Sizing and Simulation of a Hybrid Hydroelectricity and Photovoltaic System with Storage for Supplying the Tamagaly District in Mamou,Guinea

The present study is a contribution to the study of hybrid electric power conversion systems in rural areas.The approach adopted uses a methodology for analyzing the complementarity that exists between the two renewable energy potentials(solar and hydraulic)based on their daily,monthly and annual variations.The different analytical formulas for sizing a PV(photovoltaic)field and a small hydroelectric power station are recalled in this work.The HOMER software served as a tool for optimal sizing and simulation of the system.This work focuses on the analysis of the behavior and control of the performances of a hybrid system made up of two renewable energy sources,hydroelectricity/PV with a storage system and a converter.The main results obtained relate to:monitoring of the variation in temperature variation,solar irradiation of the site,as well as the flow of the watercourse.The profile of the village’s annual charges is known.The annual production of electrical energy is 527.936 kWh/year.The hydroelectric plant will provide 155.316 kWh/year,or 29%,and for the PV field(372.620 kWh/year),or 71%.The monthly energy average is 43.995 kWh/month.The average daily consumption is 731 kWh/d with a maximum power of 163 kW.The completion of this project makes it possible to cover all electrical loads in the Tamagaly district,with an annual energy production of 206.783 kWh.This would make it possible to locally limit greenhouse gas emissions in the area.

The Economics of Competing Water Uses under a FERC Licensing Agreement: Estimation of Property Value, Recreation, and Hydroelectric Impacts

Reservoirs provide a variety of services with economic values across multiple sectors. As demands for reservoir services continue to grow and precipitation patterns evolve, it becomes ever more important to consider the integrated suite of values and tradeoffs that attend changes in water uses and availability. Section 316 (b) of the Clean Water Act requires that owners of certain water cooled power plants evaluate technologies and operational measures that can reduce their impacts to aquatic organisms. The studies must discuss the social costs and benefits of alternative technologies including cooling towers (79 Fed. Reg. 158, 48300 - 48439). Cooling towers achieve their effect through evaporation. This manuscript estimates the property value, recreation, and hydroelectric generation impacts that could result from the evaporative water loss associated with installing cooling towers at the McGuire Nuclear Generating Station (McGuire) located on Lake Norman, North Carolina. Although this study specifically evaluates the effects of evaporative water loss from cooling towers, its methods are applicable to estimating the economic benefits and costs of a new water user or reduced water input in any complex reservoir system that supports steam electric generation, hydroelectric generation, residential properties, recreation, irrigation, and municipal water use.

Evaluation of development potential of pumped hydroelectric storage and geothermal utilization system in abandoned coal mine

Every year in China,a significant number of mines are closed or abandoned.The pumped hydroelectric storage(PHS)and geothermal utilization are vital means to efficiently repurpose resources in abandoned mine.In this work,the development potentials of the PHS and geothermal utilization systems were evaluated.Considering the geological conditions and meteorological data available of Jiahe abandoned mine,a simple evaluation model for PHS and geothermal utilization was established.The average efficiency of the PHS system exceeds 70%and the regulatable energy of a unit volume is over 1.53 kW·h/m^(3).The PHS system achieves optimal performance when the wind/solar power ratio reaches 0.6 and 0.3 in daily and year scale,respectively.In the geothermal utilization system,the outlet temperature and heat production are significantly affected by the injection flow rate.The heat production performance is more stable at lower rate flow,and the proportion of heat production is higher in the initial stage at greater flow rate.As the operating time increases,the proportion of heat production gradually decreases.The cyclic heat storage status has obvious advantages in heat generation and cooling.Furthermore,the energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of PHS and geothermal utilization systems were calculated.

Analysis on Construction and Operation of Pumped-Storage Stations in China

Through investigation and analysis on typical system of pumped-storage stations built in China, this paper approaches the investment andfinancing policies, electricity pricing policies and management modes for suchstations. In order to find out the actual operation situations, eight pumped-storage stations in five provinces (municipality) were investigated, and analysesand calculations were carried out on their investments, benefits, capabilities ofloan-repaying etc. During the investigation and study, the types and the installedcapacities of the stations were paid close attention to, so they were made morerepresentative to reflect the present situation of pumped-storage stations inrespect of construction and operation.

