Effects of climate change and land-use changes on spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water in Ningxia, Northwest China

Water resources are a crucial factor that determines the health of ecosystems and socio-economic development;however,they are under threat due to climate change and human activities.The quantitative assessment of water resources using the concept of blue water and green water can improve regional water resources management.In this study,spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water were simulated and analyzed under scenarios of climate change and land-use changes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Northwest China,between 2009 and 2014.Green water,a leading component of water resources,accounted for more than 69.00%of the total water resources in Ningxia.Blue water and green water showed a single peak trend on the monthly and annual scales during the study period.On the spatial scale,the southern region of Ningxia showed higher blue water and green water resources than the northern region.The spatiotemporal distribution features of blue water,green water,and green water flow had strong correlations with precipitation.Furthermore,the simulation identified the climate change in Ningxia to be more influential on blue water and green water than land-use changes.This study provides a specific scientific foundation to manage water resources in Ningxia when encountered with climate change together with human activities.

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TOXINS AND LIVER CANCER

Microcystins (MCYSTs) isolated from blue-green algae,are hepatotoxic polypeptides.It will induce severe intrahepatic hemorrhage and liver necrosis at low concentrations in rats and mice.MCYST- LR is one of MCYSTs which consists of 2 variable L- amino acids(leucine and arginine),3 D-amino acids and 2 unusualamino acids(including Adda).MCYSTs bind to protein phosphatase 1 and 2A,and strongly inhibit their activities.The resultant increase of phosphoprotein was referred to be involved in tumor-promoting activity in liver.According to the above results and animal study,MCYST-LR is a potent liver tumor promoter.There were 9 positive from 30 samples of pond-ditch water in high endemic county-Haimen by high-peformance liquid chromatograph and 3 already confirmed by liquid chromograph/mass spectrometer.The quantities of MCYSTs were different between drinking water of liver cancer cases and controls groups.122±0.057and 0.072±0.044μg/200ml respectively) by ELISA. It is not easy to remove by conventional water treatment procedures.The relationship between MCYSTs and oncogenes and anti-oncogenes are under studying.

Infrared Laser Pumped Green and Blue Laser Emissions from a Single Solid State Material Doped by Rare Earth Ions

The possible ways and progress of infrared or red laser pumped green and blue laser emissions from a single solid state material doped by rare earth ions are outlined. The green and blue lasers realized from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped nonlinear laser crystals by means of self frequency conversion and from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped bulk, fiber and microsphere materials by means of frequency upconversion are introduced in detail. Other kinds of devices and methods are also compared. The typical nonlinear laser crystals such as YAl 3(BO 3) 4, GdAl 3(BO 3) 4, YCa 4O(BO 3) 3 , GdCa 4O(BO 3) 3, and the typical upconversion fluoride fibers are compared and analyzed. The major problems remaining to be solved and the developing trends in the area are also discussed.

Present Situation and Control Ideas of Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Freshwater Lakes in China

Based on the experience and lessons from previous control of lakes, as well as the present situation of water eutrophication and outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes, general ideas of controlling outbreak of blue-green algae in large and middle lakes were proposed. Firstly, it is needed to control serious outbreak of blue-green algae and then build health aquatic ecosystems and corresponding control goals finally. Secondly, quantity of blue-green algae in lakes and lake eutrophication should be reduced at the same time. Thirdly, quantity of reduced blue-green algae must exceed the natural increase of them in quantity persistently, so that outbreak of blue-green algae will reduce and even be eliminated. Fourthly, engineering measures and corresponding safeguard measures to control outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes should be combined.

Hollow and substrate-supported Prussian blue,its analogs,and their derivatives for green water splitting

To meet the current energy needs of society,the highly efficient and continuous production of clean energy is required.One of the key issues facing the green hydrogen evolution is the construction of efficient,low-cost electrocatalysts.Prussian blue(PB),Prussian blue analogs(PBAs),and their derivatives have tunable metal centers and have attracted significant interest as novel photo-and electrochemical catalysts.In this review,recent research progress into PB/PBA-based hollow structures,substrate-supported nanostructures,and their derivatives for green water splitting is discussed and summarized.First,several remarkable examples of nanostructured PB/PBAs supported on substrates(copper foil,carbon cloth,and nickel foam)and hollow structures(such as single-shelled hollow boxes,open hollow cages,and intricate hollow structures(multi-shell and yolk-shell))are discussed in detail,including their synthesis and formation mechanisms.Subsequently,the applications of PB/PBA derivatives((hydr)oxides,phosphides,chalcogenides,and carbides)for water splitting are discussed.Finally,the limitations in this research area and the most urgent challenges are summarized.We hope that this review will stimulate more researchers to develop technologies based on these intricate PB/PBA structures and their derivatives for highly efficient,green water splitting.

Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dyes with CuWO₄-GO Nano Composite

Copper Tungstate-Graphene Oxide nano composites have been successfully applied as excellent catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation with Methylene blue and Malachite green dyes under visible light irradiation. A facile?solid state metathesis synthesis of copper tungstate (CuWO4) followed by ball milling and subsequent preparation of copper tungstate-graphene oxide?(CuWO4-GO) nano composite using a colloidal blending process and its application as a visible light photocatalyst for the degradation of Malachite green and Methylene blue dyes. The morphology and composition of copper tungstate (CuWO4) nano composite have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (UV-DRS), Raman Spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)-EDS and UV Visible Spectroscopy. It shows a band gap value of 2.13 eV, an increase in range and intensity of light absorption and the reduction of electron-hole pair recombination in CuWO4 with the introducing of GO on to it.

Stormwater Management Practices and Green-Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: an Overview

Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.

Analysis of the Meteorological Conditions for Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Hongze Lake

Based on the data of 18 cases during the past 30 years from 1978 to 2007,the major meteorological conditions for outbreak of blue-green alga in Hongze Lake were analyzed.The results showed that the main meteorological conditions that affected the production and outbreak of blue-green alga were unusual high monthly average temperature,less precipitation and more sunshine hours in ten days.Through the selection of 1 or 0 factors on the values of above meteorological conditions over the years,if the conditions were accorded with the outbreak of blue-green alga,the factor was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;if there was outbreak of blue-green alga within ten days,it was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;crossing interrelated and integrated prediction method was adopted to establish the prediction equation for outbreak of blue-green alga,the historical fitting rate was 87.5%,and the predicting accuracy rate in 2008-2009 was 87.5%.In addition to meteorological conditions,outbreak of blue-green alga was also influenced by industrial pollutions,etc.,which should be considered in the forecasting procedures.

Indocyanine Green-Conjugated Magnetic Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Synchronous Photothermal/Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

Indocyanine green(ICG) is capable of inducing a photothermal effect and the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species for cancer therapy. However, the major challenge in applying ICG molecules for antitumor therapy is associated with their instability in aqueous conditions and rapid clearance from blood circulation,which causes insufficient bioavailability at the tumor site.Herein, we conjugated ICG molecules with Prussian blue nanoparticles enclosing a Fe_3O_4 nanocore, which was facilitated by cationic polyethyleneimine via electrostatic adsorption. The nanocarrier-loaded ICG formed stable aggregates that enhanced cellular uptake and prevented fluorescence quenching. Moreover, the strong superparamagnetism of the Fe_3O_4 core in the obtained nanocomposites further improved cellular internalization of the drugs guided by a localized magnetic field. The therapeutic efficacy of this nanoplatform was evaluated using tumor models established in nude mice, which demonstrated remarkable tumor ablation in vivo due to strong photothermal/photodynamic effects. This study provides promising evidence that this multifunctional nanoagent might function as an efficient mediator for combining photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy.

Agricultural Water Footprint of Southern Highbush Blueberry Produced Commercially with Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Frost Protection

A study was conducted from 2010 to 2017 to determine the water footprint for producing blueberries in the Entre Ríos province of Argentina. Three cultivars of southern highbush blueberry (hybrid cross of Vaccinium sp.) were evaluated in the study, including “Star”, “Emerald”, and “Snowchaser”. In each case, the plants were irrigated by drip and protected from frost using overhead sprinklers. Water requirements for irrigation and frost protection varied among the cultivars due to differences in the timing of flowering and fruit development. The annual water footprint for fruit production in each cultivar is expressed in units of cubic meters of water used to produce one ton of fresh fruit and ranged from 212 - 578 m3∙t−1 for “Star”, 296 - 985 m3∙t−1 for “Emerald”, and 536 - 4066 m3∙t−1 for “Snowchaser”. “Snowchaser” flowered earlier than the other cultivars and, therefore, needed more water for frost protection. “Star”, on the other hand, ripened the latest among the cultivars and required little to no water for frost protection. Frost protection required a minimum of 30 m3∙h−1 of water per hectare and in addition to drip irrigation was a major component of the water footprint.

