Pumped hydro energy storage and 100 % renewable electricity for East Asia

Rapid cost reductions have led to the widespread deployment of renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaics(PV)and wind globally.Additional storage is needed when the share of solar PV and wind in electricity production rises to 50–100%.Pumped hydro energy storage constitutes 97%of the global capacity of stored power and over 99%of stored energy and is the leading method of energy storage.Off-river pumped hydro energy storage options,strong interconnections over large areas,and demand management can support a highly renewable electricity system at a modest cost.East Asia has abundant wind,solar,and off-river pumped hydro energy resources.The identified pumped hydro energy storage potential is 100 times more than required to support 100%renewable energy in East Asia.

Present status of pumped hydro storage operations to mitigate renewable energy fluctuations in Japan

This paper focuses on pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)plants’current operations after electricity system reforms and variable renewable energy(VRE)installations in Japan.PHES plants have historically been developed to create electricity demand at night in order to operate base load power plants,such as nuclear power plants,in stable conditions.Therefore,many PHES plants are located midway between nuclear power plants and large demand areas.However,all nuclear power plants had to–at least temporarily–shut down after the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by a nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011,and renewable energy power plants have been deployed rapidly after the introduction of a feed-in-tariff(FIT)scheme.Therefore,PHES plants are being used to mitigate fluctuations of VRE,especially in areas where renewable energy has been significantly installed.The daily highest capacity ratio of PHES plants in Kyushu area has recorded three times higher than it in the other areas where the past operating mode is still conducted.But those operations on PHES plants are simply followed as a dispatch rule of the Organization for Crossregional Coordination of Transmission Operators(OCCTO),market-based operations have not been conducted enough yet.The market design shall be changed to harmonize VRE installation and PHES plants’operations are necessary to make the transition from the past operating mode of PHES plants across Japan.

Utilization of cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage for further introduction of solar PV in Japan

The amount of solar PV installed capacity has steadily increased to 44.5 GW at the end of FY2017,since the introduction of the Feed in Tariff(FiT)to Japan in 2012.On the other hand,since the first curtailment of solar PV was conducted on October 13th,2018 in the Kyushu area,the curtailment has been frequently executed including wind power after that.In this study,cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)are focused on mitigating curtailment.In Japan,there are 9 electric power areas which connected each other by cross-regional interconnectors.According to the historical operation,cross-regional interconnectors were secured as emergency flexible measures,but after the implicit auction was started from October 2018,it is used on merit order.Regarding a PHES in Japan,they have been built with nuclear power plants for several decades.Because the output of nuclear power generation is constant,so the PHES is used to absorb the surplus at nighttime when the demand declines.All nuclear power plants in Japan have been shut down after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11th,2011.There are several nuclear power plants that have been restarted(9 reactors,as of August 2019).In this study,the amount of curtailment for solar PV in the Kyushu area is sent to the Chugoku area using the cross-regional interconnector(Kanmon line).Then,the PHES in the Chugoku area is pumping with low price.Because the spot price in the market is low when the curtailment is executed.After that,the PHES is generating at night with high price when the solar PV is not generating.It makes a profit by the deference for the cost of pumping and the revenue of generating by the PHES.As a calculation result,for one week from May 2nd to 8th,2019,a profit becomes 152.2 million JPY(about 1.22 million EUR).For this purpose,it is necessary to raise the operation capacity of the cross-regional interconnector up to the rated capacity with the frequency control function of solar PV instead of the capacity to keep frequency in the event of an accident.This will allow the further introduction of solar PV in Japan.

先进抽水压缩空气复合储能技术

储能技术的创新突破成为带动全球能源格局革命性、颠覆性调整的必经之路,是实现“碳中和、碳达峰”目标的重要举措。为此,西安交通大学“先进物理储能技术”研究团队创新性地发明了新型抽水压缩空气复合储能技术。该技术采用空气和水作为混合工作介质,利用水力机械设备和空气透平作为系统的复合做功设备,实现储能介质高效等温压缩/膨胀。相比于传统压缩空气储能技术,新型气液复合空气储能技术具有响应快、效率高、投资成本低等优点。团队通过10余年的攻关研究,完成了关键设备与储能系统的性能表征、时域特性研究、流体机械关键共性技术集中攻关、空气储能技术全寿命周期性能评估软件的研发及应用,研究成果可为气液复合压缩空气储能技术的规模化推广应用提供坚实的理论与数据支撑。

