Study on the Resistance Indexes of Four Kinds of Desert Plants in Qinghai Lake Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study the resistance of four kinds of desert plants in Qinhai Lake area.[Method] By contrasting the resistance indexes of four kinds of plants which included Ephedra intermedia,Stellera chamaejasme,Achnatherum splendens and Xanthopappus subacaulis,the resistance of four kinds of plants in Qinghai Lake area was analyzed.The resistance indexes included the soluble protein,MDA,free Pro content and the activities of SOD,POD,CAT.Moreover,the resistance of four kinds of plants was evaluated comprehensively by using Fuzzy membership function method.[Result] Under the low-temperature and arid adversity in Qinghai Lake area,SOD activity presented as Stellera chamaejasme>Xanthopappus subacaulis>Ephedra intermedia>Achnatherum splendens,and CAT activity presented as Stellera chamaejasme>Xanthopappus subacaulis>Achnatherum splendens>Ephedra intermedia.Under the same high-salt environment,CAT activity of Stellera chamaejasme was eight times higher than that of Ephedra intermedia.It illustrated that the salt resistance of Stellera chamaejasme was stronger than that of Ephedra intermedia.The free Pro content showed as Xanthopappus subacaulis>Ephedra intermedia>Stellera chamaejasme>Achnatherum splendens.Under the same adversity,Pro content of Ephedra intermedia was 2.83 times of Stellera chamaejasme.It was because that MDA content in Stellera chamaejasme was the lowest,and the membranous peroxide harm was the smallest.It caused that Pro content (stress penetration material) was low.It also illustrated that the resistance of Stellera chamaejasme was stronger than that of Ephedra intermedia.The comprehensive evaluation of Fuzzy membership function showed that the resistance presented as Xanthopappus subacaulis>Stellera chamaejasme>Ephedra intermedia>Achnatherum splendens.[Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the breeding of drought-resistance new variety and the development of good germ plasm resource in Qinghai Lake area.

Analysis on the Characteristics of Climate Changes in the Surrounding Area of Qinghai Lake

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of climate changes in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake.[Method] Based on the data of temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours from 5 representative meteorological stations in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake during 1961-2007,the annual,seasonal and decadal variation of meteorological factors were analyzed.[Result] In recent 47 years,temperature showed obvious increase trend in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake,and annual average temperature increased with the climatic tendency of ≥0.30 ℃/10 a,while annual average minimum temperature increased more significant than annual average temperature and annual average maximum temperature;annual mean precipitation decreased with the climatic tendency of-3.67 mm/10 a,and precipitation in spring and autumn reduced obviously,while precipitation in summer and winter increased slightly;annual sunshine hours also showed decrease trend with the climatic tendency of-1.79 h/10 a,while sunshine hours decreased most obviously in summer,and next came winter,while there was no obvious decrease in spring and autumn.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical references for the effective prevention of meteorological disasters in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake.

THE MAIN METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MIRE MEADOW OF QINGHAI LAKE DRAINAGE AREA

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Dynamic change of desertified land in each county around Qinghai Lake in recent 30 years

Desertification is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems around Qinghai Lake.Based on GIS and RS,GIS analysis was used to obtain the information of spatial-temporal change and different pattern of desertification in each county around Qinghai Lake in four phases of1976,1987,1995 and 2006.Using the function of intersect and overlay supported by ARCGIS,with analyzing attributes of vector RS images,we obtained transition data and established transfer matrix of land-use types in recent 30 years,besides,protracted land-use transition maps of all desertification classes.In further,we analyzed transition quantity and direction of desertification in each county,moreover,reconstructed the process of spatial-temporal evolution of desertification.The results are showed below:(1)it's the transition between desertified land and others but not in the desertified that played the main role in Gangcha and Gonghe County,while the transfer between desertified lands were greater than that with other land-use types in Haiyan County.(2)Extremely severe desertified land mainly distributes in Ketu and Sand Islands that belongs to Haiyan County,and moderate desertified land in riversides of Gangcha County,also,the light desertification expanded too rapidly to become the most desertified land-use type in the surrounding of Qinghai Lake since 1976.(3)By using relative change rate of desertified land,the regional variability rank from top to toe was Gangcha,Haiyan and Gonghe.

