BACKGROUND Little information has been published on the risks of cigar smoking.Since 1990 cigar smoking has become more prevalent in the United States.AIM To summarise the evidence from the United States relating excl...BACKGROUND Little information has been published on the risks of cigar smoking.Since 1990 cigar smoking has become more prevalent in the United States.AIM To summarise the evidence from the United States relating exclusive cigar smoking to risk of the major smoking-related diseases.METHODS Literature searches detected studies carried out in the United States which estimated the risk of lung cancer,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),heart disease,stroke or overall circulatory disease in exclusive cigar smokers as compared to those who had never smoked any tobacco product.Papers were identified from reviews and detailed searches on MEDLINE.For each study,data were extracted onto a study database and a linked relative risk database.Relative risks and 95%CIs were extracted,or estimated,relating to current,former or ever exclusive cigar smokers,and meta-analysed using standard methods.Sensitivity analyses were conducted including or excluding results from studies that did not quite fit the full selection criteria(for example,a paper presenting combined results from five studies,where 86%of the population were in the United States).RESULTS The literature searches identified 17 relevant publications for lung cancer,four for COPD and 12 for heart disease,stroke and circulatory disease.These related to 11 studies for lung cancer,to four studies for COPD and to eight studies for heart disease,stroke or overall circulatory disease.As some studies provided results for more than one disease,the total number of studies considered was 13,with results from four of these used in sensitivity analyses.There was evidence of significant heterogeneity in some of the meta-analyses so the random-effects estimates are summarized below.As the results from the sensitivity analyses were generally very similar to those from the main analyses,and involved more data,only the sensitivity results are summarized below.For lung cancer,relative risks(95%CI)for current,former and ever smokers were respectively,2.98(2.08 to 4.26),1.61(1.23 to 2.09),and 2.22(1.79 to 2.74)based on 6,4 and 10 individual study estimates.For COPD,the corresponding estimates were 1.44(1.16 to 1.77),0.47(0.02 to 9.88),and 0.86(0.48 to 1.54)based on 4,2 and 2 estimates.For ischaemic heart disease(IHD)the estimates were 1.11(1.04 to 1.19),1.26(1.03 to 1.53)and 1.15(1.08 to 1.23)based on 6,3 and 4 estimates,while for stroke they were 1.02(0.92 to 1.13),1.08(0.85 to 1.38),and 1.11(0.95 to 1.31)based on 5,3 and 4 estimates.For overall circulatory disease they were 1.10(1.05 to 1.16),1.11(0.84 to 1.46),and 1.15(1.06 to 1.26)based on 3,3 and 4 estimates.CONCLUSION Exclusive cigar smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer,and less so with COPD and IHD.The increases are lower than for cigarettes.展开更多
目的 探讨核素肺动态显像对瓣膜性心脏病(简称瓣膜病)合并肺动脉高压(PH)的临床价值。方法 瓣膜病患者140例手术前均行右心导管、肺动态显像、超声心动图检查。按平均肺动脉压力(MPAP)水平分为4组,MPAP<20 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)...目的 探讨核素肺动态显像对瓣膜性心脏病(简称瓣膜病)合并肺动脉高压(PH)的临床价值。方法 瓣膜病患者140例手术前均行右心导管、肺动态显像、超声心动图检查。按平均肺动脉压力(MPAP)水平分为4组,MPAP<20 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为正常组,20 mm Hg<MPAP<30mm Hg为轻度升高组,30mm Hg≤MPAP<50 mm Hg为中度升高组,≥50mm Hg为重度升高组。对照组53例,均行肺动态显像,分为冠心病对照组(13例)及正常对照组(40例)。冠心病对照组均行右心导管检查。结果 ①冠心病对照组、正常对照组、瓣膜病各组肺动态显像测定的肺平衡时间(LET)分别为(16.88±5.12)、(15.89±4.69)、(18.56±3.04)、(25.37±5.89)、(37.69±6.25)及(61.33±10.14)s,冠心病对照组、正常对照组与瓣膜病MPAP正常组3组间差异无显著性(P均>0.05),瓣膜病各组间及对照组与MPAP轻度升高组、中度升高组、重度升高组间差异有显著性(P均<0.001)。②肺动态显像测定的LET与右心导管所测MPAP相关系数r为0.88,超声心动图估测的肺动脉压力与肺动脉收缩压r为0.64。③瓣膜病各组LET与MPAP的符合率分别为71％、78％、81％、100％。④以MPAP≥20mm Hg为标准LET测定肺动脉压力的灵敏度为85％,特异性79％,准确性83％。结论展开更多
基金Supported by the JT International SA,Assignment Schedule,No.14.
