Comparison of factor loadings for anthropometric and physiometric measures among type 2 diabetic males, pre and postmenopausal females in North Indian Punjabi population

Background: The objective of the present study was to compare the relationship of anthropometric and physiometric characteristics using principal component factor analysis among three groups of type 2 diabetic subjects such as males, pre and postmenopausal females in North Indian Punjabi population. Method: A total of 349 type 2 diabetic subjects (males 157;females 192;88 pre and 104 postmenopausal) were ascertained for the present study. Different anthropometric and physiometric measurements were taken. Principal component factor analysis (PCFA) was applied to identify the components which are more close to type 2 diabetes among the three groups. Results: PCFA revealed five uncorrelated components which explained 79% of the total variance among diabetic males and six unrelated components which explained 78% of the total variance among pre and postmenopausal females. The important two factors could be identified as central obesity (factor 1) and blood pressure (factor 2) among these three groups. Conclusion: Higher clustering of obesity and blood pressures were found in diabetic males as com pared to pre and postmenopausal diabetic females in North Indian Punjabi population whereas, waist to hip ratio (WHR) has maximum loading in postmenopausal females as compared to others.

An Acoustic Analysis of Fluctuations for Inter-and Intra-Speaker Variability in Speech Sounds

Background:Variation in the speech of speakers is a crucial issue for the forensic system.The main reason behind incorrect speaker identification is greater intra-speaker fluctuation.In the forensic state of play,a lot of research has been carried out on speaker identification.However inter variations and intra fluctuations in speakers for the Punjabi language is still a grey area.Aims and Objectives:Our aim is to study acoustic analysis of fluctuations for inter and intra speaker variability in speech sounds.In our study,we will consider Punjabi vowel with consonants.The Statistical methods will be applied to analyze the data;firstly,the Shapiro-Wilk test will be checked for normality and then Levene’s Test to assess the equality of variances.Materials and Method:Five vowels were selected with different consonants.They were combined to make meaningful words.Then these meaningful words were embedded in sentences.Ten speakers participated voluntarily.All are students of A.S College at Khanna in Punjab.The individuals were aged between 20-22 years with no hearing or speech disorder.The voice samples were recorded with help of good quality microphone and by Goldwave software in the sound proof lab.Samples were introduced directly into PRAAT software by the use of a Sony microphone and with sampling rate of 44100 Hz frequency.Acoustic Analysis has been done with help of Goldwave software in form of spectrograms.Results and Conclusion:Each formant shows a different value for inter variations and inter speaker fluctuations.F1 and F2 shows lesser speaker variation than the high-frequency region in F3 and F4,so we can say that in comparison with the lower part,high-frequency regions are more valuable.The assumptions for TWO-WAY ANOVA is violated and hence,we have used the non-parametric Friedman Test and performed its Post hoc analysis.From Posthoc analysis,we can say that F1 and F2(p>0.05)and F2 and F3(p>0.05)gave the same type of results.Hence,from the results of these statistical tests,we can conclude that F1 is recommended over F2,F3,and F4.As the frequency of F1 is high as well as in line with the results of statistical tests.Because we prefer more variation among frequencies so that we can easily distinguish different speakers and it would be more beneficial for inter variations and intra fluctuations.