Adaptability and Application of Australian Merino Sheep in the Alpine Pastoral Areas

[Objective] The paper was to study the adaptability of Australian Merino sheep in the alpine pastoral areas. [Method]Through introduction of Australian Merino sheep for hybridizing with Gansu alpine fine wool sheep,the improvement effect of offspring was observed. [Result]The introduced Australian Merino sheep had good adaptability in the alpine pastoral areas with good hair quality,strong cold resistance and disease resistance,and they could grow and reproduce healthily in the alpine pastoral areas. The application effect of the ram was outstanding,showing large breeding amount,high conception rate and survival rate.[Conclusion]The improvement effect of offspring of Australian Merino sheep and Gansu alpine fine wool sheep was significant,and the growth performance was improved greatly.

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration in Alpine Area and Its Response to Land Use Change:A Case Study in Three-River Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Three-River Headwaters （TRH） region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River, the Huanghe （Yellow） River and the Lancang River in China. Taking the TRH region of the Qing- hai-Tibet Plateau as a case, the annual evapotranspiration （ET） model developed by Zhang et al. （2001） was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area, and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed. The plant-available water coefficient （w） of Zhang＇s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index （VTCI） before annual ET was calculated in alpine area. The future land use scenario, an input of ET model, was spa- tially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent （CLUE-S） to study the re- sponse of ET to land use change. Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69. This indicates that Zhang＇s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the al- pine area. The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 ram, 11.6 mm more than that in 1980. Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest, but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest. As a vast and sparsely populated area, the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions. Thus, land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution, and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with in- creasing precipitation. ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land, and was least sen- sitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.

Estimation of Economic and Ecological Value of Raising Sheep in Pastoral Area

Tibetan sheep is a unique breed of livestock in Alpine pastoral areas,which is one of the main economic pillars of animal husbandry in pastoral areas,in order to analyze and compare the estimated the economic and ecological benefits of Tibetan sheep under different feeding modes,this paper used a simplified model from multiple angles of animal production,economics and Ecology,The results show that:(i)Under the traditional grazing condition,the annual income of raising one ewe is only 23.4 yuan;(ii)Under the high-efficiency breeding mode,the average income of ewes bred by high-efficiency technology was 168 yuan/(head·year),which was 7 times higher than that of ewes under traditional grazing;each lamb could produce an indirect economic benefit of 500 yuan;(iii)The ecosystem service value affected by each Tibetan sheep through grassland was above 150000 yuan.

Biological soil crusts and their potential applications in the sand land over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Risk analysis of snow disaster in the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Snow disaster is one of the top ten natural disasters worldwide, and the most se- vere natural disaster to affect the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the hazard harmfulness data collected from historical records and data collected from entities affected by this hazard in 2010, a comprehensive analysis of the 18 indexes of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted, encompassing the hazard harmfulness, the amount of physical exposure the hazard-bearing entities face, the sensitivity to the hazard, and the capacity to respond to the disaster. The analysis indicates that： （1） areas at high-risk of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are located in certain areas of the counties of Yecheng and Pishan in the Xinjiang region; （2） areas at medium-risk of snow disaster are found between the Gangdise Mountains and the Himalayas in the central-western part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the southeastern part of the southern Qinghai Plateau; （3） the risk of snow disaster is generally low throughout the large area to the south of 30°N and the re- gion on the border of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the risk of snow disaster in high-altitude areas of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that at the edge of the plateau.

