Systematic evaluation of a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy device with variable pulse peak power and pulse duration

Objective:The Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet(Ho:YAG)laser is the standard lithotrite for ureteroscopy.This paper is to evaluate a Ho:YAG laser with a novel effect function in vitro,which allows a real-time variation of pulse duration and pulse peak power.Methods:Two types of phantom calculi with four degrees of hardness were made for fragmentation and retropulsion experiments.Fragmentation was analysed at 5(0.5 J/10 Hz),10(1 J/10 Hz),and 20(2 J/10 Hz)W in non-floating phantom calculi,retropulsion in an ureteral model at 10(1 J/10 Hz)and 20(2 J/10 Hz)W using floating phantom calculi.The effect function was set to 25%,50%,75%,and 100%of the maximum possible effect function at each power setting.Primary outcomes:fragmentation(mm^3),the distance of retropulsion(cm);
5 measurements for each trial.Results:An increase of the effect feature(25%vs.100%),i.e.,an increase of pulse peak power and decrease of pulse duration,improved Ho:YAG laser fragmentation.This effect was remarkable in soft stone composition,while there was a trend for improved fragmentation with an increase of the effect feature in hard stone composition.Retropulsion increased with increasing effect function,independently of stone composition.The major limitations of the study are the use of artificial stones and the in vitro setup.Conclusion:Changes in pulse duration and pulse peak power may lead to improved stone fragmentation,most prominently in soft stones,but also lead to increased retropulsion.This new effect function may enhance Ho:YAG laser fragmentation when maximum power output is limited or retropulsion is excluded.

Effect of Peak Power and Pulse Width on Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar’s SNR

The laser device is the core component of coherent Doppler wind lidar.The peak power and pulse width of laser transmitting pulse have important effects on SNR.Based on coherent Doppler wind pulse lidar,the peak power and pulse width influence on SNR is studied on the theoretical derivation and analysis,and the results show that the higher the peak power can realize the greater the signal-to-noise ratio of coherent Doppler wind lidar.But when the peak power is too large,the laser pulse may appear nonlinear phenomenon,which cause the damage of the laser.So,the peak power must be less than the stimulated brillouin scattering power threshold.Increasing the pulse width can make the laser device to output more energy,but it will also make the spatial resolution lower,and the influence of turbulence on SNR will be greater.After a series of simulation analyses,it can be concluded that when the peak power is 650W and the pulse width is 340ns,the SNR of the system can be maximized.In addition,the coherent Doppler wind lidar system is set up to carry out corresponding experimental verification.The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation,which verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and simulation results.It provides theoretical basis and practical ex-perience for the design of laser transmitting pulse in coherent Doppler wind lidar system.

High-energy and high-peak-power GHz burst-mode all-fiber laser with a uniform envelope and tunable intra-burst pulses

We report a Yb-doped all-fiber laser system generating burst-mode pulses with high energy and high peak power at a GHz intra-burst repetition rate.To acquire the uniform burst envelope,a double-pre-compensation structure with an arbitrary waveform laser diode driver and an acoustic optical modulator is utilized for the first time.The synchronous pumping is utilized for the system to reduce the burst repetition rate to 100 Hz and suppress the amplified spontaneous emission effect.By adjusting the gain of every stage,uniform envelopes with different output energies can be easily obtained.The intra-burst repetition rate can be tuned from 0.5 to 10 GHz actively modulated by an electro-optic modulator.Optimized by timing control of eight channels of analog signal and amplified by seven stages of Yb-doped fiber amplifier,the pulse energy achieves 13.3 mJ at 0.5 ns intra-burst pulse duration,and the maximum peak power reaches approximately3.6 MW at 48 ps intra-burst pulse duration.To the best of our knowledge,for reported burst-mode all-fiber lasers,this is a record for output energy and peak power with nanosecond-level burst duration,and the widest tuning range of the intra-burst repetition rate.In particular,this flexibly tunable burst-mode laser system can be directly applied to generate high-power frequency-tunable microwaves.

Pulsed LD side-pumped MgO：LN electro-optic cavity-dumped 1123 nm Nd： YAG laser with short pulse width and high peak power

We report a cavity-dumped 1123 nm laser with narrow pulse width and high peak power by an Mg O: LN crystal electrooptic(EO) modulator. Based on the structural optimization design of a folded biconcave cavity using the 808 nm pulsed laser diode(LD) side-pumped ceramic Nd: YAG rod, output pulses with maximum pulse energy and peak power up to39.6 m J and 9.73 MW were obtained, corresponding to 100 Hz repetition rate and 4.07 ns pulse width. The instabilities of pulse width and pulse energy were ±1.55% and ±2.06%, respectively. At the highest repetition rate of 1 kHz, the pulse energy, pulse width, and peak power were 11.3 mJ, 5.05 ns, and 2.24 MW, respectively. The instabilities of pulse width and pulse energy were ±2.65% and ±3.47%, respectively.