Reducing Intermittence of Renewable Energy Sources with Seasonal-Pumped-Storage Plants

This paper presents a computational method to model and evaluate if Pumped Storage Plants (PSP) have the potential to reduce the intermittency of wind generation from different sites in Brazil and to improve the operation efficiency of hydroelectric plants when operating in cascade. Since the problem to be solved does not have a defined analytic solution, a Stochastic Optimization Algorithm was implemented to reach an optimal solution to the set of equations, inputs and proposed scenarios. A case study was developed based on the Paraná River Basin and the results shows that the model can operate in a variety of different operational patterns, making feasible the evaluation of different hydrological and wind scenarios. Given the Model support, it is easy to assume different PSP storage and generation capacities, allowing the comparison between the efficiency improvement of a conventional Pumped-Storage and a Season-al-Pumped-Storage in the same scenario. The study concludes that a PSP can effectively reduce the intermittency of wind and solar sources and contribute to the optimization of the Brazilian electricity sector.

Prospect of new pumped-storage power station

In this paper, a new type of pumped-storage power station with faster response speed, wider regulation range, and better stability is proposed. The operational flexible of the traditional pumped-storage power station can be improved with variable-speed pumped-storage tech no logy. Combined with chemical en ergy storage, the failure to achieve sec on d-order response speed and the insufficient safety and reliability of pumped-storage power units could be solved. With the better solar en ergy and site resources, the in teg rated performance can be improved by an optical storage system in stalled in future pumped-storage stations. Through the characteristics analysis of the new type of pumped-storage power station, three types of optimal station locations are proposed, namely, the load concentration area, new energy concentration area, and ultrahigh- voltage direct current receiver area. Taking the new pumped-storage power station as an example, the advantages of multi-energy cooperation and joint operation are analyzed. It can be predicted that the frequency and load regulation of the power grid will be more flexible, and the service capacity to the main power grid will be much stronger in the future.

Study on integrated development and hybrid operation mode of nuclear power plant and pumped-storage power station

The nuclear power plant is suitable for base-load operation, while the pumped-storage unit mainly gives play to capacity benefit in the electric power system;hence, the integrated development and hybrid operation mode of the two can better meet the needs of the electric power system. This article first presents an analysis of the necessity and superiority of such mode, then explains its meaning and analyzes the working routes. Finally, it proposes the business modes as follows: low price pumping water electricity plus nuclear power in the near term;nuclear power shifted to pumped storage power participating in market competition in the middle term;and, in the long term, nuclear power shifted to pumped storage power as primary and serving as an electric power system when needed.

Pumped-Storage Solution towards Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: Portugal Contribution and Real Case Studies

This paper aims at presenting different pumped-storage solutions for improving the energy efficiency and economic sustainability of water systems. The assessment of pumped-storage solutions, either using fresh water or sea-water, is seen as a viable option to solve problems of energy production, as well as in the integration of intermittent renewable energies, providing system flexibility due to energy loads’ fluctuation, as long as the storage of energy from intermittent sources. Pumped-storage is one of the best and most efficient options in terms of renewable resources as an integrated solution allowing the improvement of the energy system elasticity and the global system efficiency. Two real case studies are presented: a fresh water system installed in a river dams—the Alqueva system, in Portugal—and a sea-water system in an arid region of the Cape Verde Islands in Africa. These cases demonstrate the benefits associated to pumped-storage solutions, depending on the storage volume capacity, operational rules and energy tariffs.

Methodological Approach to Regulating CO_(2eq)Emissions from Major Energy Transition Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa:The Case of Hydroelectricity

The energy transition,validated by 194 countries at the end of CoP21 in Paris,requires new development design methods.This requirement,for the sub-Saharan African countries(SAC),could be an opportunity to finance their development.Following the mixed results of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),partly due to its rather restrictive selection criterion,the desire to implement carbon asset transfer mechanisms is proposed by many countries including Cameroon.However,the success of such a mechanism would be guaranteed by encouraging policies to regulate emissions.It is in this perspective that our work falls.It aims at proposing a regulation approach for major projects.We have dwelt on hydroelectric projects.To do this,we ordered considering their quantitative feature,113 projects or visions proposed by 37 countries.Subsequently,a classification of projects according to compartments and trends was made.We finally pointed out 6 visions,including the mitigation in production,mitigation in distribution or service,adaptation in production,mitigation in transport,adaptation in distribution or service,and the adaptation in transport.The regulation methodology proposed for mitigation projects in the hydroelectric sector on a variable threshold hypothesis has led us to three trends in regulation.

Current Situation and Prospect of Pumped-Storage Hydropower Plant in China

With the rapid development of national economy in China, pumped-storage power plant(PSPP) has developed very fast for its special stable and dynamic benefits in recent years.Because of the ever-increasing power load and its peak-to-valley ratio, customers have higherexpectation for the securityand quality ofpower supply. PSPPs are playing a role in load regulation,energy saving and reliable operation of power girds with its unique peak-shifting character.

