较小,葛根片中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、Mn含量煨制降低、醋制提高,粉葛丁中Fe、Zn、Mg、K、Ca含量经过煨制、醋制后降低,粉葛片中Fe、Zn、Ca含量经过煨制、醋制后降低。结论:葛根、粉葛不同的切制规格及炮制方法对其多糖和微量元素含量均可产生不同程度的影响,而该变化可为进一步深入探讨葛的炮制作用机理提供参考依据。

Chemistry of the Chinese herbal medicine Puerariae Radix(Ge-Gen): A review

Puerariae Radix （Ge-Gen in Chinese） is a popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine derived from the driedroots ofPueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi or P. thomsonii Benth. It shows significant pharmacological activities in the treatment ofcardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes progress in the chemistry study of Puerariaspecies, mainly covering the classes of flavonoids, puerosides, coumarins, triterpenoids, and triterpene saponins. Qualitative andquantitative chemical analyses are also covered.

吴伟基于“瘀毒致悸”辨治房颤思路探讨

吴伟教授在辨治房颤过程中,创新性地提出“心-血-脉三位一体论”与“瘀毒致悸”论。认为房颤由瘀毒所致,其病位在心-血-脉,核心病机为“气滞血瘀毒成”。治法当紧扣病机,提倡“从瘀论治,兼以解毒,缓消其毒”,且认为理气活血化瘀便是解毒。方拟桃仁红花煎加减,主要组成药物有桃仁、红花、川芎、延胡索、生地黄、赤芍、丹参、大枣、葛根、甘松、牡蛎、茯苓、玉竹等,并根据岭南之气候与房颤多影响情志之特点,去方中辛烈之品,而加特色解毒药对葛根-甘松以辨病而治。吴伟教授治疗房颤还常配合沐足、针灸、导引等中医外治法和保健法,全面调理,缓消其毒,以复其元。吴伟教授治疗房颤采用中医药精准干预,综合调理,可达到促进症状消失及恢复窦性心律、改善体质等目的,其辨治思路可为房颤的中医药治疗提供参考。

基于GEO数据库结合网络药理学及分子对接逆向挖掘干预肝癌的中药

基于GEO(gene expression omnibus)数据库结合网络药理学及分子对接,从分子水平逆向挖掘具有抗肝癌活性的中药。通过GEO、GeneCards、OMIM和TTD等疾病靶点数据库获取肝癌的重要靶点。利用STRING平台获取核心靶点,结合TCMIP(integrative pharmacology-based research platform of traditonal Chinese medicine)和TCMID(traditional Chinese medicine integraive database)数据库筛选核心成分,采用TCMSP(traditonal Chinese medicine system pharmacology database and analysis platform)数据库筛选核心中药,通过分子对接和细胞实验验证筛选结果。从疾病靶点数据库得到398个肝癌的重要靶点,进一步筛选出8个核心靶点、11个核心成分和1味核心中药葛根;分子对接结果表明葛根的3个核心成分(槲皮素、黄岑素、豆甾醇)可以与部分核心靶点(CDK1、CDC20)自发地结合;细胞实验结果表明葛根提取物可以有效抑制肝癌细胞HepG2的增殖。该结果可以为葛根的研究与开发提供参考,为葛根抗肝癌活性成分的挖掘提供理论依据。

基于HPLC指纹图谱结合一测多评法的葛花质量控制研究

建立葛花药材的指纹图谱,并同时建立其中10个主要黄酮类成分含量的一测多评分析方法(QAMS),用于不同产地葛花药材整体质量评价。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对不同产地葛花中主要化学成分进行分析,确定最佳色谱条件,建立指纹图谱;在此基础上,以葛花苷为参照峰,建立QAMS测定葛花10个黄酮类成分含量;并与外标法(ESM)测定结果比较,验证QAMS的准确性。建立了葛花药材指纹图谱,20批葛花和10批粉葛花药材的相似度均大于0.85,标定共有峰分别为18和27个。以葛花苷为参照峰,各个成分校正因子的重复性、耐用性均良好;应用一测多评法测定10个成分的含量,与外标法测定结果比较,含量无明显差异(P>0.05),相对偏差<3.0%。不同产地来源的葛花药材中10个成分含量均存在较大差异,说明应提高葛花药材的质量控制标准。所建立的指纹图谱结合一测多评分析方法简便、可行,可客观、有效的用于不同产地葛花药材质量评价,可以为葛花质量标准修订、优质葛花种质资源的选育和育种提供参考。

