Biological soil crusts and their potential applications in the sand land over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

Path of Social Construction in Northwest Sichuan Plateau Pastoral Area

On the basis of main contents of social construction and key points of construction,this paper analyzes features of conditions of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area.The social construction at current stage mainly includes social cause in narrow sense,and social management at meso-level.The northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area is faced with the best policy and development opportunity.However,there are still many weak aspects.Firstly,social structure is not coordinated with economic structure.Secondly,social construction ability of grass-roots government is weak.Thirdly,the ability to respond to public demands is low.Fourthly,there is a big gap in availability of basic public service.Finally,it presents path selection for social construction of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area:strengthen social construction ability of grass-roots government;promote social construction with livelihood projects as key projects;boost social construction taking advantage of ecological construction;develop basic public service with the aid of external forces;intensify evaluation system for supervision of social construction works.

Characteristics of root pullout resistance of Caragana korshinskii Kom.in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Roots exert pullout resistance under pullout force,allowing plants to resist uprooting.However,the pullout resistance characteristics of taproot-type shrub species of different ages remain unclear.In this study,in order to improve our knowledge of pullout resistance characteristics of taproot systems of shrub species,we selected the shrub species Caragana korshinskii Kom.in different growth periods as the research plant and conducted in situ root pullout test.The relationships among the maximum pullout resistance,peak root displacement,shrub growth period,and aboveground growth indices(plant height and plant crown breadth)were analyzed,as well as the mechanical process of uprooting.Pullout resistance of 4-15 year-old C.korshinskii ranged from 2.49(±0.25)to 14.71(±4.96)kN,and the peak displacement ranged from 11.77(±8.61)to 26.50(±16.09)cm.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement of roots increased as a power function(R^(2)=0.9038)and a linear function(R^(2)=0.8242)with increasing age,respectively.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement increased with increasing plant height;however,this relationship was not significant.The maximum pullout resistance increased exponentially(R^(2)=0.5522)as the crown breadth increased.There was no significant relationship between the peak displacement and crown breadth.The pullout resistance and displacement curve were divided into three stages:the initial nonlinear growth,linear growth,and nonlinear stages.Two modes of failure of a single root occurred when the roots were subjected to vertical loading forces:the synchronous breakage mode and the periderm preferential breakage mode.These findings provide a foundation for further investigation of the soil reinforcement and slope protection mechanisms of this shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.

Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variationson the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961–1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China by considering topographic and meteorological elements

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)through remote sensing is crucial to our understanding of the interaction between the underlying surface of different rock desert and land-atmosphere types,as well as the relationship between bare land and soil erosion.A number of achievements have been made in remote sensing monitoring of desert areas,but there is a lack of accurate classification and remote sensing identification of rock desert types based on formation mechanism.In this study,the north and south sides of the eastern Kunlun Mountains in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China were taken as the study areas.Landsat operational landscape imager,digital elevation model,and precipitation and temperature grid data were used as data sources.By identifying the bare areas based on the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),we used the multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets to identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The results showed that:(1)the rock desert areas identified by remote sensing based on topographic and meteorological elements were highly accurate,with an overall accuracy of 88.45%and kappa coefficient of 0.77.The multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets could effectively identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas;(2)the optimal segmentation range of the ice-snow melting and dry areas was 3600 m contour,-2°C-2°C isotherms,and 100-130 mm isohyets.The areas with elevation less than 3600 m,annual average temperature higher than 2°C,and average annual precipitation less than 100 mm were rock desert in the dry areas.The range of-2°C-2°C isotherms and 100-130 mm isohyets was the transition area between the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The areas with elevation higher than 3600 m,annual average temperature less than-2°C,and average annual precipitation higher than 130 mm were rock desert in the ice-snow melting areas;and(3)the identification accuracy of the bare areas based on the NDVI method was better,specifically,the identification accuracy of plain bare areas was generally better than that of mountain bare areas.The remote sensing identification method considers not only the topographic factors that have great influence on the spatial distribution of the two types of rock desert areas,but also the meteorological factors,which can provide a scientific reference for the effective identification of the two types of rock desert areas.

