BACKGROUND Study shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) can increase the Warburg effect by stimulating hexokinase 2 in breast cancer and upregulate lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate de...BACKGROUND Study shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) can increase the Warburg effect by stimulating hexokinase 2 in breast cancer and upregulate lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 in myeloma. STAT3 and pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2) can also be activated and enhance the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma. Precancerous lesions are critical to human and rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of liver precancerous lesions remains unknown. We hypothesized that STAT3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by upregulating p-PKM2 in liver precancerous lesions in rats.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the Warburg effect in liver precancerous lesions in rats.METHODS A model of liver precancerous lesions was established by a modified Solt-Farber method. The liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The transformation of WB-F344 cells induced with Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by the soft agar assay and aneuploidy. The levels of glucose and lactate in the tissue and culture medium were detected with a spectrophotometer. The protein levels of glutathione S-transferase-π, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), STAT3,and PKM2 were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence.RESULTS We found that the Warburg effect was increased in liver precancerous lesions in rats. PKM2 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in activated oval cells in liverprecancerous lesions in rats. The Warburg effect, p-PKM2, and p-STAT3 expression were also increased in transformed WB-F344 cells. STAT3 activation promoted the clonal formation rate, aneuploidy, alpha-fetoprotein expression,PCNA expression, G1/S phase transition, the Warburg effect, PKM2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in transformed WB-F344 cells.Moreover, the Warburg effect was inhibited by stattic, a specific inhibitor of STAT3, and further reduced in transformed WB-F344 cells after the intervention for PKM2.CONCLUSION The Warburg effect is initiated in liver precancerous lesions in rats. STAT3 activation promotes the Warburg effect by enhancing the phosphorylation of PKM2 in transformed WB-F344 cells.展开更多
目的研究缺血后适应(IPost)对大鼠心肌保护作用及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路机制。方法将32只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组(A组),IPost组(B组),IPost+Wortmannin组(C组)和缺血再灌注+SB216763组(D组),每组8只。测定各组...目的研究缺血后适应(IPost)对大鼠心肌保护作用及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路机制。方法将32只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组(A组),IPost组(B组),IPost+Wortmannin组(C组)和缺血再灌注+SB216763组(D组),每组8只。测定各组左心室收缩压(LVSP)和再灌注30 min冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶含量。并测定心肌梗死面积,对心肌进行免疫组织化学染色,观察Akt磷酸化和GSK-3β磷酸化的表达。结果与B组比较,A组LVSP明显降低,乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶含量明显升高(P<0.05);同时IPost干预减小了心肌梗死面积(47.3% vs 29.5%),B组Akt磷酸化和GSK-3β磷酸化表达增加。结论 IPost对体外大鼠缺血再灌注损伤有明确的保护作用。Wortmannin可削弱IPost的保护作用,SB216763具有模拟IPost的心肌保护作用,Akt和GSK-3β的磷酸化水平在IPost的心肌保护作用信号通道传导机制中具有重要地位。展开更多
Alternative splicing of the pyruvate kinase M gene(PK-M)can generate the M2 isoform and promote aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth.However,the cancer-specific alternative splicing regulation of PK-M is not completely...Alternative splicing of the pyruvate kinase M gene(PK-M)can generate the M2 isoform and promote aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth.However,the cancer-specific alternative splicing regulation of PK-M is not completely understood.Here,we demonstrate that PK-M is regulated by reciprocal effects on the mutually exclusive exons 9 and 10,such that exon 9 is repressed and exon 10 is activated in cancer cells.Strikingly,exonic,rather than intronic,cis-elements are key determinants of PK-M splicing isoform ratios.Using a systematic sub-exonic duplication approach,we identify a potent exonic splicing enhancer in exon 10,which differs from its homologous counterpart in exon 9 by only two nucleotides.We identify SRSF3 as one of the cognate factors,and show that this serine/arginine-rich protein activates exon 10 and mediates changes in glucose metabolism.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the complex regulation of alternative splicing of a key regulator of the Warburg effect,and also have implications for other genes with a similar pattern of alternative splicing.展开更多
Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults.Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic...Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults.Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis,which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease.Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells[(BECs),cholangiocytes]is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids,which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes.The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen,which is controlled by the bicarbonate(HCO3-)buffer system“biliary HCO3-umbrella”.The impaired production and entry of HCO3-from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506.Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC,we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic(ductulopenia),immunologic(antimitochondrial autoantibodies)and clinical(weakness,malaise,rapid fatigue)signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage.This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81070319the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China,No.7102013the Beijing Municipal Education Commission Research Program,China,No.KM201610025004