基于网络文本分析的青海湖景区旅游形象感知研究

随着大数据时代的到来,网络点评文本会影响游客对旅游景区的感知形象,搜集了“携程”“美团点评”“去哪儿”“同程旅行”等旅游网站的游客点评文本,运用ROST CM6.0网络文本挖掘工具进行分词和词频统计对青海湖景区旅游形象感知高频词进行了语义网络分析及情感分析。结果表明:在认知形象上,青海湖景区自然景观吸引物成为游客主要认知;游客对青海湖良好的生态环境方面的关注度较高;在整体形象上,游客对青海湖景区正面情绪占比较高,但也存在对服务设施和管理等方面存在一部分中性情绪和负面情绪。根据研究结论提出以下建议:一是提高青海湖景区文旅融合程度,打造文化青海湖;二是提升景区管理服务质量,全方位、多层次的满足游客需求;三是创造多元旅游产品,满足游客的多样化消费需求,提高游客二次消费的能力。

基于SWOT卫星模拟数据的青藏高原湖泊水位与面积测量精度评估

青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”,密集分布着众多高山湖泊,其湖泊数量与面积约占我国湖泊的一半。青藏高原湖泊作为气候与环境的“指示剂”,在时间序列上监测这些湖泊的水位与水量变化至关重要。2022年12月发射的地表水与海洋地形(SWOT)卫星将以前所未有的高时间分辨率和面状测高模式监测近乎全球的地表水动态。在数据正式向科学界公开前,有必要对SWOT卫星的性能及测量精度进行评估。本文使用SWOT卫星模拟观测生成器,实现了青藏高原部分湖泊水位与面积的模拟观测,并结合水位计数据,对SWOT卫星在时间失真、测高误差和面积误差方面的测量精度评估。结果表明,不同数据采集间隔的时间失真平均百分比误差小于4.1%,测高误差平均小于3 cm,面积误差小于湖泊面积的7%。该研究的开展为SWOT卫星在青藏高原湖泊上的应用奠定了基础,将更好地理解未来湖泊变化对气候变化的响应。

1985—2021年青藏高原典型湖泊水文特征及关键影响因素

[目的]青藏高原的湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,其扩张或缩减亦对青藏高原自然环境产生重要影响。[方法]选取位于青藏高原不同气候子区的3个典型湖泊(青海湖、羊卓雍错、乌兰乌拉湖),采用遥感监测手段,研究3个典型湖泊1985—2021年水文特征的时空变化规律,揭示关键气候因子的作用,并进一步探讨冰川和冻土对典型湖泊的影响。[结果]研究期间,青海湖的面积和水位呈显著上升趋势,面积增长238.68 km^(2),水位增长1.32 m,空间上则向东西方向扩张;羊卓雍错湖泊面积呈先波动上升后减少趋势,面积和水位分别减少16.31 km^(2)和3.25 m,在空间上整体由四周向中心的萎缩态势;乌兰乌拉湖面积和水位呈显著上升趋势,分别增长125.57 km^(2)和8.12 m,扩张区域主要集中在南部。[结论]在暖湿化环境下,降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征,其中,降水量变化是影响青海湖和羊湖面积变化的关键因素,且面积变化和降水量具有滞后性;而乌兰乌拉湖水位上升的主要原因是气温升高引起冻土的季节融化。探索青藏高原湖泊面积的变化,对深入研究全球气候变化及地表水资源评估具有重要指导意义。

洞庭湖区旅游产业与生态环境适应性时空演变及影响因素

【目的】诊断旅游产业与生态环境适应性,为旅游产业高质量发展和生态环境可持续承载提供参考依据。【方法】从旅游产业和生态环境2个子系统,压力、状态和响应3个维度构建旅游产业与生态环境适应性评价指标体系,运用熵权Topsis法、适应性评价模型、标准差椭圆及地理探测器,分析洞庭湖区2012—2021年旅游产业与生态环境适应性时空演变及影响因素。【结果】1)旅游产业指数呈现升—降—升变化趋势,生态环境指数呈现波动上升趋势,旅游产业与生态环境适应性指数时空差异显著,呈现中部地区较低、四周地区较高的“盆地型”空间分布格局。2)近10年来适应性时空迁移趋势以东西方向为主导,空间离散程度呈现出先扩大后缩小的变化趋势,重心位于洞庭湖中部地区,集聚特征明显。3)旅游产业与生态环境适应性类型以低度适应为主,县域占比达41.18%,空间格局表现边缘地区>外围地区>中部地区的分布特征。4)旅游资源禀赋、政府调控力度、经济发展水平和环境治理能力是驱动旅游产业与生态环境适应性时空演变的重要因素。【结论】洞庭湖区旅游产业与生态环境适应性较低,县域发展不平衡、不充分问题较突出。未来洞庭湖区旅游产业发展,应立足生态环境承载能力,科学开发旅游资源,加强区域旅游合作,提高旅游产业与生态环境的适应能力。

