Surgical Treatment of Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration

Objective To evaluate the clinical features,diagnosis,treatment,and outcome of intralobar pulmonary sequestration (ILS). Methods Patients who were diagnosed with ILS in our hospital between January 1988 and January 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. We recorded the clinical symptoms,imaging findings,operative technique,complications,and outcome of these patients. Results Forty-seven patients (25 men and 22 women) with an average age of 32.3 years were enrolled. Forty-two patients had symptoms including cough and hemoptysis. Chest X-ray,computed tomography (CT),magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),and angiography were performed. Thoracotomy was performed in 45 patients,while thoracoscopy was performed in 2 patients. Lobectomy was the most common treatment procedure. Massive bleeding developed in 2 patients due to injury of aberrant supplying artery intraoperatively,1 patient had atrial fibrillation,1 patient had thrombosis of upper extremity postoperatively. All patients were confirmed the diagnosis pathologically,4 accompanied with bronchogenic cyst,15 with bronchiectasis,8 with infection,2 with aspergilloma,and 1 with carcinoid. No late complications occurred. Conclusions ILS is rare,surgery is recommended because some patients may have potential severe complications. Contrast enhanced CT and three-dimensional reconstruction is the best diagnostic method. Both thoracotomy and thoracoscopy are appropriate for the selected candidates.

Solitary pulmonary nodules： comparison of multi-slice computed tomography perfusion study with vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density

Background The solitary pulmonary nodule （SPN） is one of the most common findings on chest radiographs. The objectives of clinical practice are to differentiate malignant nodules from benign nodules in the least invasive way and to make a specific diagnosis. This study was aimed to evaluate the correlation between perfusion imaging features and microvessel density （MVD） and vascular endothelial growth factors （VEGF） in SPNs using multi-slice computed tomography （MSCT）; and to provide the theoretical basis for SPN blood flow pattern and blood flow quantitative features. Also, the study called for the discussion of the method＇s clinical application value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant SPNs.Methods Sixty-eight patients with SPN underwent multi-location dynamic contrast enhanced （nonionic contrast material was administrated via the antecubital vein at a rate of 4 ml/s） MSCT. Precontrast and postcontrast attenuations on every scan was studied. Perfusion, peak height, and the ratio of the peak height of the SPN to that of the aorta were analyzed. Perfusion was calculated using the maximum gradient of the time-density curves （TDC） and the peak height of the aorta. The quantitative parameters （perfusion, peak height, ratio of peak height of the SPN to that of the aorta） of the blood flow pattern were compared with MVD and the VEGF expression of immunohistochemistry. Results The perfusion peak heights of malignant （（96.15±11.55） HU） and inflammatory （（101.15±8.41） HU） SPNs were significantly higher than those of benign （（47.24±9.15） HU） SPNs （P 〈0.05, P 〈0.05）. Ratios of SPN-to-aorta of malignant and inflammatory SPNs were significantly higher than those of benign SPNs （P 〈0.05, P 〈0.05）. No significant differences were found between the peak height and SPN-to-aorta ratio of malignant SPNs and inflammatory SPNs （P 〉0.05, P 〉0.05）. The precontrast densities of inflammatory SPNs were lower than those of malignant SPNs （P 〈0.05）. Perfusion values of malignant and inflammatory SPNs were significantly higher than those of the benign SPNs （P 〈0.05, P 〈0.05）. The VEGF positive expressions appeared in 32 patients with malignant SPNs and 2 patients with benign SPNs, and the average value of the MVD was higher in patients with malignant SPNs （36.88±6.76） than in patients with either benign （4.51±0.60） or inflammatory （26.11±5.43） SPNs （P 〈0.05, P 〈0.05）. There were statistically significant correlations between the CT perfusion feature and the MVD. The highest correlation was between the peak height of SPN and the MVD （r=0.657, P 〈0.05）.Conclusions Tumor microvessel density and VEGF expression facilitate the exploration of the pathophysiological basis of CT perfusion in SPNs. Multi-slice CT perfusion has shown strong positive correlations with angiogenesis in SPNs.

