Variation of the Consumption of Mushrooms by Pygmies and Bantus in the North of Gabon

A comparative study of the number of taxa and fungal biomass consumed by the Pygmies and the Bantus of Gabon has been realized in two Gabon north regions (Ogooue-Ivindo and the Woleu-Ntem). This study has allowed not only to establish the list of consumed fungal sorts by those populations, but also to estimate the daily consumed fungal biomasses by each ethnical group. The study has revealed a significant difference between a numbers of taxa and the quantity of mushrooms consumed by various ethnical groups: the Pygmies of the area who live especially by hunting and fishing consumed 96% of the recorded taxa with some high mushrooms quantities (around 3 kg/day/family);the Bantus who live nearby Pygmies also consumed some high mushrooms quantities (around 2 kg/day/family) but a low taxa number (56% of taxa counted by the Fang;69% by the Kota;39% by the Kwele);on the other hand, the Bantus living nearest the Pygmies consumed a high taxa number as much as Pygmies (around 90% of taxa counted) but eat a lower mushrooms quantities than theirs distant congeners Pygmies (around 800 g/day/family).

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Congo-Brazzaville Pygmies

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and determinants of overall cardiovascular risk among the pygmies of Congo Brazzaville. Methods: Cross-analysis of anthropometric data, clinical and laboratory 273 indigenous subjects including 54 patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 183 without CVD, aged 29 to 69 years. The cardiovascular risk stratification table WHO/ISH 2003 was used to assess overall cardiovascular risk level. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent determinants of cardiovascular risk using the global left ventricular hypertrophy as a marker. Results: Fifty-four subjects had cardiovascular disease (CVD), including 31 women (36.7%). They were aged 51.9 ± 12.4 years (p < 0.05) and showed a high blood pressure in short-long (100 ± 77 vs 32 ± 48 months;p < 0.001). It was also found a pulse pressure, PPO (58 ± 8 vs 51 ± 4 mmHg). In multivariate analysis, HDL-C levels, fasting glucose, age greater than 50 years and the higher parity or equalizes to 5 among women have emerged as key determinants of CVD risk. Conclusion: Whatever the stage, arterial hypertension in this study is associated at the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) high at the Pygmies of Congo, emphasizing the need for a more aggressive follow-up strategy.

A new species in the genus Hedotettix Bolívar(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea:Tetrigidae) from Guizhou, China

A new species in the genus Hedotettix Bolivar, Hedotettix circinihumerus Deng ＆ Zheng sp. nov., is described from the Luodian Area of Guizhou, China.

A new species in the genus Austrohancockia Günther(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Cladonotidae) from Anhui, China

One new species in the genus Austrohancockia Giinther, Austrohancockia yuexiensis Zha, Deng ＆ Zheng sp. nov., is described and photographed from Yuexi, Anhui, China. The type specimens are deposited in the Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China.

Discovery and description of the female Tetrix grossifemura (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea)

The female of Tetrix grossifemura Zheng ＆ Jiang, 1997 is discovered and described, voucher specimens are in the School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University.

First report of males of two Alulatettix species(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea:Tetrigidae)

Males ofAlulatettix anhuiensis Zheng, 2001 and A. tianzhushanensis Zhang, Deng ＆ Zha, 2014 are reported for the first time. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China.

Discovery and description of the male Macromotettix convexa(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea)

The male of Macromotettix convexa Deng, Zheng ＆ Zhan, 2010 is discovered and described. Voucher specimens are in the School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University.

A new species in the genus Coptotettix(Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Tetriginae) from northern Thailand

Coptotettix acutiangulus Zha sp. nov. from northern Thailand is described and illustrated with photographs. Morphological differences with a similar species C. annandalei are described in detail. C. acutiangulus Zha sp. nov. may be potentially distributed in Nepal. A brief discussion of the ecology and habitat of C. acutiangulus is given.