ISOLATION OF PLASMID FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.

Effect of sintering temperature on luminescence properties of borosilicate matrix blue–green emitting color conversion glass ceramics

The color conversion glass ceramics which were made of borosilicate matrix co-doped(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors were prepared by two-step method in co-sintering. The change in luminescence properties and the drift of chromaticity coordinates(CIE) of the(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics were studied in the sintering temperature range from 600℃ to 800℃. The luminous intensity and internal quantum yield(QY) of the blue-green phosphors and glass ceramics decreased with the sintering temperature increasing. When the sintering temperature increased beyond 750℃, the phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics almost had no peak in photoluminescence(PL) and excitation(PLE) spectra. The results showed that the blue-green phosphors had poor thermal stability at higher temperature. The lattice structure of the phosphors was destroyed by the glass matrix and the Ce^3+ in the phosphors was oxidized to Ce^4+, which further caused a decrease in luminescent properties of the color conversion glass ceramics.

城市蓝绿基础设施多尺度增汇减碳能效测度研究进展和规划策略

[目的]城市是最大的碳源,城市蓝绿基础设施(urban blue-green infrastructure,UBGI)作为城市重要的生态空间,系统梳理当前UBGI增汇减碳研究的进展和不足,提出规划策略和重点论题,对实现“碳中和”目标具有关键意义。[方法]通过文献归纳与演绎,梳理多尺度UBGI增汇减碳能效的测度方法,解析对应尺度下的影响因素,依据“测度方法—影响因素—规划策略”的逻辑框架,构建多尺度UBGI增汇减碳规划策略。[结果]UBGI增汇减碳的测度方法和影响因素具有尺度差异性,因此面向场地、社区、城区3个空间尺度,从固碳增汇、降(保)温减碳、出行减碳3个方面构建了UBGI增汇减碳规划策略,并基于当前研究不足和规划需求,提出了面向增汇减碳的UBGI规划研究的五大重点论题:如何构建尺度合一的UBGI增汇减碳测度方法、如何测度独立场所UBGI(separate-sited UBGI,SSU)降(保)温减碳能效、如何实现融合碳汇测度与减碳测度的UBGI全生命周期评估、如何权衡UBGI增汇减碳与其他功能以获得综合效益最优的布局、如何布局UBGI以实现低碳正义。[结论]策略框架的碳汇路径要求“源头碳汇—精准落位—格局管控”,减碳路径要求“共生共融—共建共享—有机疏解”,权衡这2条路径在3个空间尺度上的策略,能为UBGI建设和管理提供理论支持和实践指导。五大重点论题能够为UBGI建设和未来研究提供指引。

基于决策树的Landsat TM/ETM+图像中太湖蓝藻水华信息提取

以9期Landsat TM/ETM＋影像为数据源,基于K-T变换和归一化植被指数（NDW）,建立了湖泊蓝藻水华信息提取的决策树模型.基于大气顶面反射率图像,选用2005年10月17日太湖图像进行了对比验证,表明决策树模型比单波段阈值法、多波段阈值法（RVI、DVI、NDW）能够更有效地提取蓝藻水华信息,区分陆生植被、水生植物和水华,省去了水体掩膜的过程.使用太湖2002年10月25日和2011年7月22日图像、巢湖2005年8月12日的图像,验证决策树模型方法和工作流程的有效性.使用多期TM图像确定了阈值的取值范围,其中,亮度、绿度、NDVI的下限值依次为0.191、-0.007、-0.054,湿度下限范围为0.07～0.15;亮度阈值上限范围为0.3～0.7、绿度为0.2～0.5、湿度为0.1～0.3,这些结果可作为湖泊蓝藻水华遥感监测的参考.

基于改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型重建清光绪初年山西大旱降雨入渗量

为了深入挖掘和充分利用清宫档案“雨雪分寸”所反映的降水信息,重建清光绪初年山西极端干旱事件,本文在山西省开展了人工模拟降雨入渗试验,探讨了利用改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型求解山西省累计入渗量方法的可靠性与适用性,并利用山西省1875—1878年主汛期“雨分寸”资料重建了历史时期土壤降雨入渗量。结果表明:(1)降雨量是山西省降雨入渗湿润锋推进深度的主要因素,两者呈明显的正相关;(2)改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型在山西省具有较好的适用性,实际入渗量与模拟值的纳什效率系数在0.8以上,且两者相关性显著;(3)1875—1878年山西主汛期6—9月降雨累计入渗量普遍较少,土壤干旱较为严重。