The dynamic study of the pulmonary artery obstruction degree and the right ventricular function in massive pulmonary embolism on CT pulmonary angiography

Objective： To analyze the value of CTPA in assessing the dissolve of embolus and the function of the right ventricle dynamically. Methods：Twenty-three cases of massive pulmonary embolism were analyzed retrospectively. The pulmonary artery obstruction index and the right ventricular function parameters were collected and analyzed on CTPA before thrombolytic therapy, 24 hours and 14 days after therapy, respectively. Results：The pulmonary artery obstruction index decreased gradually, and there was significant difference before therapy, 24 hours and 2 weeks after therapy. Twenty-four hours after therapy, the maximal short axes diameter and the maximal transverse area of right ventricle（RVd, RV~） decreased significantly, the maximal short axes diameter and the maximal transverse area of left ventricle（LVd, LVs） increased significantly, and the RVd/LVd, RVs/LVS decreased apparently. The pulmonary artery symbolic pressure before and 24 hours after therapy were apparently different. There was no significant difference between azygos vein, the super vena cava, the main pulmonary artery and vein reflux before and after therapy. Conclusion：CTPA can evaluate the pulmonary artery obstruction degree and right ventricular function dynamically.

Contrast-enhanced CT of Pulmonary Embolism: Report of 20 cases

Objectives To study the characteristic of pulmonary embolism （PE） in contrast-enhanced CT. Methods The radiological features were described in 20 patients with lobar and proximal PE diagnosed with a Toshiba Xpress/SX CT scanner after contrast material was administrated. Results There were 7 cases of pulmonary embolism （ PE ） secondary to lower limb deep vein thrombosis （DVT）, of which 2 cases were related to sauna bath. We grouped the cases according to their extensiveness of embolism： mild, moderate, severe, or complete embolism. Mild embolism： the emboli occupied less than 30%, of the inner diameter of pulmonary artery （PA）. Median embolism： the emboli occupied 30 -50% of the PA diameter. Severe embolism： the emboli occupied over half of the PA （50%）, but there were contrast flow. Completed embolism： there was no contrast found around the emboli. The direct sign of PE was a filling defect or no opacification in the affected branch of pulmonary artery （PA）. There were 9 other secondary signs： （1）widen PA, （2）enlarged right ventricle and the right atrium, （3）increased translucency of the lung and decreased bronchovascular shadows, （4）shrunken pulmonary veins liked dried rattan, （5）decreased left atrium and the left ventricle size, （6）shifting of interventricular septum to the left and posterior direction, （7）The lateral lung parenchyma demonstrated in a triangular shape, （8）pleural effusion and （9）pericardiacle effusion. Conclusions The diagnosis of PE was revealed by 10 radiological signs by contrast-enhanced CT.With full understanding of the pathophysiological basis of these 10 signs ： correct diagnosis of pulmonary embolism can be made. PE is commonly caused by lower limb. And sauna bath is one of the main predisposing causes.

A controlled study of positron-emission-tomography and positron-emission-tomography/computed tomography in differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules—report of 60 cases

The differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules （SPNs） remains a challenge. It is acknowledged that combining positron-emission tomography （PET） and computed tomography （CT） offers the most reliable noninvasive method for the diagnosis of SPNs. Since Townsend et al1 developed integrated PET/CT in 1999, this technique has increasingly been introduced into clinical practice. To date, nuclear medicine physicians have usually undertaken PET/CT diagnosis, but the question is surfacing as how to make full use of the information of CT image to improve the accuracy of SPN diagnosis. To answer this question, we performed a retrospective study on 60 patients with SPNs.