A new species in the genus Bolivaritettix Günther(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Metrodoridae) from the Karst area of Guizhou, China

During the investigation of species diversity at the Lengshuihe Nature Preserve in Jinsha, Guizhou,China in Aug. 2015, a new species of the genus Bolivaritettix, B. jinshaensis Zha Wen sp. nov. was found.Herein we introduce it with description and illustration. It is similar to but differs from B. yuanbaoshanensis Zheng Jiang by： 1） vertex 1.8（♂） or 2.0（♀） times as wide as one eye; 2） in profile, vertex together with frontal ridge protruding and distinctly visible before eyes; 3） midkeel of pronotum interrupted or obscure between lateral keels of prozona; 4） pronotum and hind femur distinctly longer than those of the latter; 5）upper valvulae of ovipositor only 3.8 times as long as wide.

A new species in the genus Epitettix Hancock(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea: Cladonotidae) from Yunnan Province

One new species of Epitettix Hancock in the family Cladonotidae is described, i.e. Epitettix torulosinota sp. nov. This new species is allied to Epitettix tamilus Günther, 1939, but differs in： 1） anterior margin of pronotum straight; 2） lateral carinae of prozona long, obviously shrunk to posterior; 3） posterior process reaching 3/4 of hind femur; 4） disc of pronotum rough, with dense protuberances; 5） lower margin of lateral lobe of pronotum in postzona straight, space between lateral carina and lower margin of lateral lobe narrow.

Description of a new species of the genus Coptotettix Bolívar(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Thailand

A new species, Coptotettix nigrifemurus Deng ＆ Jiang sp. nov. （Tetrigidae： Tetriginae）, is described and photographed. The species was collected from the Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park in Loci Province, Thailand. The genus Coptotettix in Thailand is reviewed and a key to the genus in Thailand is provided.

Ancient DNA of the pygmy marmoset type specimen Cebuella pygmaea(Spix,1823)resolves a taxonomic conundrum

The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western Amazonia.Recent studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers.However,reconciling this new biological evidence with current taxonomy,i.e.,two subspecies,Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea(Spix,1823)and Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris(Lönnberg,1940),was problematic given the uncertainty as to whether Spix’s pygmy marmoset(Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea)was collected north or south of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers,making it unclear to which of the two newly revealed species the name pygmaea would apply.Here,we present the first molecular data from Spix’s type specimen of Cebuella pygmaea,as well as novel mitochondrial genomes from modern pygmy marmosets sampled near the type locality(Tabatinga)on both sides of the river.With these data,we can confirm the correct names of the two species identified,i.e.,C.pygmaea for animals north of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers and C.niveiventris for animals south of these two rivers.Phylogenetic analyses of the novel genetic data placed into the context of cytochrome b gene sequences from across the range of pygmy marmosets further led us to reevaluate the geographical distribution for the two Cebuella species.We dated the split of these two species to 2.54 million years ago.We discuss additional,more recent,subdivisions within each lineage,as well as potential contact zones between the two species in the headwaters of these rivers.

An annotated catalogue of the genus Paragavialidium(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea)with the first description of male Paragavialidium hainanensis

Total fourteen species of the genus Paragavialidium Zheng are systematically reviewed.Male Paragavialidium hainanensis^newly discovered in Wuzhishan,Hainan Province,is described and given taxonomic notes.An annotated list of the species,a redescription and a key to species of the genus Paragavialidium are provided.

A new species of Hyboella Hancock(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Metrodoridae) from China with a key to Chinese species

One new species,Hyboella nigrimaculata sp.nov.,is described and illustrated with photographs.This new species is similar to Hyboella yunnana Zheng,1998,but differs from the latter in:1)wings short,apex reaching third segment of abdomen,far away from basal of supra-anal plate,and 2)posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave in middle.An updated key to species of Hyboella from China is provided.

Pygmy and Giant Dipole Resonances in Proton-Rich Nuclei ^(17,18)Ne

The pygmy and giant dipole resonances in proton-rich nuclei 17,1817,18Ne are investigated with a fully self-consistent approach. The properties of ground states are calculated in the Skyrme Hartree–Fock with the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer approximation to take into account the pairing correlation. The quasiparticle random phase approximation （QRPA） method is used to explore the properties of excited dipole states. In the calculations the SLy5 Skyrme interaction is employed. In addition to the giant dipole resonances, pygmy dipole resonances （PDR） are found to be located in the energy region below 10 MeV in both ^17,18Ne. The strength and transition density show that the low-lying states are typical PDR states. However, analyzing the QRPA amplitudes of proton and neutron 2 quasiparticle （2qp） configurations for a given low-lying state in ^17,18Ne, we find that the PDR state is less collective, more like a single 2qp excitation.