文摘BACKGROUND Little information has been published on the risks of cigar smoking.Since 1990 cigar smoking has become more prevalent in the United States.AIM To summarise the evidence from the United States relating exclusive cigar smoking to risk of the major smoking-related diseases.METHODS Literature searches detected studies carried out in the United States which estimated the risk of lung cancer,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),heart disease,stroke or overall circulatory disease in exclusive cigar smokers as compared to those who had never smoked any tobacco product.Papers were identified from reviews and detailed searches on MEDLINE.For each study,data were extracted onto a study database and a linked relative risk database.Relative risks and 95%CIs were extracted,or estimated,relating to current,former or ever exclusive cigar smokers,and meta-analysed using standard methods.Sensitivity analyses were conducted including or excluding results from studies that did not quite fit the full selection criteria(for example,a paper presenting combined results from five studies,where 86%of the population were in the United States).RESULTS The literature searches identified 17 relevant publications for lung cancer,four for COPD and 12 for heart disease,stroke and circulatory disease.These related to 11 studies for lung cancer,to four studies for COPD and to eight studies for heart disease,stroke or overall circulatory disease.As some studies provided results for more than one disease,the total number of studies considered was 13,with results from four of these used in sensitivity analyses.There was evidence of significant heterogeneity in some of the meta-analyses so the random-effects estimates are summarized below.As the results from the sensitivity analyses were generally very similar to those from the main analyses,and involved more data,only the sensitivity results are summarized below.For lung cancer,relative risks(95%CI)for current,former and ever smokers were respectively,2.98(2.08 to 4.26),1.61(1.23 to 2.09),and 2.22(1.79 to 2.74)based on 6,4 and 10 individual study estimates.For COPD,the corresponding estimates were 1.44(1.16 to 1.77),0.47(0.02 to 9.88),and 0.86(0.48 to 1.54)based on 4,2 and 2 estimates.For ischaemic heart disease(IHD)the estimates were 1.11(1.04 to 1.19),1.26(1.03 to 1.53)and 1.15(1.08 to 1.23)based on 6,3 and 4 estimates,while for stroke they were 1.02(0.92 to 1.13),1.08(0.85 to 1.38),and 1.11(0.95 to 1.31)based on 5,3 and 4 estimates.For overall circulatory disease they were 1.10(1.05 to 1.16),1.11(0.84 to 1.46),and 1.15(1.06 to 1.26)based on 3,3 and 4 estimates.CONCLUSION Exclusive cigar smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer,and less so with COPD and IHD.The increases are lower than for cigarettes.
文摘目的 探讨核素肺动态显像对瓣膜性心脏病(简称瓣膜病)合并肺动脉高压(PH)的临床价值。方法 瓣膜病患者140例手术前均行右心导管、肺动态显像、超声心动图检查。按平均肺动脉压力(MPAP)水平分为4组,MPAP<20 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为正常组,20 mm Hg<MPAP<30mm Hg为轻度升高组,30mm Hg≤MPAP<50 mm Hg为中度升高组,≥50mm Hg为重度升高组。对照组53例,均行肺动态显像,分为冠心病对照组(13例)及正常对照组(40例)。冠心病对照组均行右心导管检查。结果 ①冠心病对照组、正常对照组、瓣膜病各组肺动态显像测定的肺平衡时间(LET)分别为(16.88±5.12)、(15.89±4.69)、(18.56±3.04)、(25.37±5.89)、(37.69±6.25)及(61.33±10.14)s,冠心病对照组、正常对照组与瓣膜病MPAP正常组3组间差异无显著性(P均>0.05),瓣膜病各组间及对照组与MPAP轻度升高组、中度升高组、重度升高组间差异有显著性(P均<0.001)。②肺动态显像测定的LET与右心导管所测MPAP相关系数r为0.88,超声心动图估测的肺动脉压力与肺动脉收缩压r为0.64。③瓣膜病各组LET与MPAP的符合率分别为71％、78％、81％、100％。④以MPAP≥20mm Hg为标准LET测定肺动脉压力的灵敏度为85％,特异性79％,准确性83％。结论