Single-lung transplantation for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A case report

BACKGROUND Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis(PAM)is a rare idiopathic lung disease characterized by the accumulation of innumerable microliths.Currently,effective therapeutics for PAM are not available,and the only treatment for end-stage lung disease is lung transplantation(LuTx).Further,there are few reports that focus on LuTx for the treatment of PAM,and the follow-up reports of postoperative imaging are even rarer.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old man presented to Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital in 2017 after experiencing shortness of breath and exacerbation.The patient was diagnosed with PAM and referred for single-LuTx(SLuTx)on March 14,2018.Preoperative imaging results from a chest X-ray demonstrated bilateral,diffuse,symmetrical,sandstorm-like radiopaque micronodules,and pneumothorax and a computed tomography scan revealed minute,calcified military nodules in both lungs.We performed a left SLuTx,and intraoperative pathology was consistent with PAM.One week after surgery,a chest X-ray revealed slight exudation of the left lung,and one month later,the left transplanted lung exhibited good dilation,mild pulmonary perfusion injury with local infection,and left pleural effusion.Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed left hyperplastic granulation at the left bronchial anastomosis.Multiple sputum cultures suggested the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii.The last follow-up was conducted in April 2019;the patient recovered well.CONCLUSION This case presents the imaging findings of a patient with PAM before and after LuTx and confirms the effectiveness of LuTx for the treatment of this disease.

Prospective Study of Low-and Standard-dose Chest CT for Pulmonary Nodule Detection:A Comparison of Image Quality,Size Measurements and Radiation Exposure

Objective:To comprehensively and accurately analyze the out-performance of low-dose chest CT(LDCT)vs.standard-dose CT(SDCT).Methods:The image quality,size measurements and radiation exposure for LDCT and SDCT protocols were evaluated.A total of 117 patients with extra-thoracic malignancies were prospectively enrolled for non-enhanced CT scanning using LDCT and SDCT protocols.Three experienced radiologists evaluated subjective image quality independently using a 5-point score system.Nodule detection efficiency was compared between LDCT and SDCT based on nodule characteristics(size and volume).Radiation metrics and organ doses were analyzed using Radimetrics.Results:The images acquired with the LDCT protocol yielded comparable quality to those acquired with the SDCT protocol.The sensitivity of LDCT for the detection of pulmonary nodules(n=650)was lower than that of SDCT(n=660).There was no significant difference in the diameter and volume of pulmonary nodules between LDCT and SDCT(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),4.37 vs.4.46 mm,and 43.66 vs.46.36 mm^(3);for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),4.3 vs.4.41 mm,and 41.66 vs.44.86 mm^(3))(P>0.05).The individualized volume CT dose index(CTDI_(vol)),the size specific dose estimate and effective dose were significantly reduced in the LDCT group compared with the SDCT group(all P<0.0001).This was especially true for dose-sensitive organs such as the lung(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),2.62 vs.12.54 mSV,and for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),1.62 vs.9.79 mSV)and the breast(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),2.52 vs.10.93 mSV,and for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),1.53 vs.9.01 mSV)(P<0.0001).Conclusion:These results suggest that with the increases in image noise,LDCT and SDCT exhibited a comparable image quality and sensitivity.The LDCT protocol for chest scans may reduce radiation exposure by about 80% compared to the SDCT protocol.

Incidental meandering right pulmonary vein,literature review and proposed nomenclature revision

We report a case of an anomalous pulmonary vein on chest X-ray resembling a scimitar sign in an 80-year-old female undergoing investigation of syncope.Multislice computed tomography(CT) with multiplanar reformatting and maximum intensity projections demonstrated an aberrant right inferior pulmonary vein coursing inferomedially towards the diaphragm before turning superiorly and draining normally into the left atrium.The diagnosis of an incidental meandering right pulmonary vein was established.The case is used to review the literature on this rare pulmonary anomaly,including pathogenesis,its relationship with scimitar syndrome and scimitar variant,and diagnosis,with an emphasis on the role modern CT techniques can play in noninvasive diagnosis.A revision to the nomenclature of pulmonary vascular anomalies is proposed to help reduce confusion in the literature.

