Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals whose microstructure and microchemistry have been used for age determination, stock identification, life history and environmental tracing. Using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and ...Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals whose microstructure and microchemistry have been used for age determination, stock identification, life history and environmental tracing. Using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, we have determined the mineral types and crystalline characteristics of three pairs of otoliths from naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii, the predominant fish in Lake Qinghai. The results indicate that the mineral of both lapillus and sagitta of the naked carp is aragonite, and that of asteriscus is vaterite. The aragonite of lapillus has prefect crystallization. Given the shape of lapillus and the sensitivity of its aragonite to water chemistry, lapillus was used to analyze temporal Sr/Ca ratios along the maximal growth axis by an electron probe microanalyzer （EPMA）. Consistent variations of Sr/Ca ratios with a range of 1.0x10-3-5.0~10-3 on the long and short radii indicate that Sr/Ca ratios of lapillus potentially respond to the chemical compositions of the host waters during the period of the naked carp＇s growth and migration. Discontinuous （dark） zones of lapillus were formed during fall and winter when the naked carp grows slowly in Lake Qinghai, resulting in similar low Sr/Ca ratios to lake water, whereas incremental zones with higher St/Ca ratios respond to its migratory river waters during spring and summer. Various Sr/Ca ratios of incremental zones suggest that the migratory pattern of the naked carp may be much more flexible, rather than in a single river. Therefore, high-resolution otolith microchemistry of the naked carp can be used to trace its migratory behavior, which is of significance for determining its migratory pattern and life history of this precious species inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals in the inner ear of teleost fish, whose compositions can record the physical and chem- ical conditions of the ambient water environment inhabited by individual fish. In this re...Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals in the inner ear of teleost fish, whose compositions can record the physical and chem- ical conditions of the ambient water environment inhabited by individual fish. In this research, the fishbones and otoliths of naked carp sampled near the Bird Island, offshore Lake Qinghai, were dated and analyzed for mineralogy and microchemical compositions. Comparing the microchemical compositions of ancient otoliths with those of modem otoliths, we conclude that the ancient naked carps inhabited a relict lake formed when the lake shrank from a high lake level, by combining with the AMS-lnC ages of fishbones and otoliths, the stratigraphy and surrounding topography of the sample site. AMS-14C dating resuits of ancient fishbones and otoliths show that these naked carps lived from 680 to 300 years ago, i.e. during the Ming Dynasty of China. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns demonstrate that the ancient lapillus is composed of pure aragonite, iden- tical to modem one, indicating that the mineral of lapillus didn＇t change after a long time burial and that the ancient lapillus is suitable for comparative analysis thereafter. Microchemical results show that both ratios of Mg/Ca （（70.12±18.50）× 10-2） and δ18O （（1.76±1.03）‰） of ancient lapilli are significantly higher than those of modem lapilli （average Mg/Ca=（3.1 1±0.41）× 10-5 and δ18O =（-4.82±0.96）‰）. This reflects that the relict water body in which the ancient naked carp lived during the Ming Dynasty was characterized by higher Mg/Ca and δ18O ratios than modem Lake Qinghai, resulting from strong evaporation after being isolated from the main lake, similar to today＇s Lake Gahai. Based upon the stratigraphy and altitude of naked carp re- mains, it can be inferred that the altitude of lake level of Lake Qinghai reached at least 3202 m with a lake area of 4480 km2 during the Ming Dynasty, approximately ~5% larger than it is today.展开更多
By using the method of electrophoresis,three isozymes (lactate dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase and esterase) of three species of genus Gymnocypris were described and analyzed from North Tibet in this paper. The...By using the method of electrophoresis,three isozymes (lactate dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase and esterase) of three species of genus Gymnocypris were described and analyzed from North Tibet in this paper. The results showed that all three isozymes presented interspecific difference and distinct differentiation among individuals in the same population,and there was no electrophorectic difference between males and females. Analysis of relationships among three naked carps indicated a high degree of similarity between G. selincuoensis and G. cuoensis ,whereas low degree between G. selincuoensis and G. namensis . Furthermore,three isozymes presented expression of null alleles,and the duplicate genes of LDH A 2,LDH B 2,s MDH A 2 and m MDH B 2 also expressed in some individuals. Compared to other tetraploid fishes,three naked carps retained more functional duplicate genes and null alleles. This suggests fishes of genus Gymnocypris are at the early stage of evolution after polyploidization than that of fishes of Catostomidae,it directly related to the later time of schizothoracine fishes originate as well as severe environment.展开更多