全清洁能源下的高品质矿区能源系统配置优化方法

面向“30·60”双碳目标,矿区能源利用方式的绿色、经济、高效转型成为我国能源革命的迫切需求。西部矿区拥有丰富的可再生能源资源禀赋,但仍面临着可再生能源就地消纳困难,电力设备投资成本高、利用率低以及外送输电通道有限的困难。为提升矿区用能清洁化程度,提升矿区能源供给的稳定性与可靠性,增强矿区对外部电网的支撑能力,提出全清洁能源下的高品质矿区能源系统(High-quality Coal Mine Energy System,HCMES)及其配置优化方法。首先,考虑西部矿山综合能源系统的负荷特点与伴生能源利用,结合可再生能源发电与废弃矿井抽水蓄能,构建全清洁能源下的HCMES架构。其次,考虑到矿区生产全流程负荷的需求响应能力,考虑系统的能量平衡约束,提出全清洁能源下的高品质矿区能源系统优化配置模型。最后,以系统年平均综合成本最小化为目标,将原问题转化为混合整数线性规划模型,求解生成高品质矿区能源系统优化配置方案。以我国西部某年产煤量1200万t的矿区实际数据为实例,验证所提模型与方法的有效性,并分析可再生能源出力与生产负荷需求不确定性对系统优化配置结果的影响。算例仿真设置了4种矿区能源系统配置方式:不配置储能、配置抽水蓄能、配置电化学储能、配置抽水蓄能(不外购电能)。结果表明,所提出的HCMES相较于其他配置方式可减少电气一次设备投资11.11%,相较于方式3可降低年平均综合成本7.91%,且最多可减少矿区生产用能总二氧化碳排放量91.17%。

地下抽水蓄能发展综述

2060年碳中和场景下对储能需求量巨大,但是,我国常规抽水蓄能站点资源不足。针对这一问题,本文综述了美国、俄罗斯、新加坡、日本等国关于地下抽水蓄能的研究,提出基于硬岩掘进机挖掘的低成本地下抽水蓄能方案,阐述了三种不同地下抽水蓄能的发展现状,即人工挖掘地下空间的地下抽水蓄能,废弃矿井改造的地下抽水蓄能,以及其他地(海)下抽水蓄能。介绍了地下抽水蓄能的关键技术及其难点,包括地下工程建设与运营现状,以及高水头水泵水轮机技术的发展现状。最终,讨论了发展地下抽水蓄能的挑战,提出优先发展人工挖掘地下空间的地下抽水蓄能的建议,并对关键技术的发展方向提出建议。分析表明,地下抽水蓄能技术可行,经济可行,优势明显,建议我国加强对地下抽水蓄能技术的研发和推广应用。

面向海上风电高效利用的水下抽水蓄能容量优化配置分析

为应对以海上风电为代表的海洋新能源并网挑战,水下抽水蓄能(underwater pumped hydro storage,UPHS)受到日益广泛的关注。然而,现有UPHS研究聚焦点距能源电气领域较远,尚无对现实储能工程的容量配置和规划的深入分析。针对此问题,立足(准)稳态视角,围绕水下抽蓄的容量优化配置开展研究。首先,明确海上风电-UPHS系统结构,基于水下抽蓄原理与风电出力特性建立系统模型;之后,以最大化投资收益为目标,构建UPHS容量优化配置模型,求解目标算例风速条件下风电机组、水下储能的最佳容量与实时出力;最后,围绕UPHS关键参数对规划结果的影响开展对比分析。结果表明,水下储能的引入可以大幅提升远海风电场的建设规模与投资收益;同时建设尺寸、利用小时数等储能参数亦会对规划结果产生多角度影响。

促进水风光蓄一体市场化消纳的容量优化配置研究

水风光一体化开发是未来能源发展的重要方向之一。水风光多能互补建设面临着投资规模大、协调发展难度大、资源与电网需求分布不平衡等诸多挑战。抽水蓄能作为目前最经济、最高效、最成熟的一种储能方式,配合水风光一体化开发,在确保电力系统稳定运行的情况下,促进大规模的清洁能源消纳。通过研究水风光多能互补系统的运行特性及模型简化方法,构建综合定/变速抽水蓄能电站评价体系,厘清不同能源主体间的利益关系,进一步考虑合理的机制的制定,提高多清洁能源一体化的积极性。并对多能互补系统内部容量配置以及各部分之间联合优化调度进行研究,给出水风光蓄联合运行系统的容量优化配置方法。