太瓦飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量装置及测量不确定度分析

超短超强脉冲激光(飞秒强激光)具有极高的峰值功率,在激光惯性约束聚变、高能物理、激光微加工等领域具有广阔的应用前景。飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率是评价超短超强脉冲激光系统性能的重要参数。介绍了基于光谱相位相干直接电场重构法的太瓦量级飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量方法、测量装置组成和工作原理,搭建了一套太瓦量级的飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量装置,分析和讨论了影响太瓦激光峰值功率测量结果的测量不确定度分量来源和主要因素。测量峰值功率的重复性为2.9%,测量不确定度达到17.6%(k=2),有效解决了太瓦量级飞秒激光峰值功率测量问题。

High peak power subnanosecond pulse characteristics with different wall structured CNTs in a doubly QML Nd:Lu_(0.15)Y_(0.85)VO_4 laser

By simultaneously employing both an electro-optic modulator and carbon nanotube saturable absorber(CNT-SA)in a dual-loss modulator, a subnanosecond single mode-locking pulse underneath a Q-switched envelope with high peak power was generated from a doubly Q-switched and mode-locked(QML) Nd:Lu_(0.15)Y_(0.85)VO_4 laser at1.06 μm for the first time, to our knowledge. CNTs with different wall structures—single-walled CNTs(SWCNTs),double-walled CNTs(DWCNTs), and multi-walled CNTs(MWCNTs)—were used as SAs in the experiment to investigate the single mode-locking pulse characteristics. At pump power of 10.72 W, the maximum peak power of1.312 MW was obtained with the DWCNT.

基于光辐射压力的激光功率测量技术

随着激光应用领域的快速拓展,超高峰值功率、超窄脉宽逐渐成为未来激光行业的重点研究方向之一,这种激光的超高电场能量给高精度的激光功率测量提出了挑战。传统的激光功率测量方法,如光电法、热释电法、量热法等逐渐显露出不适用于上述激光功率测量的缺点,此外上述方法都难以实现实时、在线测量。为了克服以上困难,需要一种新型激光功率测量原理与方法。以美国国家标准与技术研究院为代表的机构提出了一种光辐射压力测量法,该方法使激光作用在高反射率的反射镜上,激光动量形成了光辐射压力,这个力可以采用多种力学传感方式进行计量。该方法不但能实现激光功率快速、准确测量,而且不影响激光能量传输,可以实现实时、在线的激光功率测量。系统回顾了国内外通过光辐射压力测量激光功率的基本原理和系统组成,光辐射压力测量激光功率的研究现状,并对该方法的发展方向进行了展望。

A concept for multiterawatt fibre lasers based on coherent pulse stacking in passive cavities

Since the advent of femtosecond lasers,performance improvements have constantly impacted on existing applications and enabled novel applications.However,one performance feature bearing the potential of a quantum leap for high-field applications is still not available:the simultaneous emission of extremely high peak and average powers.Emerging applications such as laser particle acceleration require exactly this performance regime and,therefore,challenge laser technology at large.On the one hand,canonical bulk systems can provide pulse peak powers in the multi-terawatt to petawatt range,while on the other hand,advanced solid-state-laser concepts such as the thin disk,slab or fibre are well known for their high efficiency and their ability to emit high average powers in the kilowatt range with excellent beam quality.In this contribution,a compact laser system capable of simultaneously providing high peak and average powers with high wall-plug efficiency is proposed and analysed.The concept is based on the temporal coherent combination(pulse stacking)of a pulse train emitted from a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser system in a passive enhancement cavity.Thus,the pulse energy is increased at the cost of the repetition rate while almost preserving the average power.The concept relies on a fast switching element for dumping the enhanced pulse out of the cavity.The switch constitutes the key challenge of our proposal.Addressing this challenge could,for the first time,allow the highly efficient dumping of joule-class pulses at megawatt average power levels and lead to unprecedented laser parameters.