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB833400)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40873082)
文摘Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals whose microstructure and microchemistry have been used for age determination, stock identification, life history and environmental tracing. Using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, we have determined the mineral types and crystalline characteristics of three pairs of otoliths from naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii, the predominant fish in Lake Qinghai. The results indicate that the mineral of both lapillus and sagitta of the naked carp is aragonite, and that of asteriscus is vaterite. The aragonite of lapillus has prefect crystallization. Given the shape of lapillus and the sensitivity of its aragonite to water chemistry, lapillus was used to analyze temporal Sr/Ca ratios along the maximal growth axis by an electron probe microanalyzer （EPMA）. Consistent variations of Sr/Ca ratios with a range of 1.0x10-3-5.0~10-3 on the long and short radii indicate that Sr/Ca ratios of lapillus potentially respond to the chemical compositions of the host waters during the period of the naked carp＇s growth and migration. Discontinuous （dark） zones of lapillus were formed during fall and winter when the naked carp grows slowly in Lake Qinghai, resulting in similar low Sr/Ca ratios to lake water, whereas incremental zones with higher St/Ca ratios respond to its migratory river waters during spring and summer. Various Sr/Ca ratios of incremental zones suggest that the migratory pattern of the naked carp may be much more flexible, rather than in a single river. Therefore, high-resolution otolith microchemistry of the naked carp can be used to trace its migratory behavior, which is of significance for determining its migratory pattern and life history of this precious species inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB833400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.41225015,41172308)
文摘Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals in the inner ear of teleost fish, whose compositions can record the physical and chem- ical conditions of the ambient water environment inhabited by individual fish. In this research, the fishbones and otoliths of naked carp sampled near the Bird Island, offshore Lake Qinghai, were dated and analyzed for mineralogy and microchemical compositions. Comparing the microchemical compositions of ancient otoliths with those of modem otoliths, we conclude that the ancient naked carps inhabited a relict lake formed when the lake shrank from a high lake level, by combining with the AMS-lnC ages of fishbones and otoliths, the stratigraphy and surrounding topography of the sample site. AMS-14C dating resuits of ancient fishbones and otoliths show that these naked carps lived from 680 to 300 years ago, i.e. during the Ming Dynasty of China. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns demonstrate that the ancient lapillus is composed of pure aragonite, iden- tical to modem one, indicating that the mineral of lapillus didn＇t change after a long time burial and that the ancient lapillus is suitable for comparative analysis thereafter. Microchemical results show that both ratios of Mg/Ca （（70.12±18.50）× 10-2） and δ18O （（1.76±1.03）‰） of ancient lapilli are significantly higher than those of modem lapilli （average Mg/Ca=（3.1 1±0.41）× 10-5 and δ18O =（-4.82±0.96）‰）. This reflects that the relict water body in which the ancient naked carp lived during the Ming Dynasty was characterized by higher Mg/Ca and δ18O ratios than modem Lake Qinghai, resulting from strong evaporation after being isolated from the main lake, similar to today＇s Lake Gahai. Based upon the stratigraphy and altitude of naked carp re- mains, it can be inferred that the altitude of lake level of Lake Qinghai reached at least 3202 m with a lake area of 4480 km2 during the Ming Dynasty, approximately ~5% larger than it is today.
文摘By using the method of electrophoresis,three isozymes (lactate dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase and esterase) of three species of genus Gymnocypris were described and analyzed from North Tibet in this paper. The results showed that all three isozymes presented interspecific difference and distinct differentiation among individuals in the same population,and there was no electrophorectic difference between males and females. Analysis of relationships among three naked carps indicated a high degree of similarity between G. selincuoensis and G. cuoensis ,whereas low degree between G. selincuoensis and G. namensis . Furthermore,three isozymes presented expression of null alleles,and the duplicate genes of LDH A 2,LDH B 2,s MDH A 2 and m MDH B 2 also expressed in some individuals. Compared to other tetraploid fishes,three naked carps retained more functional duplicate genes and null alleles. This suggests fishes of genus Gymnocypris are at the early stage of evolution after polyploidization than that of fishes of Catostomidae,it directly related to the later time of schizothoracine fishes originate as well as severe environment.