抽水蓄能电站连续满发小时数和装机容量的设计选择

抽水蓄能电站设计中关于连续满发小时数的选择,业内长期存在争议。为实现连续满发小时数和装机容量的最优配置,对某虚拟抽水蓄能电站连续满发小时数设计了3种方案,通过对各个方案在不同电网中的模拟运行数据分析,研究了连续满发小时数与电网发电负荷特征的匹配关系,提出了定量确定连续满发小时数的基本原则。

Swiss pumped hydro storage potential for Germany’s electricity system under high penetration of intermittent renewable energy

In order to cut greenhouse-gas emissions and increase energy security,the European Commission stimulates the deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources(IRES) towards 2050.In an electricity system with high shares of IRES implemented in the network,energy balancing like storage is needed to secure grid stability and smooth demand satisfaction.Pumped hydro storage(PHS) is at this moment the best option for large scale storage.Switzerland has strong ambitions to further develop their PHS sector and become the battery of Europe.In this research,the potential of the Swiss PSH plants is explored,whilst taking inflow into the upper reservoirs of the PHS plants into consideration.To simulate electricity imbalance,Germany is used as a case study.Germany already has a high penetration of IRES and has plans to increase installed IRES capacity.By using an energy planning model(Power Plan),three future scenarios of the German electricity system were designed,each with a different set of IRES installed(solar,mixed and wind).Results show that the Swiss battery ambition offers most benefits to a wind-oriented scenario,reducing both shortages as well as surpluses.Water inflow in Swiss PHS-reservoirs is of minor importance when looking at security of supply,although it was shown that the solarscenario profits more from inflow in terms of system stability.However,a potential conflict was observed in the solar-scenario between the need for electricity storage and the storage of natural inflow,resulting in more surpluses in the system when inflow was taken into account.

抽水蓄能-飞轮混合储能系统协调控制方法

建立了一台容量为300 MW的抽水蓄能机组功率模型和容量为25 MW的飞轮储能阵列模型并分析了各自的充放电特性。然后,为了达到抽水蓄能机组综合调频指标提高至2倍,同时减小机组磨损进而降低损耗成本的目标,基于水电机组斜坡输入控制策略和飞轮储能阵列荷电状态(SOC)分段控制策略,提出了一种抽水蓄能-飞轮混合储能系统的协调控制策略。最后,根据某额定功率为300 MW的抽水蓄能机组历史运行数据,通过仿真实验验证了所提出的混合储能系统协调控制策略。结果表明:在电网二次调频过程中,提出的混合储能系统协调控制策略将抽水蓄能机组的综合调频性能指标提高2.29倍以上,能够显著减少抽水蓄能机组平稳运行阶段的频繁输出调整、进而降低损耗成本并提高抽水蓄能机组的稳态运行特性,同时保证飞轮储能阵列的SOC维持在合理水平。

水下储能技术综述与展望

储能已成为新型电力系统发展建设中的重要内容。海上风电、波浪能、潮汐能、水面光伏等形式的新能源的兴起,使水下亦成为需要储能施展作用的环境之一。在诸多手段中,水下压缩空气储能和水下抽水蓄能是2种有望在水下实现电网规模能量存储的可行方案。文章首先简要盘点了现有的多种水下储能方式——包括水下的电化学储能、重力储能、浮力储能等,并着重关注水下压缩空气储能(underwater compressed air energy storage,UCAES)与水下抽水蓄能(underwater pumped hydro storage,UPHS)2项技术;之后,文章论述了UCAES与UPHS的基本原理,分析二者的研究进展和挑战;最终,该文归纳比较了二者已有的工程实例和未来前景,对于水下抽蓄还从可行地点选址的角度展望了其在中国的建设潜力。

实用化水火风光系统时序电力电量平衡方法

新型电力系统背景下,新能源占比逐步提高。新能源的随机性、波动性和反调峰特性使电力系统调节困难,电力电量平衡分析面临新的挑战。本文结合能源转型战略需求,首先提出了新型电力系统电力电量平衡模式,给出了电力电量平衡关键流程;接着对火电、水电、抽水蓄能/储能电源进行精细化建模,建立时序电力电量平衡模型;最后基于实际电网数据的算例分析验证所提方法的准确性和效率。结果表明,该方法能够准确反映水、火和储能机组的出力特性,给出新能源消纳情况,支撑提升措施研究,显著提升科学规划水平。