激光雷达测距系统光源驱动设计

脉冲式激光雷达探测性能与激光光源发出的光脉冲密切相关,而激光二极管(LD)驱动电路性能直接决定了光脉冲的优劣。基于激光雷达系统要求,选用超快速金属氧化物半导体场效应管(MOSFET)作为开关器件,建立驱动电路模型,对驱动电路设计与分析,经过多次试验,成功设计出最小脉宽10 ns,上升沿3.5 ns,重复频率可达50 k Hz的LD驱动电路。驱动LD峰值功率将近60 W,成功用于激光雷达光源部分,测距精度达到3 cm/10.77 m,满足激光雷达系统要求。

激光雷达用高性能光纤激光器

系统研究了窄线宽低噪声单频连续光纤激光器、高能量纳秒长脉冲单频光纤激光器以及高峰值功率纳秒短脉冲光纤激光器三类高性能光纤激光器:实现了工作于1、1.5及2μm波段的单频连续光纤激光器,典型光谱线宽小于3 k Hz,强度噪声接近于散粒噪声极限;实现了高能量单频光纤激光器,脉冲能量超过200μJ,重复频率20 k Hz,脉冲宽度100~500 ns,激光波长位于1.5μm波段;实现了高峰值功率纳秒短脉冲光纤激光器,峰值功率超过700 k W,重复频率10 k Hz,脉冲宽度3 ns;同时还实现了高重频高峰值功率纳秒短脉冲光纤激光器,峰值功率超过200 W,重复频率3 MHz,脉冲宽度1~5 ns。文中阐述了以上几类高性能光纤激光器在激光雷达探测系统中的应用前景。

用于纳秒级窄脉冲工作的大功率半导体激光器模块

介绍了一种将脉冲半导体激光器发射系统中的脉冲整形电路、驱动电路、激光器保护电路、激光器集成封装成一个激光器模块的方式。当激光器工作于纳秒级窄脉冲状态下时,激光器封装引腿产生的电抗会使得耦合进激光器的脉冲波形劣化,导致能量损失。为得到上升时间短,波形半宽窄,峰值功率大的光输出,改进了激光器管芯的结构并采用混合光电子集成的方式将驱动电路和激光器管芯封装在一个模块内,使得窄脉冲电信号高效地耦合进半导体管芯。分析验证表明,改进后的激光器模块的各项输出参数均得到改善。同等条件下,改进后的模块在光脉冲宽度为4.5 ns时,峰值功率比单独封装激光器提高6倍多。测试了激光器模块U-P曲线,得到了脉冲宽度7 ns左右,峰值光功率176 W的光脉冲输出。

工程陶瓷小孔激光加工

实验研究几种陶瓷材料小孔激光加工的特性，提出改善表面质量和减少加工裂纹的合理工艺参数及消除已加工表面缺陷的两种激光复合加工工艺方法．

用于远程激光测距机的小体积高功率固体激光器

为了满足军用远程激光测距机对小体积高峰值功率固体激光器的应用需求,采用短腔长、正交偏振电光调Q技术,设计了小型风冷LD抽运Nd∶YAG固体激光器,并对样机进行了实验验证。结果表明,激光器重量630g、重频20Hz、输出能量85mJ、脉冲宽度3.9ns、激光峰值功率21.8MW、束散角1.9mrad,满足了小型化和高峰值功率的要求。该激光器具备较强环境适应性,目前已实现工程化应用。

LD脉冲侧面泵浦Nd：YAG电光调Q低重频窄脉宽紫外激光器

介绍了在1～20Hz电光调Q情况下,半导体脉冲激光侧面泵浦Nd:YAG晶体腔外四倍频266nm紫外激光器的输出特性.实验采用直腔结构,在腔外分别利用KTP和BBO晶体产生532nm倍频绿光、266nm四倍频紫外激光.当泵浦电流为120A、重复率为1Hz时,266nm紫外激光最大单脉冲能量为15.4mJ、脉宽8ns,峰值功率高达1.93mW;重复率20Hz时,获得了最大平均功率为156.2mW的266nm紫外激光输出,四倍频的转换效率为10.63%.同时利用一组分光镜,获得了352mW的532nm脉冲绿光和423mW的1064nm脉冲红外光输出.

980nm高峰值功率微型化VCSEL脉冲激光光源

报道了输出波长980 nm的高峰值功率垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)及其微型化脉冲激光光源.通过优化VCSEL单元器件的结构,有效抑制了宽面VCSEL结构中的非均匀电流分布,提高了单元器件的斜率效率,获得了直径400μm,峰值输出功率62 W的VCSEL单元器件;在此基础上,研制出由单元器件组合封装而成的VCSEL"准列阵"子模块以及集成驱动电路的微型化VCSEL脉冲激光光源,该光源在脉冲驱动条件为30 ns、2 k Hz、105 A条件下的峰值输出功率达到226 W,光脉冲宽度35 ns,中心波长979.4nm,斜率效率达到2.15 W/A.