The value of CT pulmonary angiography to the diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction due to acute pulmonary embolism:compared with ultrasonographic cardiography

To analyze the value of CT pulmonary angiography（CTPA） in assessing right ventdcular dysfunction（RVD） after acute pulmonary embolism. Methods：Thirty-six patients with CTPA-confirmed PE who underwent ultrasonic cardiography（UCG） within the ensuing 24 hours were retrospectively reviewed. According to the severity of the disease, the patients were divided into the massive PE group（24 cases） and non-massive PE group（12 cases） respectively. CT scans were analyzed for findings suggestive of RVD. Scans were considered positive for RVD if the right ventricle was dilated（RVd/LVd 〉 1） or if the interventricular septum was straightened or deviated towards the left ventricle. Results were then compared with the results of UCG to estimate the value of CTPA in detecting RVD associated with PE, Results：In all cases, compared with UCG, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CTPA was 84.61%, 78.26%, 3.892, 0.197, 68.75% and 90% respectively. Kappa value was 0.60, which suggested moderate agreement between CTPA and UCG in the whole level. In the massive PE group, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of CTPA was 84.61%, 72.73%, 3.103, 0.212, 78.57% and 80% respectively. Kappa value was 0.58, which suggested moderate agreement between CTPA and UCG in the massive PE group. In the non-massive PE group, the diagnostic specificity of CTPA was 83.33%. By statistics, the value of RVd/LVd had significant difference between the massive PE and the non-massive PE group. Conclusion：CTPA can reliably detect RVD through the evaluation of cardiac morphology. However, this result requires confirmation using a larger prospective cohort study.

肿瘤标志物升高的肺隔离症误诊分析

目的探讨肿瘤标志物升高的肺隔离症(PS)临床特点及误诊原因、防范措施。方法回顾性分析2019年6月—2022年6月收治的曾误诊为肺癌的伴肿瘤标志物升高的PS 3例的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果3例分别因咳嗽、咳痰2周,咳嗽伴发热2周,发现左下肺占位2个月入院。3例均无反复肺部感染病史,胸部CT检查均显示为实性团块影(左下肺2例、右下肺1例),且至少1项肿瘤标志物升高。仅1例术前行强化CT检查。术前皆误诊为肺癌,皆行手术切除,术后病理检查明确诊断为PS。术后3个月复查,3例肿瘤标志物均恢复正常。结论PS可导致肿瘤标志物升高,易误诊为恶性肿瘤,临床应仔细甄别,避免误诊。

多层螺旋CT增强扫描对异常体动脉供血正常肺下叶与肺隔离症的鉴别诊断价值

目的对比分析异常体动脉供血正常肺下叶(ASANLL)与肺隔离症(PS)的临床及多层螺旋CT(MSCT)增强表现,减少误诊率。方法回顾性收集徐州市中心医院诊断ASANLL患者10例,PS患者35例,分析2种疾病的临床及MSCT表现,对比分析病灶的位置、异常供血动脉的走行和管径大小、回流静脉情况及与支气管关系、周围肺实质改变。结果ASANLL主要临床表现为咯血(3/10)或无症状(5/10),PS临床表现以咳嗽、咳痰为主(19/35)。ASANLL供血动脉管径平均(7.790±2.207)mm,PS供血动脉管径平均(5.683±2.759)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。35例PS患者均伴有肺实质病变,表现多样,ASANLL多表现为肺磨玻璃密度影(6/10),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组病灶与支气管相通发生率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论MSCT成像能够充分显示异常供血动脉的起源、形态及走行,准确鉴别ASANLL与PS,为临床治疗提供客观有力的依据。