高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒神经毒素的破坏强度分析

为探明高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏强度与害鼠对毒素的敏感性之间的关系,采用霍恩氏法测定了D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)、高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)及青海松田鼠(Neodon fuscus)的灌胃半数致死剂量(LD50),并测定3种害鼠胃肠内容物及其上清液与D型肉毒毒素作用后的毒素残留量。结果表明:D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠及青海松田鼠的LD50分别为5110、5840、50100 MLD/kg。害鼠胃肠内容物对毒素的破坏强度由高到低依次是青海松田鼠、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔。3种害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏作用存在差异,且LD50与毒素残留量之间呈正相关性。胃肠道环境差异是导致不同害鼠对D型肉毒毒素产生敏感性差异的原因之一,研究结果对今后选育高效、特异性D型肉毒毒素生物灭鼠剂具有指导意义。

Risk analysis of snow disaster in the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Snow disaster is one of the top ten natural disasters worldwide, and the most se- vere natural disaster to affect the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the hazard harmfulness data collected from historical records and data collected from entities affected by this hazard in 2010, a comprehensive analysis of the 18 indexes of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted, encompassing the hazard harmfulness, the amount of physical exposure the hazard-bearing entities face, the sensitivity to the hazard, and the capacity to respond to the disaster. The analysis indicates that： （1） areas at high-risk of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are located in certain areas of the counties of Yecheng and Pishan in the Xinjiang region; （2） areas at medium-risk of snow disaster are found between the Gangdise Mountains and the Himalayas in the central-western part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the southeastern part of the southern Qinghai Plateau; （3） the risk of snow disaster is generally low throughout the large area to the south of 30°N and the re- gion on the border of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the risk of snow disaster in high-altitude areas of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that at the edge of the plateau.

甘肃省甘南州牛羊焦虫病综合防控技术

牛羊焦虫病是一种常见的具有地方流行性和蜱传性的寄生虫病,对甘南州部分县市牛羊养殖业危害严重。通过对流行区域进行系统的流行病学调查及血涂片镜检,摸清并掌握牛羊焦虫病的感染情况和发病流行规律。该文就牛羊焦虫病的病原特点、临床症状、诊断、预防和治疗作以论述,旨在指导养殖户根据本地养殖特点,建立焦虫病综合防治方案,有效降低该病的发病率和死亡率。

基于地理加权随机森林的青藏地区放牧强度时空格局模拟

精确刻画放牧强度时空格局是深刻理解青藏地区高寒草地服务功能动态及其驱动机制的重要基础,对辅助制定区域生态安全和可持续发展战略具有意义。基于牲畜年末存栏量、牧区人口密度、生长季NDVI、年降水量、年平均气温和居民点分布等数据,采用地理加权随机森林模型,模拟了2000年、2010年和2020年3期青藏地区放牧强度的空间格局,并定量评价了环境因子对放牧强度空间分布解释性的区域差异。结果表明:(1)地理加权随机森林模拟结果可精细地刻画青藏地区放牧强度的空间特征,与经典随机森林模型相比,判定系数更高,平均绝对值误差和均方根误差更低。(2)青藏地区放牧强度呈现东南高、西北低的基本特征,其中,西北部地区放牧强度低于25羊单位/km~2的区域约占青藏地区面积的1/2。(3)与2000年和2010年相比,2020年青藏地区放牧强度呈现总体下降、局部抬升的态势;其中,较2010年,2020年放牧强度下降超过1羊单位/km~2的区域占牧区面积的61.69%。(4)牧区人口密度是解释放牧强度空间异质性最主要的因素,其相对重要性呈现西高东低的特征,而降水量和生长季NDVI的相对重要性则呈现西北高、东南低的特征。研究结论可为青藏地区草地可持续管理和生态安全屏障建设提供科学参考。