On the Origin of the Cavities Present in the Sandstone Formations of the Hydroelectric Development Site of Kakobola and Its Surroundings (Kwilu Province/DRC)

Problems due to underground cavities at the level of soft and polymorphic sandstones, collapses and infiltration of acid waters through the fracture networks have been observed around the Kakobola hydroelectric development, constituting potential risks for the stability of the dam. The objective of this article aims to highlight the major cause that can explain the generating processes of these cavities. Indeed, to do this, the exploration of the subsoil was made possible thanks to the eleven (11) boreholes drilled on the site, the determination of cavities by the method of colored tracers and the petrographic characterization using a microscope. The latter, by means of thin sections, reveals the presence of quartz arenites. The mineralogical characterization of rock materials was carried out using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods. X-ray fluorescence revealed the presence of nickel, zinc and iron. Diffraction shows us an abundance of silica, mainly quartz and its metastable phases, in particular tridymite and cristobalite. It also made it possible to question the presence of carbonated minerals. The drillings enabled us to elaborate the logs and to bring out a geological model of the sector of study. These models were produced on the basis of drilling and observations on excavation. These data also reveal the presence of underground cavities which were also confirmed by the colored tracer method. These cavities would be of natural origin due to the presence of carbonate minerals observed in the rocks and which are attacked by acidic waters attested by the pH 5 measurements of the waters of the Lufuku River. The infiltration of water in rocky materials of low density and through the various networks of fractures and cavities leads to instability of the rock and could damage the hydroelectric development.

Allowance of the Emission Quota Using Life Cycle Assessment for the Creation of a National Carbon Market: Framework Developed for Hydroelectric Projects in Cameroon

The lack of synergy between infrastructure financing mechanisms and mechanisms for combating climate change does not favor the definition of sustainable infrastructure in Cameroon. The definition of a sustainable infrastructure could meet the requirements of these mechanisms, thanks to the control of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions during its installation, in relation to a predefined value. However, the promotion of efforts to reduce emissions from new infrastructures is not subject to a local market. This situation is a limit in the implementation of the policies defined in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This article proposes a framework for promoting reduction efforts for a national carbon market, in favor of hydroelectric infrastructures. Thanks to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) environmental assessment tool, we are going to determine the carbon quota for a specific power. The study carried out on the hydroelectric power station of Mekin (HydroMekin) leads us to a reduction effort of 68.2% compared to the threshold defined at 14.057 gCO2eq/kWhe. The framework, developed, contributes to defining the environmental parameters in the decarbonation strategy during the implementation of new hydroelectric infrastructures and the market carbon design elements special to the construction phase of these infrastructures.

Analysis of Flood Risks Upstream from the Imboulou Hydroelectric Dam on the Léfini River, a Tributary of the Right Bank of the Congo River

The analysis of the risk of flooding upstream from the Imboulou hydroelectric dam on the Léfini River in the Republic of Congo-Brazzaville, focused on the evolution of annual rainfall and flow in the study area during the period from 1970 to 2020 before and after the building of the dam in 2005, by applying statistical methods. These methods were used to analyse the spatial and temporal evolution of rainfall and flow at the unique hydrometric station located at the RN2 (National Road N°2) bridge in the village of Mbouambé in the Pool region. This work has shown that rainfall is not the cause of flooding in the Léfini catchment area. The monthly flow coefficient (MFC) showed exceptional flooding from November and December onwards after the dam was built, resulting in a variability of flows, with periods of high and low water. In addition, the annual average flow (AAF) and the maximum average flow (MAF) increased after the dam was built. Maximum average flows (MAF) were higher than annual average flows (AAF) throughout the period of study (1970-2020). The annual and monthly rainfall-runoff relationship showed changes after the dam was built, particularly from 2009 and during the months of November and December. .

考虑调节费用补偿的海水抽蓄优化定容策略

通过海上风电与海水抽蓄联合运行参与电网的调峰调度,可有效促进海上风电消纳,助力电网调峰,但需要进行海水抽蓄多目标优化定容研究,解决海水抽蓄成本回收问题以及多目标之间的主观偏好与客观冲突对优化决策的影响等关键问题。为此,本文提出了考虑调节费用补偿的海水抽蓄多目标优化定容方法,通过海水抽蓄调节费用双向补偿机制,保障抽蓄调节利益;考虑风电不确定性,计及风蓄联合出力跟踪电网负荷误差最小、海上风电运营效益最大和海水抽蓄收益最大,建立风蓄联合运行多目标优化模型,实现多主体利益共赢。以双向补偿电价、海水抽蓄上水库容量、海水抽蓄机组容量为优化决策变量,通过NSGA-Ⅱ方法优化得到Pareto前沿解集;通过K-means算法对Pareto前沿解集进行聚类作为备选方案;采用层次分析法-熵权法进行主、客观赋权;通过TOPSIS方法将备选方案与理想方案比较排序选出最优解。仿真算例结果验证了本文海水抽蓄优化定容方案能够兼顾新能源消纳效果与多主体利益共赢。

