Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

Assuming a two-component, positive and negative mass, superfluid/supersolid for space (the Winterberg model), we model the Higgs field as a condensate made up of a positive and a negative mass, planckion pair. The connection is shown to be consistent (compatible) with the underlying field equations for each field, and the continuity equation is satisfied for both species of planckions, as well as for the Higgs field. An inherent length scale for space (the vacuum) emerges, which we estimate from previous work to be of the order of, l+ (0) = l- (0) = 5.032E-19 meters, for an undisturbed (unperturbed) vacuum. Thus we assume a lattice structure for space, made up of overlapping positive and negative mass wave functions, ψ+, and, ψ-, which together bind to form the Higgs field, giving it its rest mass of 125.35 Gev/c2 with a coherence length equal to its Compton wavelength. If the vacuum experiences an extreme disturbance, such as in a LHC pp collision, it is conjectured that severe dark energy results, on a localized level, with a partial disintegration of the Higgs force field in the surrounding space. The Higgs boson as a quantum excitation in this field results when the vacuum reestablishes itself, within 10-22 seconds, with positive and negative planckion mass number densities equalizing in the disturbed region. Using our fundamental equation relating the Higgs field, φ, to the planckion ψ+ and ψ- wave functions, we calculate the overall vacuum pressure (equal to vacuum energy density), as well as typical ψ+ and ψ- displacements from equilibrium within the vacuum.

Changes in firm profitability, heterogeneous investor beliefs, and stock returns

In this study,we show that changes in profitability predict a firm's stock returns and future profitability.We construct three horizon-based profitability changes,including short-,medium-,and long-term changes.We find that the predictive information for short-term changes in profitability is not subsumed by the profitability level in the Chinese stock market.We also find that short-term profitability changes generate an asymmetrical premium across different market states.Furthermore,we find that the beta anomaly is embedded in the premium generated by a short-term change in profitability.In addition,we explore the underlying mechanisms of the profitability premium and propose a heterogeneous investor belief channel to explain the profitability premium.We find that riskbased q-theory also helps explain the profitability premium.Therefore,the profitability premium comes from a mixed source and cannot be entirely explained by a single theory.