川西北高原高寒牧区生态与经济发展探析

川西北高原高寒牧区地处青藏高原高寒生态脆弱区,该区域存在生态环境与经济社会持续协调发展不平衡的现象。从川西北高原高寒牧区的特殊地位、生态保护存在的主要问题出发,探索其生态环境保护与科学利用资源环境支撑经济社会持续协调发展的长效机制。

15份小黑麦材料在甘南高寒牧区的生产性能及营养品质

【目的】筛选出适合高寒牧区种植的高产优质小黑麦品系。【方法】选用15份小黑麦品系为研究对象,以甘农2号小黑麦为对照,研究参试小黑麦材料在甘肃省合作市的生产性能与营养品质,并利用隶属函数法对参试小黑麦材料进行综合评价。【结果】TP17-66的株高最高,为167.27 cm,TP17-28的枝条数最多,为725×10^(4)/hm^(2),TP17-29的干草产量最高,为16.98 kg/hm^(2),TP17-37的粗蛋白含量最高的,为13.09%。【结论】TP17-68、TP17-28、TP17-66小黑麦在甘肃高寒牧区具有成为高产优质牧草的潜力。

青藏高原川西北牧区一年两季饲草种植模式对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响

【目的】川西北高寒牧区气候寒冷,牧草生长季短,选用抗寒性强的小黑麦品种进行秋播,翌年复种不同作物,可以有效提高土地利用效率和牧草产量。【方法】以8个小黑麦种质(甘农2号小黑麦、甘农3号小黑麦、甘农4号小黑麦、甘农7号小黑麦、藏饲1号小黑麦、小黑麦品系C16、C23、C25)作为秋播材料,次年复种不同作物:B1(50%藏饲1号小黑麦混播50%饲用豌豆),B2(50%藏饲1号小黑麦混播50%箭筈豌豆),B3(50%青甜1号燕麦混播50%饲用豌豆),B4(50%青甜1号燕麦混播50%箭筈豌豆),以研究秋播小黑麦复种不同作物对土壤理化性质(pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量)及土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶)活性的影响。【结果】秋播小黑麦复种不同作物后,土壤养分含量及酶活性均有所提高。【结论】秋播甘农4号小黑,翌年麦复种50%藏饲1号小黑麦混播50%饲用豌豆模式对土壤理化及酶活性影响最大,能够改善土壤理化环境及酶活性,有助于提高牧草产量。

重力流膜滤技术处理西北高寒牧区融雪水的实验研究

使用重力流膜滤技术应对西北高寒牧区水源地饮用水中关键水质因子浊度、氨氮以及高锰酸盐指数超标等问题,通过模拟西北高寒牧区冰山融雪水,经过多种重力流膜分离技术的处理,其在保证稳定的通量下,浊度、氨氮以及高锰酸盐指数三个关键水质指标完全符合GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》。

对高寒牧区畜间布鲁氏菌病防控对策的思考

布鲁氏菌病是危害多种动物和人类的传染病,也是我国重点防控的人畜共患传染病之一。受市场等因素调节,牛羊反刍动物数量增加,且动物及其产品流通频繁,动物疫病发生风险加大,许多地方畜间布病呈上升趋势。为切实加强畜间布病防控工作,肃南县按照省、市业务部门的防控要求,结合当地高寒牧区畜间布病流行实际,制订防控工作计划,全面落实动物疫病主动监测、定点检疫、消毒灭源、阳性畜扑杀及无害化处理综合防治措施,取得一定成效。

高寒牧区绵羊腐蹄病的病因分析和综合防治

绵羊是省市乡村少数名族生存的基础和发家致富的希望,承载着众多边疆少数民族的稳定性和重大使命。由于今年大西北地区气候寒冷雨水较多,沙尘暴频繁,气候环境恶劣,若饲养管理不到位,病菌在污染的环境中大量存在,接触病菌的机率较大,绵羊腐蹄病直接影响羊的生产性能和繁殖性能,对牧民和养殖户造成巨大的经济损失,结合当地羊发病原因和临床症状实践研究分析从药上对症治疗以及今后的预防措施,供广大牧民和养殖企业参考。

