我国五省(区、市)的沙打旺病害及其分布特征

对我国江苏省淮阴县、北京市平谷县、内蒙古自治区库伦旗、陕西省吴旗县和甘肃省武威市的不同年龄的沙打旺（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓａｄｓｕｒｇｅｎｓＰａｌ．）病害进行了调查，并以生长地≥０℃年积温和草原湿润度为指标，分析了病害与产地环境条件的关系。结果表明，沙打旺植株田间发病率随草地年龄而增加，在四龄时最高可达１００％。共发现１０种真菌病害，它们是锈病（Ｕｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｌａｐｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）、白粉病（Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈｅｐｉｓｉ）、小丛壳炭疽病（Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌａｓｐ．）、交链孢黑斑病（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａａｌｔｅｒｎａｔａ）、多主枝孢叶斑病（Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｈｅｒｂａｒｕｍ）、茎点霉褐霉病（Ｐｈｏｍａｓｐ．）、棘壳孢叶斑病（Ｐｙｒｅｎｏｃｈａｅｔａｓｐ．）、丝核菌基腐病（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｓｏｌａｎｉ）、壳针孢斑枯病（Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａｓｐ．）和匍柄霉叶斑病（Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｕｍｂｏｔｒｙｏｓｕｍ）等，另发现细菌病、病毒病（花叶病）和菟丝子各１种。细菌、病毒未鉴定，菟丝子为中国菟丝子（Ｃｕｓｃｕｔａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）。各地病害发生种数与≥０℃年积温相关不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但与草原湿润度（Ｋ值）显著相关?

Comparative Effects of Natural and Synthetic Fungicides on the Pink Root Disease of Onion (<i>Allium cepa </i>L.), in Nursery

Onion is an important vegetable in Senegal horticulture, where it occupies the first place. However in the greatest areas production like the Gandiolais, in the North of Senegal, Pink root disease caused by a soil born fungus Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorentz, Walker and Larson affects its productivity especially in nursery. On soil sterilized and inoculated by the fungus, we tested 5 natural fungicides and 2 synthetic fungicides, to measure their effectiveness on the Pink root disease on onion, in nursery. The device used is a split plot with 4 repetitions and 8 treatments. The measured variables are the emergence rates, the survival rates and the infestation rates. Our experimentations have shown that, for the emergence rates, there is no significant difference between thiophanate-methyl (Pelt 44), Carbendazim (Bavistine), Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Carica papaya L. It is the same between C. papaya and Moringa oleifera Lam, between M. oleifera and Cassia alata L. It is also the same between C. alata and Crotolaria retusa L. Regarding the survival rates, there is no significant difference between thiophanate-methyl, Azadirachta indica, Carbendazim, C. papaya and M. oleifera. The same is true between M. oleifera and Cassia alata, and between C. alata and C. retusa. Concerning the infestation rates, apart from the control check, all other treatments show no difference.

烟草内生真菌对烟草生长和烟叶重金属含量的影响

本文通过共培养试验、菌剂盆栽试验和田间小区试验研究了烟草内生真菌对烟苗生长和烟叶重金属含量的影响。结果表明:在199株烟草内生真菌中,镰刀菌菌株YCEF005和棘壳孢菌菌株YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193、YCEF199具有促进烟苗生长的作用,与内生真菌共培养的烟苗叶片数、根和地上部鲜重和干重均显著增加,YCEF005菌剂对盆栽烟草的生长促进作用最为显著。在Cd2+单一处理时,内生真菌YCEF005、YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193菌剂显著减少盆栽烟叶Cd含量25.87%–39.11%;在Cd2+、As3+、Pb2+混合处理时,内生真菌YCEF005、YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193菌剂显著减少盆栽烟叶Cd含量25.22%–50.56%、As含量22.10%–36.07%、Pb含量4.35%–47.01%;在田间小区试验中,采用YCEF005+YCEF053混合菌剂显著减少上部烟叶Pb含量18.66%、下部烟叶Cd含量22.41%。研究表明烟草内生真菌在促进烟草生长和减少烟叶重金属含量中具有一定的应用潜力。