青藏高原湖泊面积变化规律及影响要素分析

青藏高原是气候变化的敏感区域,在全球气候变暖的背景下,高原湖泊发生明显变化。本文利用基于青藏高原湖泊遥感数据,分析了1970s—2021年青藏高原大于1km^(2)的湖泊面积的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)青藏高原的湖泊面积和数量均呈现先减少后增加的态势,1995年前大部分湖泊呈现萎缩状态,1995年之后青藏高原湖泊数量(16.5个/a)和面积(472km^(2)/a)都呈现增加趋势,并在2019年达到最大值。西藏湖泊数量增加远大于青海省湖泊数量的增加。不同面积湖泊中,(1,100]km^(2)湖泊数量增加最迅速,占总增加数量的77.2%。(2)青藏高原湖泊面积与气温的相关性(R=0.8213)要比与降水的相关性(R=0.5847)高。其中分区间研究表明,西藏湖泊面积与气温的相关性(R=0.8072)更好,这与青藏高原的变化规律一致。而青海省则不同,与降水的相关性较高(R=0.6791),可能是由于西藏地区冰川和多年冻土面积占比较大。

Assessments on surface water resources and their vulnerability and adaptability in China

A clear understanding of the changes of water resources under the background of environmental changes is of great significance for scientific management and utilization of water resources in China.This study systematically analyzed the spatialetemporal variations of surface water resources in China since 2000.Water vulnerability in current(2010s)and its trends from 2000 to late-2010s in different regions of China were also summarized.In addition,the correspondingly adaptive measures to counter regional risks to water resources were proposed.We concluded that the runoff of major rivers had been decreasing in eastern China and increasing in western China during 2000-2018.In the arid area of Northwest China,the alpine runoff has shown an overall upward trend since the late-1990s/early-2000s,with a 10%-25% increase caused by the increase of glacial meltwater and precipitation.While the runoff of each hydrological station in the 2000s-2010s was 34.7% lower than that in the 1950se2010s on average.The increases in precipitation and glacial meltwater with global warming caused a rapid expansion of lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Xinjiang,thus leading to an increase in total area and water quantity of lakes in China from 1995 to 2015.The mean contribution rates of climate change and human activity to runoff change in river basins of China were 53.5% and 46.5%,respectively,during the period of 2000-2010s.The driving factor of runoff change in many river basins has gradually changed from climate change(1950s-2000)to human activity(2000-2018).During 2000-2018,the contributions of human activities to runoff change were 50%-80% in major rivers of eastern China.The vulnerability in most areas of Northwest China and North China is generally high,with the vulnerability index greater than 0.6.Comparatively,in Northeast,East,South,and Central China,it is lower or not vulnerable.In Southwest China,the vulnerability varies greatly with Yunnan and Sichuan relatively low while Chongqing and Guizhou relatively high.The precipitation increase,the application of water-saving technology,the establishment of flood control and drought relief engineering facilities,and the introduction of relevant policies and measures have helped to gradually reduce the vulnerability of water resources in most areas of North and Northwest China(except Xinjiang)from 2000 to 2010s.Water vulnerability has been increasing in southern China,caused by climate change and the development of industry and agriculture,which increases water resource exposure since 2000.Based on the typical risk factors and vulnerability characteristics of water resources in different regions,this study proposed some targeted adaptive measures correspondingly so as to scientifically deal with the problems of surface water resources in China.