CT对肺隔离症的诊断及介入治疗的临床指导价值

目的探讨评估CT对肺隔离症的诊断及介入治疗的临床指导价值。方法选取37例肺隔离症(PS)患者在进行数字减影血管造影术(DSA)或手术前行CT检查。以DSA为标准,从患者和血管两个层面评价CT对肺PS的诊断性能。以CTA为基础,评价其术前治疗策略的可靠性。结果DSA和(或)手术显示37例患者为PS。从患者层面评估,CTA诊断PS的准确性为97.3%,从血管层面评估,CTA诊断PS的准确性为97.8%。从患者、血管两方面比较,CTA的诊断效能与DSA差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05)。以CTA为基础制定的治疗计划与实际介入治疗或手术治疗方法比较,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CT术前准确诊断PS,可为治疗方案的制定提供依据。以CTA为基础制定治疗方案是安全、有效的。

螺旋CT三维重建血管成像对肺隔离症的诊断价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT三维重建血管成像 (3DSCTA)诊断肺隔离症的价值。资料与方法 使用SiemensSo matomPlus 4CT机对 12例肺隔离症患者行胸部CT平扫、增强扫描及病灶区最大密度投影 (MIP)和多平面重建(MPR)。全部病例均经手术证实。结果 10例为肺叶内型 ,2例为肺叶外型 ;8例位于左下肺 ,4例位于右下肺 ;增强CT显示 11例有血管样条索影自主动脉向病灶内延伸 ;MIP SCTA显示了经手术证实的 14条异常血管中的 13条 ,且清楚地显示了异常血管的起源、走行和形状。结论 MIP SCTA对肺隔离症的诊断具有重要的临床应用价值 。

CT血管造影与DSA诊断肺隔离症的对比研究

目的评估64排CT血管造影(CTA)对肺隔离症(PS)的诊断价值。方法 43例疑似肺隔离症患者在进行数字减影血管造影术(DSA)或手术前接受64排CTA检查。从患者及异常供血动脉方面评估CTA的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值(PPV)和阴性预测值(NPV)。结果肺隔离症在CT平扫显示为囊性(5例)、实性(25例)或囊实性病灶(13例),病灶从1.5 cm至12 cm不等。CTA诊断37例患者为肺隔离症,6例为非肺隔离症。DSA和(或)手术显示37例患者为肺隔离症,6例为非肺隔离症。从患者方面评估,CTA诊断肺隔离症的准确率为97.7%,敏感度为97.3%的,特异度为100%,PPV为100%,NPV为85.7%。从异常供血动脉方面评估,CTA诊断肺隔离症的准确率为98.0%,敏感度为97.8%,特异度为100%,PPV为100%,NPV为85.7%。从患者、血管两方面比较,CTA与DSA的诊断效能差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CTA可以替代DSA用于术前诊断肺隔离症。CTA不仅能显示异常的供血动脉,而且可以提供异常肺实质、气管及周围肺气肿等具体信息。

肺隔离症的CT表现(附9例分析)

目的 分析肺隔离症的CT表现 ,提高对本病的认识。资料与方法 搜集经手术病理确诊的肺隔离症 9例 ,全部病例均行CT平扫及薄层增强扫描。结果 9例均位于肺下叶后基底段 ,病变呈囊实性 5例 ,囊性及实性各 2例 ,9例均在薄层增强扫描上显示异常体循环供血血管。结论 肺隔离症主要表现为肺下叶后基底段的囊性、实性或囊实性的软组织影 ,CT增强扫描发现来自体循环的异常供血动脉可以确诊。

多层螺旋CT三维血管成像对肺隔离症诊断的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT三维血管成像在肺隔离症诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集经手术及病理证实的9例肺隔离症患者的资料进行回顾性分析。所有检查采用GE lightspeed 16层CT扫描机,先行CT平扫,再行双期增强扫描,将图像传输至工作站,进行MPR、MIP、SSD及VR重建。结果:9例肺隔离症均位于下叶后基底段,其中8例位于左下肺,1例位于右下肺。异常供血动脉7例来自于胸降主动脉,2例来自于腹主动脉上段。CT平扫主要表现为肺内囊肿、结节或肿块,局部可伴肺气肿征。增强扫描病变区血管影增多、增粗,呈条状或结节状血管强化影。CT血管成像显示病变由异常体动脉供血。采用MPR和MIP可显示供血动脉整体形态及肺实质的病灶。SSD及VR能显示供血动脉的起源与行程及引流静脉。结论:多层螺旋CT增强及三维重建是诊断肺隔离症最理想非创性检查方法。

