Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

Path of Social Construction in Northwest Sichuan Plateau Pastoral Area

On the basis of main contents of social construction and key points of construction,this paper analyzes features of conditions of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area.The social construction at current stage mainly includes social cause in narrow sense,and social management at meso-level.The northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area is faced with the best policy and development opportunity.However,there are still many weak aspects.Firstly,social structure is not coordinated with economic structure.Secondly,social construction ability of grass-roots government is weak.Thirdly,the ability to respond to public demands is low.Fourthly,there is a big gap in availability of basic public service.Finally,it presents path selection for social construction of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area:strengthen social construction ability of grass-roots government;promote social construction with livelihood projects as key projects;boost social construction taking advantage of ecological construction;develop basic public service with the aid of external forces;intensify evaluation system for supervision of social construction works.

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration in Alpine Area and Its Response to Land Use Change:A Case Study in Three-River Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Three-River Headwaters （TRH） region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River, the Huanghe （Yellow） River and the Lancang River in China. Taking the TRH region of the Qing- hai-Tibet Plateau as a case, the annual evapotranspiration （ET） model developed by Zhang et al. （2001） was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area, and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed. The plant-available water coefficient （w） of Zhang＇s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index （VTCI） before annual ET was calculated in alpine area. The future land use scenario, an input of ET model, was spa- tially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent （CLUE-S） to study the re- sponse of ET to land use change. Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69. This indicates that Zhang＇s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the al- pine area. The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 ram, 11.6 mm more than that in 1980. Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest, but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest. As a vast and sparsely populated area, the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions. Thus, land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution, and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with in- creasing precipitation. ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land, and was least sen- sitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.

Characteristics of root pullout resistance of Caragana korshinskii Kom.in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Roots exert pullout resistance under pullout force,allowing plants to resist uprooting.However,the pullout resistance characteristics of taproot-type shrub species of different ages remain unclear.In this study,in order to improve our knowledge of pullout resistance characteristics of taproot systems of shrub species,we selected the shrub species Caragana korshinskii Kom.in different growth periods as the research plant and conducted in situ root pullout test.The relationships among the maximum pullout resistance,peak root displacement,shrub growth period,and aboveground growth indices(plant height and plant crown breadth)were analyzed,as well as the mechanical process of uprooting.Pullout resistance of 4-15 year-old C.korshinskii ranged from 2.49(±0.25)to 14.71(±4.96)kN,and the peak displacement ranged from 11.77(±8.61)to 26.50(±16.09)cm.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement of roots increased as a power function(R^(2)=0.9038)and a linear function(R^(2)=0.8242)with increasing age,respectively.The maximum pullout resistance and the peak displacement increased with increasing plant height;however,this relationship was not significant.The maximum pullout resistance increased exponentially(R^(2)=0.5522)as the crown breadth increased.There was no significant relationship between the peak displacement and crown breadth.The pullout resistance and displacement curve were divided into three stages:the initial nonlinear growth,linear growth,and nonlinear stages.Two modes of failure of a single root occurred when the roots were subjected to vertical loading forces:the synchronous breakage mode and the periderm preferential breakage mode.These findings provide a foundation for further investigation of the soil reinforcement and slope protection mechanisms of this shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.

Biological soil crusts and their potential applications in the sand land over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variationson the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961–1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.