A new species of Saussurella Bolivar(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Batrachididae) from China with a key to species

One new species Saussurella yunnanensis Mao, Han & Li sp. nov. from Yunnan is described and illustrated with photographs. This new species is similar to S. xizangensis Zheng, Lin & Shi, 2013, but differs from the latter in: 1) frontal ridge with carinae nearly parallel;2) horn-like process of pronotum moderately decurved distally with an obtusely rounded apex in profile;3) abbreviated carinae between shoulders indistinct;4) middle lobe of female subgenital plate equal to lateral lobes in length. A classification key to the species in the genus Saussurella is updated.

A new species of Macromotettixoides(Orthoptera:Tetrigidae:Metrodorinae)from Yunnan,China

One new species of the genus Macromotettixoides Zheng,Wei&Jiang,2005 is described and illustrated with photographs.Macromotettixoides rugodorsalis Li&Mao sp.nov.is similar to M jiuwanshanensis Zheng,Wei&Jiang,2005 and M.wuyishana Zheng,2013,but differs from the latter two in:(1)anterior margin of vertex straight in dorsal view;(2)disc of pronotum densely covered with granules and tubercula,and hind process of pronotum with irregular wrinkled ridge;(3)lateral keels of prozona parallel,without humeral angle;and (4)lower margins of fore and middle femora with 2 large teeth each in base and middle.

One new species of Tetrix Latreille(Orthoptera:Tetrigidae:Tetriginae)from China

One new species,Tetrix cangshanensis sp.nov.,is described and illustrated with photographs.Tetrix cangshanensis sp.nov.is similar to T.parabipunctata Zheng&Ou,2004 and T.bipunctata(Linnaeus,1758),but differs from the latter two by the straight facial carinae before superior ocelli in lateral view,by higher position of antennae insert,and by straight anterior margin of pronotum;from T.parabipunctata by short hind wing;and from T.bipunctata by narrow longitudinal furrow of facial carinae between antennae,by prozonal carinae constricted retrad,and by undulated lower margin of middle femur.

The Measurement of ^(16)O(n,γ)^(17)O Reaction at the Pygmy Resonance Region

The 16O（n,γ）17O reaction is first realized at neutron energies from 7 to 14MeV,which is the so-called pygmy resonance region.The pusled beam and time offlight techniques are used.Two large NaI-plastic anticoincidence shielded spectrometersare used to detect high energy gamma rays.The results are in good agreement withthose of the 17O（γ,n0）reaction by detailed balance.The integrated（γ,n0）cross section is5.88 MeV mb,which is 2.3% of energy weighted sum rule（EWSR）.

Microbial diversity and structure in the gastrointestinal tracts of two stranded short-finned pilot whales(Globicephala macrorhynchus)and a pygmy sperm whale(Kogia breviceps)

Information on the gut microbiome composition of different mammals could provide novel insights into the evolution of mammals and succession of microbial communities in different hosts.However,there is limited information on the gut microbiome composition of marine mammals,especially cetaceans because of sampling constraints.In this study,we investigated the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the stomach,midgut,and hindgut of 2 stranded short-finned pilot whales(Globicephala macrorhynchus)and hindgut of a stranded pygmy sperm whale(Kogia breviceps)by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology.On the basis of the 50 most abundant operational taxonomic units,principal coordinate analysis,and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis,we confirmed that the gut microbial communities of the 3 whales were different.Our results revealed that the gut microbiome of 1 stranded short-finned pilot whale GM16 was dominated by Firmicutes(mainly Clostridium)and Fusobacteria;whereas that of the other pilot whale GM19 was composed of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes(mainly Vibrio and Bacteroides,respectively),probably caused by intestinal disease and antibiotic treatment.The gut microbiome of the pygmy sperm whale was dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.Moreover,different gastrointestinal tract regions harbored different microbial community structures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of the gut microbiome of short-finned pilot whales,and our findings will expand our current knowledge on microbial diversity and composition in the gastrointestinal tract of cetaceans.