青海湖地区潜在蒸散发变化特征及影响因子分析

蒸散发是陆面水循环的关键环节,在高寒、干旱生态环境中表现更加复杂。由于青海湖地区蒸发皿实测值存在数值偏大、长期观测器皿不统一的问题,本文采用Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型研究了青海湖地区天峻、刚察气象站潜在蒸散发的时空变化特征及影响因子。结果表明:(1)1967-2010年青海湖地区潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,天峻站的平均下降速率为0.807 mm·a^(-1),刚察站为0.499 mm·a^(-1)。(2)青海湖地区存在“蒸发悖论”现象,潜在蒸散发的主要影响因子存在地域差异:天峻为风速主导;刚察则由气温和风速共同主导。(3)与蒸发皿实测值的潜在机理相比,P-M模型更强调水汽输送条件的影响作用;在能量供给条件上,P-M模型与气温关系更密切,而蒸发皿实测值与日照百分率相关性更高。

1961-2021年青海湖水面面积变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

青藏高原湖泊受人为影响小,是揭示气候变化与区域响应的重要信息载体。为了准确地揭示青海湖水面面积的变化规律,并分析影响变化规律的主要因素,文章采用曼-肯德尔检验(Mann Kendall tests,M-K tests)、一元线性回归和小波分析法解析1961-2021年青海湖水面面积及其气温、降水量、日照时数和风速等气象要素的变化趋势和周期性变化规律,并采用相关性分析方法分析两个要素之间的相关关系。1961-2021年青海湖水面面积整体变化表现为先萎缩后扩张两个阶段,气温升高、蒸发量增大、径流量减少以及风速较大等共同因素导致1961-2004年水面面积以0.14 km^(2)/10 a的速率显著减小。在全球变暖的大背景下,高原季风增强、气候趋于暖湿,引起2004年以后水面面积以0.05 km^(2)/10 a的速率增加,且呈持续增加趋势。

雄安新区传统聚落的水适应性空间格局研究

为探究传统聚落空间格局的水适应性,本研究以白洋淀周边风貌肌理保留状况良好的20个传统聚落作为分析对象。研究发现,在堤堰修筑、渔苇生产和内河航运的长期作用下,雄安新区传统聚落的空间格局在水陆关系、聚落形态、空间单元上均体现出明显的水适应性。(1)传统聚落与防洪堤堰呈现融合共生的水陆关系,池沼和沟渠构成了聚落内部的排涝体系,沟渠分为联通式和尽端式两种。(2)聚落形态多呈带状或指状以适应白洋淀堤堰工程和内河航运需求,聚落外部轮廓和内部肌理深受洼淀环境和商品贸易的共同影响。(3)聚落、淀泊、苇田、农田、沟壕的圈层式分布构成了白洋淀周边传统聚落的基本空间单元,也反映了男渔(耕)女织的传统性别分工。芦苇台田奠定了本地区传统院落和建筑的形态尺寸。

近30年来青藏高原羌塘地区东南部湖泊变化遥感分析

以多时相Landsat TM/ETM+影像、CBERSCCD影像和早期1∶10万地形图为数据源,选取羌塘高原东南部22个面积较大的湖泊作为研究对象,借鉴城市扩展研究的思路,引入变化强度指数和象限方位分析等方法,从面积、强度和空间分异特征等多个方面对该区湖泊近30年来的变化进行分析.结果表明,1975-2005年间研究区湖泊呈扩张趋势,总面积共扩大了1162.19km2;色林错扩张面积最多,达510.02km2,以北部扩张最为明显;国加轮湖扩张强度最大;造成区域内湖泊面积扩张的主要因素是冰雪融水量的增加、降水量的增多以及蒸发量的减少.

近25年来青海湖流域景观结构动态变化及其对生态系统服务功能的影响

青海湖是我国最大的内陆高原咸水湖,是维系青藏高原东北部生态安全的重要水体。本文基于青海湖流域1977年MSS影像、1987年TM影像和2000年ETM影像,在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术的支持下,采用景观格局分析方法,应用Costanza生态系统服务价值算法,揭示了青海湖流域景观生态服务价值的动态变化。结果表明,青海湖流域生态系统服务价值总体呈下降趋势,由1977年的423×108元降低到2000年的364×108元,年均损失2.57×108元;从生态系统服务功能价值来讲,废物处理和水源涵养价值贡献率超过了58%,单项服务功能价值均呈下降趋势,其中气候调节功能缺失最明显减少达32%;就生态系统服务价值构型而言,草地、湿地和水域的价值贡献率超过了97%,成为构成青海湖生态系统服务价值的主体,湿地面积的大幅度减少可能是青海湖流域生态系统服务功能变化的主要原因。