葛根的药食功效和现代应用探析

葛根是我国药食同源目录中的品种,其含有黄酮、三萜、香豆素、皂苷等活性化合物,安全有效,应用前景广阔。葛根味甘、辛,性凉,归脾、胃、肺经,具有解肌退热、生津止渴、透疹、升阳止泻、通经活络、解酒毒等功效。作为食品,大葛根汤和葛根粥等深受人们喜爱,常用来解渴、治疗溃疡等。作为药品,葛根素注射液、葛根胶囊、葛根芩连丸、蜂胶葛根软胶囊等在临床中具有显著疗效,如降血压、降血糖、调血脂、抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护、调节骨代谢、抗肿瘤等。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,葛根的用途更加广泛。对葛根发展历史、化学成分、药理作用及现代应用等方面进行归纳总结,以期为葛根药食同源资源的合理开发和综合利用提供参考。

黄力辨治冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后再发心绞痛的用药规律探讨

【目的】运用数据挖掘方法分析黄力教授辨治冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后再发心绞痛的用药规律。【方法】收集黄力教授于中日友好医院门诊治疗冠心病PCI术后再发心绞痛的有效病例的处方资料。采用SPSS Statistics 26.0软件和SPSS Modeler 18.0软件对处方中药进行频次统计、功效和性味归经分析、关联规则分析、聚类分析和因子分析。【结果】共得到中药处方344首,涉及中药209味,累计用药频次为5874次。以出现频次居前30位的中药为高频中药,其中使用频次>100次的中药依次为黄芪、川芎、葛根、红景天、三七、茯苓、降香、白术、莪术、三棱、山药、陈皮、法半夏、党参、甘草等。高频中药的功效归类以活血化瘀药和补气药最多。药物的药性以温性、平性和寒性为主,药味偏甘、辛、苦,归经以归脾经、肺经、肝经为主。挖掘得到关联规则30条,聚类组合5类,公因子11组。【结论】黄力教授治疗心血管疾病常以气、血、水理论为指导,尤重气机升降;认为气虚血瘀为PCI术后再发心绞痛的基本病机,治疗多以益气活血化瘀立法,五脏同调、寒温并用,辅以益气健脾、化痰利水、安神宁心、行气散结、破血逐瘀之品。

粉葛水提物对2型糖尿病db/db小鼠胰岛细胞炎症损伤的改善作用及其机制

为探讨粉葛水提物对2型糖尿病db/db小鼠胰岛细胞炎症损伤的作用及机制,将30只db/db小鼠随机分为模型组、粉葛水提物高、中、低剂量组和二甲双胍组,正常组则采用6只db/m小鼠。持续给药8周后,测量小鼠体质量变化、计算胰重比、检测血清空腹胰岛素(fasting serum lisulin,FINS)、血清空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、糖化血清蛋白(glycosylated serum protein,GSP),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assess-ment for insulin resistance,HOMA-IR);苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察胰腺组织病理学变化;免疫组化(immunohistochemistry,IHC)法检测胰岛细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、核因子-κBp65(nuclear factor kappa-Bp65,NF-κBp65)和白细胞介素18(interleukin-18,IL-18)的蛋白表达;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)法检测胰腺组织寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein,ASC)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(cystein-asparate protease 1,caspase-1)、白细胞介素1β(interle-ukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-18的蛋白表达;免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)法检测胰腺组织NLRP3的表达。结果表明:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠体质量、胰重比、血清GSP、FBG、FINS含量、HOMA-IR水平明显增加;胰岛细胞变形,出现炎性浸润,胰岛细胞和腺泡细胞边界不清晰,TNF-α、NF-κBp65和IL-18的蛋白表达量明显增加;胰腺组织中相关蛋白表达量明显升高。与模型组比较,二甲双胍和粉葛水提物组体质量、胰重比、血清GSP、FBG、FINS明显降低;胰岛细胞形态完整且边界清晰,炎性浸润明显降低,可见较多胰岛细胞,TNF-α、NF-κBp65和IL-18的蛋白表达量明显减少;胰腺组织中相关蛋白表达量明显降低。综上,粉葛水提物可以减轻db/db小鼠胰岛细胞的炎症损伤,降低胰岛素抵抗,改善2型糖尿病症状。其作用机制可能与抑制NLRP3炎性小体通路及其下游炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18的分泌有关。