高寒牧区肉羊同期发情技术应用影响因素分析试验

为提高高寒牧区肉羊同期发情、人工授精等技术应用水平,提高肉羊生产效率,本试验遴选甘肃省天祝藏族自治县种畜繁育研究院养殖的肉羊360只,设计A、B两大组在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节分别处理,每组随机选择8~12月龄、18月龄和24~42月龄3种年龄段的母羊各60只,分成6个试验小组进行同期发情影响因素分析试验。结果显示,高寒牧区肉羊在非繁殖季节和繁殖季节参试母羊同期发情率分别为74.44%和90%,三种年龄段的参试母羊非繁殖季节同期发情率分别为78.33%、80.83%和、87.50%,繁殖季节同期发情率分别为88.33%、83.33%和93.33%。参试母羊同期发情时间主要集中在处理后24~48 h内,繁殖季节和非繁殖季节占比分别为52.22%和61.66%,其次为48~72 h之间,占比分别为16.11%和21.66%。试验表明,在高寒牧区肉羊养殖中应用推广同期发情和人工授精技术,掌握好肉羊繁殖季节、母羊年龄以及同期发情集中时间等因素,能提高肉羊的生产效率。

藏西北高寒牧区草地退化现状与机理分析

以藏西北高寒牧区为研究区域,综合利用NOAA、MODIS卫星NDVI(归一化植被指数)、气象资料、社会统计资料并结合GIS技术,对藏西北高寒牧区的草地状况和退化机理作了分析。结果表明:①藏西北高寒牧区草地覆盖度等级呈正态分布,且中等偏下略多,地表植被总体上比较稀疏;②2005年区域内的草地退化总面积为14.19×104km2,占区域天然草地总面积的39.64%,其中轻度退化面积最多,占退化总面积的65.96%,其次是中度和重度退化,分别占25.20%和8.84%;③草地退化的主要原因一是与近年来该区域的气候变化有关,二是草地超载率达到59.18%,过度放牧引起的草地退化和沙化现象也越来越严重,是局部草地退化的根本原因,人口的增加和人类活动频繁对草场的破坏,也是近年来草地退化的主要原因。

甘肃省高寒牧区小黑麦新品系的生产性能

通过研究小黑麦(×Triticosecale Wittmack)新品系(P_2、P_4)在甘肃省高寒牧区(肃南、合作、玛曲)的草产量及营养价值,以筛选适宜种植区域,以石大1号和中饲1048为对照品种。结果表明,不同试点间、小黑麦材料间和材料×试点交互作用间的草产量和营养价值均有显著差异(P<0.05)。4个小黑麦材料在3个试点的干草产量表现为P_2(14.42t·hm^(-2))>P_4(11.72 t·hm^(-2))>中饲1048小黑麦(10.03 t·hm^(-2))>石大1号小黑麦(9.70 t·hm^(-2)),粗蛋白总含量为P_2(13.31%)>P_4(12.17%)>中饲1048小黑麦(8.37%)>石大1号小黑麦(7.40%),中性洗剂纤维总含量为P_2(61.65%)<中饲1048小黑麦(63.82%)<P_4(64.89%)<石大1号小黑麦(68.14%),酸性洗剂纤维总含量为P_2(41.97%)<中饲1048小黑麦(42.15%)<P_4(43.35%)<石大1号小黑麦(45.06%)。综合分析,小黑麦新品系P_2高产优质,最适宜在甘肃省高寒牧区种植。

祁连山高寒牧区杂种羔羊生长及肉用性能分析

为了优化祁连山高寒牧区肉羊生产杂交模式,2008年-2010年连续3年以特克塞尔、白萨福克、邦德和澳洲美利奴4个引进品种为父本、甘肃高山细毛羊为母本,采用AI技术开展杂交试验。生长观测表明,特甘细羔羊断奶体重为27.71 kg,极显著高于其他组合;6月龄体重达到31.04 kg,比邦甘细、白萨甘细、澳甘细和对照组分别高出8.79%、14.15%、18.42%和33.97%。屠宰结果表明,特甘细的胴体重、屠宰率、胴体净肉率、骨重和眼肌面积均最大,骨肉比最小。同时,特克塞尔杂种羔羊肉的pH值、嫩度等肉品质指标较优。由此表明,"特克塞尔×甘肃高山细毛羊"是祁连山高寒牧区生产优质羔羊肉的最优杂交组合,特克塞尔是改良甘肃高山细毛羊的最优父本。