耦合抽水蓄能的压缩空气储能电站概念研究

[目的]储能是发展新能源、实现碳达峰碳中和目标的基础条件,其中抽水蓄能是最主要的储能方式,但是抽水蓄能依赖地理条件,需要占用大量自然资源,优良的厂址资源十分有限。为了缓解抽水蓄能厂址资源需求与自然资源稀缺的矛盾,提出了一种耦合抽水蓄能的压缩空气储能系统,并从研究思路、概念方案和工程可行性进行分析,从而为抽水蓄能产业发展提供创新解决方案。[方法]围绕提高能量密度,以减小水库容量、降低水库高度差为突破点,运用压缩空气排水的方法,将水泵水轮机替换为压缩机和膨胀机,下库改为封闭结构的承压容器。储能时,压缩机将空气压缩至高压充入下库,并推挤下库内的水至上库。释能时,水从上库返回下库,下库内的压缩空气被推挤出,并经膨胀机释放。这可使相同条件下抽水蓄能的能量转换量提高数倍。为了论证耦合抽水蓄能的压缩空气储能电站的储能效果,设置上、下库高度差300 m,按照低性能和高性能两套设备参数,对40 MW/200 MWh的概念方案进行热力学分析和储能效率计算。[结果]结果表明:在低性能参数条件下,储能效率65.68%,在高性能参数条件下,储能效率70.81%;能量密度1.67 kWh/m^(3)。[结论]耦合抽水蓄能的压缩空气储能系统可使水库容量或高度差大幅减小,大大降低厂址要求,并可使发展抽水蓄能受限的地区具备开发条件,且关键设备成熟,单位造价与常规抽水蓄能相近,技术经济上可行。

深度强化学习驱动的双馈抽蓄抽水工况下调频控制

为改善新型电力系统的频率特性,利用抽水工况下双馈抽水蓄能机组功率可调的特点,提出基于多智能体深度确定性策略梯度算法的系统频率控制方法。首先,基于抽水工况下双馈抽水蓄能的频率控制策略,构建多能互补系统的频率控制模型;其次,以提高各区域控制性能标准指标为目标,利用改进的多智能体深度确定性策略梯度算法优化各机组的自动发电控制指令。算例分析表明,抽水工况下双馈抽水蓄能参与调频可显著改善系统的频率特性,且所提频率控制方法的鲁棒性和可靠性优于传统控制。

风光抽蓄互补系统合理容量效益研究

新能源高渗透率电力系统呈现电量富余、电力不足特点的主要原因是风电、光伏基本不具备容量效益,利用抽蓄与风光组成互补系统是解决该问题的有效途径之一。提出一种风光抽蓄互补系统合理容量效益优化方法,优化模型将互补系统合理容量效益以及风电和光伏装机作为决策变量,兼顾互补系统新能源利用率、发电可靠性和国民经济可行性。实际算例仿真计算的结果表明,所提算法能够有效解决风光抽蓄互补系统的容量效益与装机优化问题。

抽水蓄能电站尾闸室充水系统优化研究

为改善长龙山抽水蓄能电站尾闸室工作环境、减少对设备的潜在危害,针对尾水事故闸门平压充水过程中出现的管路振动与噪音现象,通过分析充水系统阀门及管路布置、计算充水管出口流速等,提出了尾闸室充水系统改进优化措施,可为抽水蓄能类似工程提供参考。

储能技术在电力系统中的应用

基于大规模电力储能技术的研究和应用现状,从需求、技术和经济的角度出发,考虑到我国能源的区域性特征、"西电东送、南北互供、全国联网"格局和国家中长期发展战略,探讨了电力储能技术发展的趋势。"十一五"期间国家电网公司将立足研发100kW级全钒液流电池、MW级钠流电池和MJ级容量液氮温区运行超导储能系统,加快建设10GW级抽水蓄能混合式电站,以优化电网配置、加强调节和输变电能力、解决跨区域供需矛盾、确保电网安全可靠运行,并满足人们对电能质量的要求和可再生能源发展的需要。

基于风蓄协调的节能调度方法

为解决节能调度中风能接入造成运行成本增加和可靠性降低的问题,提出了一种基于风蓄协调系统的节能调度方法。通过引入多个整型优化变量与协调周期不平衡量约束,反映抽水蓄能机组发电、抽水、空闲等不同运行状态以及风电机组的出力波动特性,并采用混合整数规划方法求解。算例分析表明,该模型能克服风能的间歇性和波动性缺点,提高系统运行可靠性与风能利用率,降低整体运行成本,能提供抽水蓄能机组适应节能调度需求的新型调度方案,具有显著的经济效益与实用价值。

海水抽水蓄能技术发展现状及应用前景

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