施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究 Ⅱ地上生物量季节动态

选择青海湖北岸青海省三角城种羊场地区的天然高寒草原为研究对象,对多年围栏样地,围栏内外施N、P肥作为调控措施,并与围栏内外的天然草原做对照,旨在寻求退化草地恢复的最佳途径。结果表明:施肥和围栏封育都可明显提高优良牧草的地上生物量,且施肥的效果尤为明显;生物量的季节动态呈单峰曲线,不同处理措施下生长曲线的基本形状也相似,而且地上生物量的变化趋势与气象因子降水量和气温的变化同步。不同调控措施下干物质含量的季节变化也很明显,生长初期和生长后期干物质含量均高于中间阶段,有一个高—低—高的变化过程。

环青海湖地区气候变化及其环境效应

通过对环青海湖地区近44年平均气温、降水、蒸发量、风速及大风日数等气候要素的定量化统计分析,以及环青海湖地区草地、青海湖变迁、沙漠化等具指示性意义的生态要素指标进行研究,揭示了气候变化对该区域生态与环境的影响效应。结果表明:①近44年中,年、季的平均气温均表现出显著增温趋势,年平均气温增幅为0.262℃/10年;年降水量在20世纪60年代和70年代分别偏少3.8%和5.2%,80年代以1.37mm/10年趋势增加,90年代与21世纪初接近平均值;春、夏和冬季及年蒸发量呈减小趋势,年蒸发量以66.53mm/10年倾向率减小;月平均风速以0.01(m/s)/10年倾向率减小,大风日数以4.5d/10年倾向率减少;②该区域牧草生物量与降水量呈正相关,由于气温显著升高,且季节性降水变率大,不仅影响牧草的生育期,且造成牧草地上生物量的波动;③青海湖水域面积的自然摆动与年平均气温以及秋、冬季气温呈显著负相关,而与地表蒸发量却呈正相关,在20世纪60年代和70年代升温不显著时,水域面积与春季降水呈正相关,90年代显著升温以后,气温对青海湖水域面积的影响占主导作用;④环青海湖地区暖干化气候趋势是沙漠化发展迅速的主导因素。

施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究 Ⅰ群落结构及其物种多样性

本研究选择青海湖北岸青海省三角城种羊场地区的天然高寒草原为研究对象,对多年围栏的样地,在围栏内外采用施N、P肥作为调控措施与围栏内外的天然草原作对照,旨在寻求退化草地恢复的最佳途径。结果表明,施肥后优良牧草重要值呈增大趋势,且围栏内比围栏外增大程度高;对照区优良牧草的重要值亦是围栏内较围栏外高;人为调控措施对群落物种丰富度有显著的影响,施肥群落的植物种类显著降低;围栏内物种数增高;施肥和围栏封育都能影响群落的植物种类。

近40年青藏高原湖泊面积变化遥感分析

以MSS、TM和ETM遥感影像作为主要信息源，综合利用RS、GIS技术，提取青藏高原1970s、1990s、2000s及2010s4个时段的湖泊面积信息，分别从区域位置、面积规模、海拔高度3方面分析其近40年来的变化趋势及变化特征，同时结合1972—2011年问青藏高原气候变化情况，初步探讨了影响青藏高原湖泊面积变化的主要原因．研究结果表明：（1）青藏高原面积大于10km2的湖泊有417个，这些湖泊大多是面积为10～100km2的小型湖泊，空间上集中分布在高原西部地区，海拔上集中在4500～5000m范围内；（2）近40年青藏高原湖泊面积的变化趋势及差异性特征在整体上表现为湖泊呈加速扩张的趋势，其中2000s—2010s时段是湖泊扩张最显著的时期；在区域位置上，北部地区的湖泊变化最为剧烈；在面积规模上，小型湖泊扩张最为显著；在海拔高度上，低海拔地区湖泊扩张剧烈；（3）近40年青藏高原气候暖湿化程度明显，气候变化对湖泊面积变化影响显著；在气象要素中，降水量的变化是青藏高原湖泊面积变化的主要驱动因子．

青海湖地区芨芨草群落主要种群分布格局研究

以青海省三角城种羊场地区典型的芨芨草草原为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样,应用方差/均值比率法、负二项参数(K);扩散系数(C);C ass ie指标(CA);丛生指标(I)和聚块性指标(m*/m)等指标,比较了青海湖地区围栏内、外芨芨草群落主要种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,围栏内芨芨草群落优势种群的空间格局除多裂蒲公英为随机分布外,其余均为聚集分布;围栏外除西伯利亚蓼外,其余种群也全部为聚集分布,而且围栏外种群的聚集强度大于围栏内。物种的这种分布格局主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关。