基于Landsat数据的蓝绿空间改善城市热环境分析——以天津市为例

以天津市内六区为研究区域,利用2004年、2011年、2017年间的Landsat卫星遥感影像,综合应用地表温度反演、温度差异分区、土地利用分类解译、景观格局分析等研究方法,探讨城市热环境与蓝绿空间的联系特征。结果表明,2004~2017年城市高温范围区域随着城市建设发展的方向,跨越河流的空间限制不断拓展,而低温范围区域主要集中在蓝绿空间。蓝绿空间具有改善城市热环境的生态作用:在景观格局层面,地表温度与蓝绿空间的斑块周长指数呈显著负相关,与周长面积比指数呈显著正相关;在空间格局层面,地表温度与蓝色空间的斑块所占景观面积比在1500m×1500m尺度样本中相关程度最高,与绿色空间在300m×300m最高,且蓝色空间的热环境改善效率更佳。最终提出面向热环境改善的城市蓝绿空间优化建议,可为生态宜居城市建设提供新思路。

城市蓝绿空间公共性评价及影响因素——以湖南长沙为例

借鉴人地关系、景观生态学相关理论,建立“要素-功能-结构”的蓝绿空间公共性评价体系,以长沙蓝绿空间为例,探索其格局特征及影响因素。结果表明:1)蓝绿空间公共性包含要素可获取、功能可选择、结构连通可共享三大特征,对促进并扩大公共生活、支持泛社会关联的形成具有重要意义。2)长沙蓝绿空间公共性呈现由核心向外围递减的圈层式、依托水系扇形扩展的特征;要素可获取性——要素空间可及性表现出核心区高、近郊区低的特征,要素数量充裕度表现出核心区低、近郊区高的特征;功能可选择性——活动主体包容性表现出核心区及中心城区湘江沿岸低、湘江东岸低于西岸的特征,功能选择丰富性表现出核心区高、近郊区低的特征;结构连通可共享性——互动连通性表现出核心区高、近郊区低,两区过渡地带楔形交错的圈层特征,并伴随风光带沿线高的带型特征,景观连通性表现出核心区低、近郊区高,湘江西岸高于东岸的特征。3)社会需求、经济助力及环境支持,不同程度地推动了蓝绿空间公共性的空间分异。

气候变化背景下成都都市圈蓝绿空间格局演变特征及机制

在气候变化加剧的背景下,探明气候因素对蓝绿空间格局演变的驱动机制,对实现可持续发展具有重要意义。利用1980年、2000年、2020年三期土地利用数据和1980–2020年气候数据,基于气候倾向率、动态变化模型、马尔科夫转移矩阵、景观格局指数等方法,借助Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件,分析成都都市圈蓝绿空间气候因素及景观格局的时空演变特征,并通过灰色关联度法探讨气候因素对景观格局变化的驱动机制。结果表明:(1)1980–2020年成都都市圈年均气温、降水量和潜在蒸散量均与时间呈正相关,仅年均日照时数与时间呈负相关;空间分布上,降水量趋于均匀分布,其余气候因素在山脉和城镇区域的差异化加剧;(2)成都都市圈蓝绿空间面积在1980–2000年减少22.74 km^(2),在2000–2020年增加62.45 km^(2),蓝绿空间破碎化加剧,斑块边缘复杂度加重,景观类型增加且分布愈加均匀;(3)气候因子与蓝绿空间景观格局指数关联度均值由大到小依次为年均潜在蒸散量(0.78)、年均日照时数(0.76)、年均降水量(0.74)、年均气温(0.72),表明气候因素变化对蓝绿空间景观格局演变具有较强的驱动作用。研究结果可为成都都市圈蓝绿空间规划和管理、气候适应型格局构建提供科学依据和参考。后续拟纳入自然地理、社会经济等因素进行驱动机制的对比分析,并进一步围绕气候适应型景观格局构建、气候变化风险评估、多尺度气候适应型响应等方面进行探索。

生态改性膨润土在水库藻华应急治理中的应用

简述了坑口水库的污染现状,对坑口水库水体出现藻华的原因进行了分析,采用生态改性膨润土控藻技术对轻度水华进行了治理。结果表明,坑口水库日均pH值<9.00,达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准;总磷由Ⅳ类水提高至Ⅲ类水水平,有效保障了坑口水库的水质达标;藻密度下降,且库区表层无集聚性水华现象。