An Estimation of Ground Ice Volumes in Permafrost Layers in North- eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The ground ice content in permafrost serves as one of the dominant properties of permafrost for the study of global climate change, ecology, hydrology and engineering construction in cold regions. This paper initially attempts to assess the ground ice volume in permafrost layers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by considering landform types, the corresponding lithological composition, and the measured water content in various regions. An approximation demonstrating the existence of many similarities in lithological composition and water content within a unified landform was established during the calculations. Considerable knowledge of the case study area, here called the Source Area of the Yellow(Huanghe) River(SAYR) in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has been accumulated related to permafrost and fresh water resources during the past 40 years. Considering the permafrost distribution, extent, spatial distribution of landform types, the ground ice volume at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m below the ground surface was estimated based on the data of 101 boreholes from field observations and geological surveys in different types of landforms in the permafrost region of the SAYR. The total ground ice volume in permafrost layers at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m was approximately(51.68 ± 18.81) km^3, and the ground ice volume per unit volume was(0.31 ± 0.11) m^3/m^3. In the horizontal direction, the ground ice content was higher in the landforms of lacustrine-marshland plains and alluvial-lacustrine plains, and the lower ground ice content was distributed in the erosional platforms and alluvial-proluvial plains. In the vertical direction, the volume of ground ice was relatively high in the top layers(especially near the permafrost table) and at the depths of 7.0–8.0 m. This calculation method will be used in the other areas when the necessary information is available, including landform type, borehole data, and measured water content.

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China by considering topographic and meteorological elements

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)through remote sensing is crucial to our understanding of the interaction between the underlying surface of different rock desert and land-atmosphere types,as well as the relationship between bare land and soil erosion.A number of achievements have been made in remote sensing monitoring of desert areas,but there is a lack of accurate classification and remote sensing identification of rock desert types based on formation mechanism.In this study,the north and south sides of the eastern Kunlun Mountains in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China were taken as the study areas.Landsat operational landscape imager,digital elevation model,and precipitation and temperature grid data were used as data sources.By identifying the bare areas based on the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),we used the multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets to identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The results showed that:(1)the rock desert areas identified by remote sensing based on topographic and meteorological elements were highly accurate,with an overall accuracy of 88.45%and kappa coefficient of 0.77.The multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets could effectively identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas;(2)the optimal segmentation range of the ice-snow melting and dry areas was 3600 m contour,-2°C-2°C isotherms,and 100-130 mm isohyets.The areas with elevation less than 3600 m,annual average temperature higher than 2°C,and average annual precipitation less than 100 mm were rock desert in the dry areas.The range of-2°C-2°C isotherms and 100-130 mm isohyets was the transition area between the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The areas with elevation higher than 3600 m,annual average temperature less than-2°C,and average annual precipitation higher than 130 mm were rock desert in the ice-snow melting areas;and(3)the identification accuracy of the bare areas based on the NDVI method was better,specifically,the identification accuracy of plain bare areas was generally better than that of mountain bare areas.The remote sensing identification method considers not only the topographic factors that have great influence on the spatial distribution of the two types of rock desert areas,but also the meteorological factors,which can provide a scientific reference for the effective identification of the two types of rock desert areas.

Risk analysis of snow disaster in the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Snow disaster is one of the top ten natural disasters worldwide, and the most se- vere natural disaster to affect the pastoral areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the hazard harmfulness data collected from historical records and data collected from entities affected by this hazard in 2010, a comprehensive analysis of the 18 indexes of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted, encompassing the hazard harmfulness, the amount of physical exposure the hazard-bearing entities face, the sensitivity to the hazard, and the capacity to respond to the disaster. The analysis indicates that： （1） areas at high-risk of snow disaster on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are located in certain areas of the counties of Yecheng and Pishan in the Xinjiang region; （2） areas at medium-risk of snow disaster are found between the Gangdise Mountains and the Himalayas in the central-western part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the southeastern part of the southern Qinghai Plateau; （3） the risk of snow disaster is generally low throughout the large area to the south of 30°N and the re- gion on the border of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the risk of snow disaster in high-altitude areas of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that at the edge of the plateau.