高峰值功率脉冲氟化氢激光器

报道了大体积火花预电离横向放电的脉冲HF激光器。通过采用紧凑的结构安排 ,在放电体积为4cm× 5cm× 90cm的SF6和C2 H6混合气中获得了均匀稳定的放电。在总气压为 12 .6kPa、最高充电电压 4 5kV时 ,激光输出脉冲能量为 3J,激光脉冲峰值功率约 18MW。

高重复频率脉冲激光能量测量(英文)

设计了一种用于高重复频率脉冲激光能量测量的峰值保持电路。电路由电荷积分器、2阶低通滤波器、时间延迟触发器和峰值保持器组成,通过将光电流脉冲转换成电压脉冲,电压脉冲的峰值与对应电流脉冲所包含的能量成正比。实验测量结果表明:该电路可以测量脉宽<10 ns,重复频率≥2 kHz的重频窄脉冲激光的脉冲能量,且工作稳定,其线性动态范围≥140倍。该电路可应用于光电阵列探测系统中,能实现较高的空间分辨力。

1kHz窄脉宽高峰值功率MgO∶LN电光腔倒空Nd∶YAG激光器

报道了一种1kHz窄脉冲宽度、高峰值功率的电光腔倒空1 064nm全固态激光器.该激光器采用808nm脉冲LD侧面泵浦Nd:YAG晶体棒的双凹型折叠谐振腔结构和同步延迟MgO∶LN晶体横向加压式电光腔倒空技术,通过优化设计谐振腔结构,在脉冲重复频率200Hz时,获得了最大单脉冲能量46.7mJ、脉冲宽度4.06ns、峰值功率11.50MW的1 064nm脉冲激光稳定输出,脉冲宽度和能量的峰峰值不稳定度分别为±1.52%和±2.02%;在1kHz时,最大单脉冲能量达到18.3mJ,脉冲宽度5.02ns,峰值功率3.69MW,脉冲宽度和能量的峰峰值不稳定度分别为±2.75%和±3.52%,激光束因子为3.849和3.868,远场发散角为3.46mrad和3.55mrad,束腰直径为1 508.84μm和1 477.30μm.

910nm高峰值功率垂直腔面发射激光光源

报道了910 nm高峰值功率垂直腔面发射半导体激光器列阵(Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser,VCSEL)的设计方法及测试结果。所制备的910 nm VCSEL列阵在准连续工作时激光功率达到2 W;在重复频率10 kHz,脉冲宽度30 ns,工作电流60 A的电脉冲驱动条件下,VCSEL列阵峰值输出功率达到25.5 W。随着工作电流的增加,VCSEL列阵输出的激光光谱呈现明显的展宽现象,证实VCSEL列阵即使在窄脉冲工作时大的电流驱动仍然会产生严重的内部热效应;VCSEL列阵输出激光的光脉冲波形在驱动电流增大至60 A时脉宽仅展宽了6 ns左右,证实VCSEL阵列具有非常优越的脉冲响应特性。对VCSEL列阵进行光束准直处理后,在1 m距离处得到了近圆形的均匀光斑。我们相信这种高功率的910 nm面阵光源在未来汽车光探测测距(LiDAR)等智能驾驶领域具有很大的应用潜力。

离轴抛物面镜对超短激光脉冲紧聚焦特性的研究

为了研究超短激光脉冲光束质量对焦斑的影响,采用经典的几何模型进行了理论模拟分析,并实验研究了离轴90°抛物面镜的飞秒激光光束的紧聚焦特性。由理论分析和实验结果可知,当入射失准角为3mrad时,将从空间上使焦斑峰值功率密度减半,失准角的存在将引起到达靶面的激光脉冲的时间展宽从而降低焦斑峰值功率密度;利用3TW钛宝石飞秒激光系统,通过f/1离轴90°抛物面镜对激光束进行紧聚焦,得到最佳焦斑尺寸为5.6μm×5.4μm,对应于3mJ和96mJ的飞秒脉冲激光光束的焦斑峰值功率密度分别为3.83×1017W/cm2和1.23×1019W/cm2。结果表明,该研究为开展激光与固体、气体、团簇等物质相互作用的相关实验提供了重要的参考。