不同产地煨葛根的鉴定及含量测定

采用显微鉴别法对四川、安徽、湖北3个产地煨葛根外观形状及内部组织结构进行初步鉴定,利用薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴定煨葛根中的主要有效成分葛根素,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对它们的含量进行检测,比较分析3个产地煨葛根中有效成分葛根素的含量及其差异性。结果表明,3个产地煨葛根中均含有葛根素,四川产地样品药材葛根素含量优于安徽和湖北产地,但不同产地的煨葛根中葛根素含量均符合《中国药典》标准,同时葛根素的含量与产地有一定关系。

葛根中总黄酮含量测定方法比较研究

目的:紫外-可见分光光度测定葛根总黄酮含量的两种方法(显色法、直接测定)结果具有显著差异,因此将两种测定方法与HPLC法进行对比,找出导致其差异的原因和解决方案。方法:以芦丁为对照品,采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠显色,通过UV法测定葛根总黄酮含量;以葛根素为对照品,直接于250 nm处测定吸光度计算葛根总黄酮含量;采用高效液相色谱法测定葛根素的含量,对比三种方法的含量差异,评价两种紫外测定法所得结果的准确性。结果:显色法测定23批野葛总黄酮含量为0.93%~8.02%,23批粉葛总黄酮含量为0.04%~1.12%,直接测定法测得23批野葛总黄酮含量为3.31%~15.74%,23批粉葛总黄酮含量为0.80%~7.59%;显色法测得葛根总黄酮含量均显著低于非显色法。HPLC测定23批葛根的葛根素含量为1.98%~5.85%,23批粉葛的葛根素含量为0.17%~2.37%。结论:显色法测定的总黄酮含量大部分低于单一成分葛根素的含量,不显色法测得总黄酮含量均高于单一成分葛根素的量。在葛根总黄酮的测定中,以葛根素为对照品的直接测定法更加合理准确。

Puerarin ameliorates allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral nerve injury

Puerarin is a major active ingredient of the traditional Chinese plant medicine,Radix Puerariae,and commonly used in the treatment of myocardial and cerebral ischemia.However,the effects of puerarin on neuropathic pain are still unclear.In this study,a neuropathic pain animal model was created by partial sciatic nerve ligation.Puerarin（30 or 60 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected once a day for 7 days.Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were examined at 1 day after model establishment.Mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal latency markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner in puerarin-treated rats,especially at 7 days after model establishment.At 7 days after model establishment,quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results showed that puerarin administration reversed m RNA expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1（Trpv1） and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1（Trpa1） in a dose-dependent manner in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral nerve injury.These results suggest that puerarin dose-dependently ameliorates neuropathic pain by suppressing Trpv1 and Trpa1 up-regulation in dorsal root ganglion of neuropathic pain rats.

葛(葛根、粉葛)炮制前后黄酮类成分含量研究

目的 探讨不同的切制规格及炮制方法对葛根、粉葛中所含黄酮类成分含量的影响。方法 利用HPLC检测方法,对葛的不同品种(葛根、粉葛)、不同规格(片、丁)、不同炮制方法(煨制、醋制)中所含黄酮类成分含量进行测定。结果 黄酮类成分,葛根无论是不同规格还是不同炮制品均高于粉葛;葛根片的黄酮类成分含量明显高于丁,粉葛片和丁含量则无明显差异;煨制或醋制后,葛根片的3’-羟基葛根素、大豆苷元和3’-甲氧基葛根素含量下降,但大豆苷和葛根素含量增加;葛根丁和粉葛片煨制后葛根素含量也增加;粉葛片醋制后大豆苷含量下降;其余炮制品与生品相比5种黄酮类成分变化不明显。结论 葛根、粉葛不同的切制规格及炮制方法对其黄酮类成分含量均可产生不同程度的影响,而这些变化可为进一步深入探讨葛的炮制作用机理提供参考依据。

葛渣综合利用研究进展

葛渣含有丰富的膳食纤维、淀粉、粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物及少量的脂肪、氨基酸等营养成分,还含有黄酮、多糖等多种生物活性成分,具有广阔的应用前景。对葛渣的主要成分及其在食品加工、医药与化妆品、农业生产、动物养殖及环境领域中综合利用的研究现状进行了综述,旨在为提高葛渣的综合利用效率以及促进葛产业发展提供思路。