文摘BACKGROUND Study shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) can increase the Warburg effect by stimulating hexokinase 2 in breast cancer and upregulate lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 in myeloma. STAT3 and pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2) can also be activated and enhance the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma. Precancerous lesions are critical to human and rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of liver precancerous lesions remains unknown. We hypothesized that STAT3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by upregulating p-PKM2 in liver precancerous lesions in rats.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the Warburg effect in liver precancerous lesions in rats.METHODS A model of liver precancerous lesions was established by a modified Solt-Farber method. The liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The transformation of WB-F344 cells induced with Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by the soft agar assay and aneuploidy. The levels of glucose and lactate in the tissue and culture medium were detected with a spectrophotometer. The protein levels of glutathione S-transferase-π, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), STAT3,and PKM2 were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence.RESULTS We found that the Warburg effect was increased in liver precancerous lesions in rats. PKM2 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in activated oval cells in liverprecancerous lesions in rats. The Warburg effect, p-PKM2, and p-STAT3 expression were also increased in transformed WB-F344 cells. STAT3 activation promoted the clonal formation rate, aneuploidy, alpha-fetoprotein expression,PCNA expression, G1/S phase transition, the Warburg effect, PKM2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in transformed WB-F344 cells.Moreover, the Warburg effect was inhibited by stattic, a specific inhibitor of STAT3, and further reduced in transformed WB-F344 cells after the intervention for PKM2.CONCLUSION The Warburg effect is initiated in liver precancerous lesions in rats. STAT3 activation promotes the Warburg effect by enhancing the phosphorylation of PKM2 in transformed WB-F344 cells.
文摘目的研究缺血后适应(IPost)对大鼠心肌保护作用及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路机制。方法将32只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组(A组),IPost组(B组),IPost+Wortmannin组(C组)和缺血再灌注+SB216763组(D组),每组8只。测定各组左心室收缩压(LVSP)和再灌注30 min冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶含量。并测定心肌梗死面积,对心肌进行免疫组织化学染色,观察Akt磷酸化和GSK-3β磷酸化的表达。结果与B组比较,A组LVSP明显降低,乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶含量明显升高(P<0.05);同时IPost干预减小了心肌梗死面积(47.3% vs 29.5%),B组Akt磷酸化和GSK-3β磷酸化表达增加。结论 IPost对体外大鼠缺血再灌注损伤有明确的保护作用。Wortmannin可削弱IPost的保护作用,SB216763具有模拟IPost的心肌保护作用,Akt和GSK-3β的磷酸化水平在IPost的心肌保护作用信号通道传导机制中具有重要地位。
基金supported by a fellowship from the Agency for Science,Technology and Research,Singapore.
文摘Alternative splicing of the pyruvate kinase M gene(PK-M)can generate the M2 isoform and promote aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth.However,the cancer-specific alternative splicing regulation of PK-M is not completely understood.Here,we demonstrate that PK-M is regulated by reciprocal effects on the mutually exclusive exons 9 and 10,such that exon 9 is repressed and exon 10 is activated in cancer cells.Strikingly,exonic,rather than intronic,cis-elements are key determinants of PK-M splicing isoform ratios.Using a systematic sub-exonic duplication approach,we identify a potent exonic splicing enhancer in exon 10,which differs from its homologous counterpart in exon 9 by only two nucleotides.We identify SRSF3 as one of the cognate factors,and show that this serine/arginine-rich protein activates exon 10 and mediates changes in glucose metabolism.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the complex regulation of alternative splicing of a key regulator of the Warburg effect,and also have implications for other genes with a similar pattern of alternative splicing.
文摘Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults.Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis,which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease.Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells[(BECs),cholangiocytes]is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids,which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes.The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen,which is controlled by the bicarbonate(HCO3-)buffer system“biliary HCO3-umbrella”.The impaired production and entry of HCO3-from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506.Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC,we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic(ductulopenia),immunologic(antimitochondrial autoantibodies)and clinical(weakness,malaise,rapid fatigue)signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage.This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.