A long way to go:impacts of urbanization on migrants’livelihoods and rural ecology in less industrialized regions

Urbanization,often coupled with industrialization,is generally considered as a boost for improving livelihood as well as alleviating ecological pressures of the rural areas.However,this experience needs to be tested in less industrialized areas,particularly where the urbanization is driven by non-economic factors such as urban public services and relevant government policies rather than employment opportunities.Taking two villages on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as examples,through the field investigation by using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews,and statistical data analysis,we explored the impacts of urbanization on migrants’livelihoods and the ecological conditions of their original village rangeland.We found that the disposable income and savings of emigrant households were less than the stay households,which might be correlated to the limited employment due to the lagged industrialization in the local township,and the mismatch between their traditional labor skills and the demands of urban services.Their home-village rangeland overuse was not alleviated since the increasing grazing pressure caused by the stay households,though the emigrant households intended to decrease the number of livestock on their home pasture.We concluded that the urbanization misaligned with local industrialization may fail to improve migrant livelihoods and local ecological conditions in less industrialized areas.Our research supplements the previous urbanization theory by highlighting the non-industrialization driven urbanization,and is particularly pertinent for the transitional countries worldwide.

青藏高原东部牧区大—暴雪过程及雪灾分布的基本特征

青藏高原东部牧区 2 6个台站在近三十年中共发生大—暴雪过程 1 689站次 ,按本文标准形成雪灾 41 0站次。通过统计和诊断分析 ,揭示了大—暴雪过程及其雪灾的时空分布特征。结果表明 :久治是大—暴雪过程和雪灾的频发中心 ,清水河是雪灾及成灾几率的高值中心 ;后冬成灾几率高达 80 .3% ,春季成灾几率仅 1 4.3% ;大—暴雪过程次数和降水量线性增加势趋十分明显 ,导致雪灾危害日趋严重 ,90年代进入雪灾的频发时期。

锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系演化特征及其机制

以锡林郭勒牧区（9旗市）145个规模以上聚落为研究客体,采用全国5次（1964年、1982年、1990年、2000年、2010年）人口普查数据及2015年调查数据,运用GIS空间分析技术、空间统计技术等方法,对研究区聚落体系的结构形态、规模等级、时空演变特征及机制进行分析。结构形态的动态特征表明,一定程度的外在作用力对地理环境基底均衡性产生影响,进而将对Christaller景观产生重大影响;规模等级的动态特征在不同时期遵循严格的规模-位序法则;50 a间,聚落规模总体变化速率基本与历史上的“大事件”一一对应。锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的演化特征及其机制表明,经典的中心地体系在典型牧区依然受传统因素的影响,而当前对中心地体系影响深刻的信息化、网络化等因素在牧区未产生显著影响。另外,促使聚落体系演变的驱动因素以外因为主,内生动力不足为其主要特征。总体认为,锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的时空演化特征对蒙古高原人地关系系统的调控与优化具有重要参考价值。

青藏高原牧区典型家庭牧场选择方法研究——以甘肃省玛曲县为例

青藏高原草原牧区典型家庭牧场选择对牧区畜牧业科研成果推广具有重要意义。以甘肃省玛曲县20户家庭牧场为基础,以户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出4个因素作为典型牧户的选择依据,并分别对以生产资料为依据的典型家庭牧场、以经营水平为依据的典型家庭牧场和以生产资料和经营水平综合的典型家庭牧场进行了分析,选出牧户2、12、13和19为研究区典型家庭牧场,其户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出分别为195.0hm2、452.5羊单位、5.08万元和4.18万元。分析结果表明,这些家庭牧场能代表调查区多数家庭牧场草畜生产经营状况和牧民生活水平。