实性肿块型肺隔离症的CT诊断

目的探讨实性肿块型肺隔离症CT表现特点,以提高其诊断率。资料与方法回顾性分析9例经手术证实的实性肿块型肺隔离症患者的CT资料,观察病变的部位、形态、密度、边缘、与周围结构关系及其强化特点。结果9例中病变位于左下肺7例,右下肺2例;病变呈"珊瑚状"7例;密度不均匀9例,表现为多数囊样稍低密度区,增强后尤为明显;边缘光滑、清楚8例,模糊1例;病灶与主动脉分界清楚9例,相邻横膈面胸膜肥厚7例,呈肋骨样肥厚;动脉期病灶内可见多数扭曲、紊乱的血管影9例,可见明确供血动脉2例,肿块边缘及主动脉旁见圆形血管断面强化影9例。结论实性肿块型肺隔离症在发生部位、形态、密度、边缘、与周围结构关系及其强化特点上具有一定的特征性,对其CT表现全面分析能够提高术前诊断的正确率。

多层螺旋CT及后处理技术在诊断肺隔离症中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT及后处理技术显示肺隔离症异常血管的价值。方法回顾性分析10例经手术和病理证实的肺隔离症患者的胸部CT平扫、增强及最大密度投影、多平面重组、容积再现等重建图像。结果9例为肺叶内型,1例为肺叶外型;8例位于左下肺,2例位于右下肺;血管重建可显示9例异常供血血管(其中7例来自降主动脉,2例来自腹主动脉),并清楚显示其起源、走行、分支和分布,除1例引流至奇静脉外,其余均引流至下肺静脉。结论多层螺旋CT血管成像及其后处理重建技术能很好地显示肺隔离症的异常血管,对肺隔离症的诊断具有重要的临床应用价值,可作为该病的首选检查方法。

多层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描及后处理技术诊断支气管肺隔离症

目的探讨多层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描及后处理技术对支气管肺隔离症的诊断价值。方法分析经手术病理证实的22例支气管肺隔离症患者的多层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描图像及后处理技术资料。结果支气管肺隔离症分为叶内型和叶外型,叶内型21例,20例由胸主动脉分支供血,1例供血动脉为腹腔干的分支,引流静脉均进入肺静脉系统;叶外型1例,由降主动脉供血,静脉引流入半奇静脉。结论CT薄层动态增强扫描的重建后处理图像可以清楚显示病变异常供血动脉和引流静脉的全貌,是本病的重要诊断方法。

64层螺旋CT双期血管成像在肺隔离症术前评估中的应用

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT双期血管成像在肺隔离症术前评估中的应用价值。方法:12例肺隔离症患者均行双期CT血管成像(CTA),将原始扫描数据行容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、薄层最大密度投影(TSMIP)重建,观察血管情况及肿块与供血动脉的关系。结果:12例肺隔离症患者11例为叶内型,1例为叶外型。左肺下叶后基底段9例,右肺下叶后基底段3例。囊性肿块6例,囊实质性肿块4例,实质性肿块2例。12例患者共发现12支供血动脉,分别发自胸主动脉(9支)、腹主动脉上段(2支)、腹腔干(1支),静脉引流均为肺静脉。CTA可清楚显示肺隔离症肿块形态、血管及周围组织的关系。结论:双期CTA扫描结合不同后处理成像方式为肺隔离症术前评估提供了重要的资料,可在临床推广应用。