高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒神经毒素的破坏强度分析

为探明高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏强度与害鼠对毒素的敏感性之间的关系,采用霍恩氏法测定了D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)、高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)及青海松田鼠(Neodon fuscus)的灌胃半数致死剂量(LD50),并测定3种害鼠胃肠内容物及其上清液与D型肉毒毒素作用后的毒素残留量。结果表明:D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠及青海松田鼠的LD50分别为5110、5840、50100 MLD/kg。害鼠胃肠内容物对毒素的破坏强度由高到低依次是青海松田鼠、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔。3种害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏作用存在差异,且LD50与毒素残留量之间呈正相关性。胃肠道环境差异是导致不同害鼠对D型肉毒毒素产生敏感性差异的原因之一,研究结果对今后选育高效、特异性D型肉毒毒素生物灭鼠剂具有指导意义。

川西北高原高寒牧区生态与经济发展探析

川西北高原高寒牧区地处青藏高原高寒生态脆弱区,该区域存在生态环境与经济社会持续协调发展不平衡的现象。从川西北高原高寒牧区的特殊地位、生态保护存在的主要问题出发,探索其生态环境保护与科学利用资源环境支撑经济社会持续协调发展的长效机制。

青藏高原放牧地社会⁃经济⁃自然复合生态系统变迁

由于全球气候变化和人为活动的影响,我国放牧地社会⁃经济⁃自然复合生态系统发生了复杂、深刻且剧烈的变化。青藏高原放牧地复合生态系统面积约占全国此类生态系统总面积的三分之一。它对气候变化极度敏感,同时又是少数民族牧民的主要聚居区。因此,该生态系统具有生态、经济、政治、文化等多功能性,对维护边疆稳定和民族团结有重要意义。对建国以来该复合生态系统的水热条件、植被质量、土壤状况、大气氧含量等自然组分的变化进行了系统性综述与分析,并进一步探讨其自然及社会⁃经济成因。结果发现,草地制度变迁和生态恢复工程的实施在一定程度上扭转了生态恶化趋势,但草地退化并未得到全面解决,且全球气候变化可能进一步增加高原生态环境变化的不确定性。此外,未来还应就如何应对草原鼠害;如何权衡野生动物保护与家畜放牧的矛盾;如何平衡传统文化传承与牧业现代化需求间的潜在冲突;如何应对缺氧环境对高原人畜影响等生态系统管理议题进行深入研究,以推动人⁃草⁃畜和谐共生,实现牧区可持续高质量发展。

甘肃省甘南州牛羊焦虫病综合防控技术

牛羊焦虫病是一种常见的具有地方流行性和蜱传性的寄生虫病,对甘南州部分县市牛羊养殖业危害严重。通过对流行区域进行系统的流行病学调查及血涂片镜检,摸清并掌握牛羊焦虫病的感染情况和发病流行规律。该文就牛羊焦虫病的病原特点、临床症状、诊断、预防和治疗作以论述,旨在指导养殖户根据本地养殖特点,建立焦虫病综合防治方案,有效降低该病的发病率和死亡率。

极寒高原农牧建筑适宜性能源系统研究

极寒高原太阳能资源极为丰富,针对极寒高原农牧区居民采暖与用电需求,提出在余电不上网情况下的太阳能光伏+电采暖设备+蓄电池+当地电网综合能源系统形式。以西藏自治区阿里地区革吉县芒拉村典型居住建筑为研究对象,建立太阳能综合能源系统TRNSYS仿真模型,在系统光伏自给率达到50%以上时各数值区间内,以系统全生命周期经济成本为优化目标,通过TRNOPT插件调用Hooke-Jeeves算法对光伏板倾角、光伏板方位角、太阳能光伏板总面积与蓄电池容量等决策变量进行优化匹配,最终根据优化后的设备参数结果对系统的经济成本与碳排放量进行计算。该研究结果表明:在极寒高原农牧区使用该能源系统解决居民采暖与用电问题具有一定的理论可行性,且所使用的方法可在约束系统光伏自给率的前提下提升系统的经济性能。

Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of natural water in the border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The special geography and human environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has created the unique hydrochemical characteristics of the region’s natural water,which has been preserved in a largely natural state.However,as the intensity of anthropogenic activities in the region has continued to increase,the water environment and hydrochemical characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have altered.In this study,water samples from the western,southern,and northeastern border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where human activities are ongoing,were collected,analyzed,and measured.The regional differences and factors controlling them were also investigated.The key results were obtained as follows.(1) Differences in the physical properties and hydrochemical characteristics,and their controlling factors,occurred in the different boundary areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.These differences were mainly the consequence of the geographical environment and geological conditions.(2) The water quality was good and suitable for drinking,with most samples meeting GB (Chinese national) and WHO (World Health Organization) drinking water standards.(3) The chemical properties of water were mainly controlled by the weathering of carbonates and the dissolution of evaporative rocks,with the former the most influential.(4) The biological quality indicators of natural water in the border areas were far superior to GB and WHO drinking water standards.

青藏高原东部牧区大—暴雪过程及雪灾分布的基本特征

青藏高原东部牧区 2 6个台站在近三十年中共发生大—暴雪过程 1 689站次 ,按本文标准形成雪灾 41 0站次。通过统计和诊断分析 ,揭示了大—暴雪过程及其雪灾的时空分布特征。结果表明 :久治是大—暴雪过程和雪灾的频发中心 ,清水河是雪灾及成灾几率的高值中心 ;后冬成灾几率高达 80 .3% ,春季成灾几率仅 1 4.3% ;大—暴雪过程次数和降水量线性增加势趋十分明显 ,导致雪灾危害日趋严重 ,90年代进入雪灾的频发时期。

锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系演化特征及其机制

以锡林郭勒牧区（9旗市）145个规模以上聚落为研究客体,采用全国5次（1964年、1982年、1990年、2000年、2010年）人口普查数据及2015年调查数据,运用GIS空间分析技术、空间统计技术等方法,对研究区聚落体系的结构形态、规模等级、时空演变特征及机制进行分析。结构形态的动态特征表明,一定程度的外在作用力对地理环境基底均衡性产生影响,进而将对Christaller景观产生重大影响;规模等级的动态特征在不同时期遵循严格的规模-位序法则;50 a间,聚落规模总体变化速率基本与历史上的“大事件”一一对应。锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的演化特征及其机制表明,经典的中心地体系在典型牧区依然受传统因素的影响,而当前对中心地体系影响深刻的信息化、网络化等因素在牧区未产生显著影响。另外,促使聚落体系演变的驱动因素以外因为主,内生动力不足为其主要特征。总体认为,锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的时空演化特征对蒙古高原人地关系系统的调控与优化具有重要参考价值。

青藏高原牧区典型家庭牧场选择方法研究——以甘肃省玛曲县为例

青藏高原草原牧区典型家庭牧场选择对牧区畜牧业科研成果推广具有重要意义。以甘肃省玛曲县20户家庭牧场为基础,以户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出4个因素作为典型牧户的选择依据,并分别对以生产资料为依据的典型家庭牧场、以经营水平为依据的典型家庭牧场和以生产资料和经营水平综合的典型家庭牧场进行了分析,选出牧户2、12、13和19为研究区典型家庭牧场,其户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出分别为195.0hm2、452.5羊单位、5.08万元和4.18万元。分析结果表明,这些家庭牧场能代表调查区多数家庭牧场草畜生产经营状况和牧民生活水平。

云南高原牧区草场主要危害性蝗虫

滇西北海拔 2 5 0 0～ 360 0m的高原牧区草场主要危害性蝗虫有 7种 ,其中中华拟裸蝗及高山雏蝗不仅分布普遍 ,而且发生数量较大 ;重要种中华拟裸蝗具有多样化体色变异现象 ,该种一年发生一代 ,8～ 10月份成虫危害甚为严重。针对当地牧区危害性蝗虫多为短翅或小翅类群、迁扩能力有限的特点 ,可选择性地在成虫交尾产卵期、若蝻期于种群密度较大地段围栏禁牧 ,以药剂防治。