云南高原牧区草场主要危害性蝗虫

滇西北海拔 2 5 0 0～ 360 0m的高原牧区草场主要危害性蝗虫有 7种 ,其中中华拟裸蝗及高山雏蝗不仅分布普遍 ,而且发生数量较大 ;重要种中华拟裸蝗具有多样化体色变异现象 ,该种一年发生一代 ,8～ 10月份成虫危害甚为严重。针对当地牧区危害性蝗虫多为短翅或小翅类群、迁扩能力有限的特点 ,可选择性地在成虫交尾产卵期、若蝻期于种群密度较大地段围栏禁牧 ,以药剂防治。

青藏高原农牧区社会保障制度现状、问题与发展

现阶段青藏高原农牧区的社会保障有了一定发展,但仍存在一些问题。从青藏高原农牧区社会保障的现状和存在问题出发,探究影响其发展的制约因素,进而提出有针对性的建议。

体外产气法评价青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆组合效应

研究采用体外产气法评价了青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆小麦秸按0,25:75,50:50,75:25,100的比例分别与蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸和油菜秸两两组合后的发酵产气特性。结果表明,通过作物秸秆间科学的组合搭配能有效提高反刍作物对单一作物秸秆的利用率,且小麦秸分别与蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯、油菜秸均以50:50比例组合较为合适;因此,科学地开发利用青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆类粗饲料是解决该地区反刍家畜粗饲料资源紧缺的有效途径之一。

藏北高寒牧区NPP的时空变化特征及2℃全球变暖背景下的预估

利用多源气象要素数据估算了1998-2016年的藏北高寒牧区植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)的变化特征并预估了其在2℃全球变暖背景下的变化趋势,结果表明:研究区域71.9%的NPP呈上升趋势,仅中部部分区域有下降趋势;平均NPP以每年0.54%速率增加,同期气温和降水均呈增加趋势,NPP和气温在2007前后有显著增加趋势;总体来说降水是影响NPP的最主要气候因子,且随着纬度升高其影响越来越大,气温对于NPP的影响从东南向西北依次递减,在西北地区出现弱的负相关;在2℃全球变暖大背景下,分析得出IPCC"典型浓度路径"(Representative Concentration Pathways,简称RCPs)三种温室气体排放情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)的NPP平均状态几乎没有变化,其影响仅限于对研究区东南部的较高NPP有较小的改善作用,其作用依次为高浓度排放≈中浓度排放>低浓度排放,表明气候变暖对研究区NPP影响有限,预估结果对认清高原地区气候变化下NPP时空变化特征有重要意义。

青藏高原东北部牧区气候暖干化趋势及对环境和牧草生长的影响

对20世纪80年代以来青藏高原东北部青南牧区和甘南牧区气候变化的统计分析表明,该地区呈现出气温升高、降水量减少和蒸发量增大的明显趋势。两个牧区年平均气温升高的边际倾向分别为0 3℃/10年和0 5℃/10年,年降水量减少的边际倾向分别为-28 6mm/10年和-23 5mm/10年。90年代该地区主要牧业县多年平均气温普遍比60～70年代升高了0 4℃～0 8℃;多年平均降水量减少的趋势尤以甘南牧区明显,最多可减少87 5mm。同时牧草返青期和枯黄期气温升高,使牧草生长期天数增多。气温升高导致地面蒸发量增多,两个牧区气温升高1℃时,年蒸发量分别增多99mm和114mm。气候变暖干旱,造成天然草地产草量下降。曲麻莱县年降水量减少1mm时,0 0667hm2草地产草量将减少1 6kg;夏河县年平均气温升高1℃时,0 0667hm2草地产草量将减少122 6kg。气候暖干化,已经造成该地区干旱缺水,草地退化、沙化和鼠害猖獗,使草畜矛盾不断加剧,已严重威胁到牧区的生存和发展,也影响到长江、黄河中下游地区的可持续发展,对此应予高度重视。