牧归后补饲精料对冷季藏系绵羊生长性能的影响

为揭示冷季牧归后补饲精料对藏系绵羊生长性能的影响,选取60只体况相近的3岁藏系绵羊(公母各半)随机分成单一放牧组和归牧补饲组,每组公、母羊各15只。单一放牧组羊只采用冷季单一放牧,牧归补饲组羊只采用与放牧组相同的放牧活动,并在牧归后按每只150g·d-1的饲喂量补饲某品牌精料补充料,为期70d。结果表明,牧归后补饲精料极显著提高藏系绵羊的前期增量、前期日均增量、后期增量、后期日均增量、全期增量、全期日均增量、增量比例和冷季养殖净收益。牧归补料组公羊的全期增量和增量比例优于母羊,但不同性别羊只对冷季养殖净收益差异不显著。因此,牧归后补饲精料可以提高高寒牧区藏系绵羊冷季增量和养殖收益。

西藏高寒牧区燕麦作物系数的推求及验证

运用FAO-56推荐的单作物系数法和双作物系数法推求充分灌溉条件下西藏高寒牧区燕麦的作物系数,并通过灌溉试验数据验证所求作物系数的可靠性以及这2种方法在海拔4 000m以上地区的适用性。结果表明,基于单作物系数法,2011年和2012年作物系数Kcini、Kcmid、Kcend分别为1.06、1.18、0.28和1.09、1.17、0.28。2011年和2012年双作物系数法与单作物系数法计算的ETc拟合相关系数分别为0.743和0.894。理论计算的作物需水量与实测值接近,该2种作物系数法均适用于西藏高寒牧区。

四川高寒牧区紫花苜蓿引进品种的筛选

2001-2004年,对11个紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa不同引进品种的生长特性和生产性能进行了观察和测定。结果表明:11个紫花苜蓿品种在川西北高寒区越冬率均达到90%以上;各品种引种第1年产量较低,次年开始增长,第3年产量达最高,随后开始下降;各品种干草产量差异大,3年平均产量最高的美标403+Z,为13 594.7 kg/hm2,比平均产量最低的超级阿波罗增产达49.8%,差异显著。

川西北高寒牧区紫花苜蓿和披碱草生产性能研究

为了探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)在川西北高寒牧区生产性能,采用田间小区试验的方法,对‘特瑞'、‘四季绿'、‘威可'3个紫花苜蓿和‘甘孜'披碱草连续6年(2004—2009)进行产草量测定。结果表明:紫花苜蓿在该地区种植产量高,连续5年(当年除外),其鲜草产量和干草产量分别与披碱草年度鲜草、干草产量有极显著差异(P<0.01),因此,值得在本区推广种植紫花苜蓿。

14个多年生牧草品种在川西北高寒牧区适应性研究

采用田间小区方法,以2014~2017年在四川省甘孜州道孚县乾宁种畜场对早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、雀麦(Bromus inermis)、猫尾草(Phleum pratense)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum)、扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)共14个品种同期播种,连续4年进行田间观察和产草量测定。结果表明:在川西北地区种植的14个牧草品种细茎冰草因越冬率低,不适应当地环境,在2016年低全部死亡,其余13个草品种都可安全越冬,正常生长,但不同品种产草量差异显著或极显著。从产量总趋势分析,诺言猫尾草、乌苏1号无芒雀麦、热销多年生黑麦草、新速Ⅱ多年生黑麦草、三得利紫花苜蓿等5个品种产量较高,值得在本区生产上应用推广。