基于VMD-TCN的水电机组健康状态监测系统设计

针对常规的水电机组运行监测系统以高频振动信号监测为主,低频振动信号监测失误问题较多,影响水电机组正常运行的问题,设计了基于VMD-TCN的水电机组健康状态监测系统。硬件方面,设计了AC102加速度传感器;软件方面,采集水电机组健康状态数据,对水电机组状态信号进行处理,判断机组健康状态。基于VMD-TCN分解水电机组健康状态监测信号,根据采集到的状态信号进行信号频段子模态分解,确保监测精准度。系统测试结果表明:该设计提升了系统的监测效果,系统性能良好。

多能互补条件下水轮机转轮改造深化设计研究

为适应新型电力系统的多能互补需求,本文以李家峡水电站水轮机适用多能互补改造为研究对象,对多能互补系统中的常规水电站机组进行了深化设计研究,提出了水轮机改造深化设计理念,阐明了多能互补系统要求下机组的运行加权因子计算方法,并提出了机组改造深化设计的水力设计目标,为水轮机改造的深化设计提供了方向指导。根据水轮机改造深化设计后的水力模型试验表明:深化设计后的水轮机比前期改造的水轮机(未经过深化设计)在空化、压力脉动和叶片应力水平相当的情况下,有更高的水力模型额定效率和加权平均效率。深化设计后的水轮机不仅满足新型电力系统对水电站电能负荷调节能力的要求,而且机组的水力性能也得到了明显提升,可为类似水电站的水轮机改造设计提供借鉴。

基于ICEEMDAN-VMD与结合注意力机制的简单循环单元的水轮机故障诊断

基于水电机组振动信号存在的非平稳和非线性,提出一种结合二次分解和简单循环单元(SRU)与注意力结合(Attention)的方法。首先采用ICEEMDAN和VMD方法对振动信号进行二次分解,将信号分解成本征模态函数(IMF);随后,引入基于SRU的深度学习模型,将提取得到的IMF信号输入到SRU中进行学习得到水电机组故障识别器。为了进一步提升模型的性能,在SRU中加入了注意力机制,使模型能够动态地关注不同IMF的重要信息。结合故障识别器和实时振动信号特征,即可识别水电机组运行状态为:正常、预警或故障类型;最后,为验证该方法的有效性,通过对比试验,结合实际电站机组样本数据,验证了所提方法在挖掘信号特征方面的可行性和优越性。

基于水电相似原理的致密油水平井压后产能相似模拟

为明确实际生产中水平井压后产能与生产压力的潜在联系,基于水电相似原理的水电模拟实验平台,模拟研究不同输入压力下水平井压后产能的变化规律。结果表明:致密油生产压力从模型边界到裂缝中心处压力呈下降趋势,且横向下降趋势比纵向下降趋势更为明显;随着压后生产进行,电压不断下降,相同地层位置的压力随着输入电压的下降而逐渐下降,模拟电压越大其等压线数值的变化幅度越大,但等压线整体分布规律受影响较小,稳定性较强;整体来看,致密油压后产能随生产压差的增大而增加,但在同等电压增量下产能的增速和增量将逐渐变缓。该研究方法可为致密油水平井压后产能预测提供新思路。

面向超低频振荡的水电调速器与SVC附加频率控制参数联合优化

互联电网超低频振荡抑制对系统安全稳定运行至关重要,现有研究仅考虑水电调试器PI控制参数优化的措施,可能导致水电调频能力降低。随着电网中静止无功补偿器(SVC)数量的显著增长,通过SVC附加频率控制为超低频振荡抑制提供了新的思路,于是提出了一种SVC附加频率控制与水电调速器PI参数联合优化方法。首先,建立了包含水轮机和SVC的单机单负荷系统等值模型,分析SVC的附加频率控制原理,并分析所提模型对系统超低频振荡的抑制作用;在此基础上,以超低频振荡阻尼系数和水电机组一次调频性能为优化目标,通过优化设计控制器参数以提升系统整体的超低频振荡抑制能力;最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了水电机组和SVC仿真模型,对所提方法进行有效性验证。仿真结果表明,该方法可有效提升高比例水电电网超低频振荡阻尼能力,同时提升水电机组调频能力。