Therapeutic window of Qingkailing injection for focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

The time window in which a drug is effective varies between drugs. The present study investigated the therapeutic window of Qingkailing injection for focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Animals underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and were injected with Qingkailing （1.5, 3, 6 mL/kg）. Infarct volume and neurological function were assessed after 24 hours of ischemia. In addition, to establish the therapeutic time window, mice were injected with 3 mL/kg Qingkailing at 0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 hours after occlusion. Results revealed that Qingkailing injection significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological function in model mice after cerebral infarction for up to 9 hours, demonstrating that the therapeutic window of Qingkailing injection can extend to 9 hours for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice.

Qingkailing injection for the treatment of acute stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate systematically the clinical efficacy and safety of Qingkailing （QKL） injection in the treatment of acute stroke. METHODS： Searches for randomized controlled trials into acute stroke treated with QKL injection were performed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wan fang Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed and Cochrane Library, from January 1979 to March 2013. Two reviewers independently retrieved the RCTs and extracted the information. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to assess the quality of the included studies, and a Meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager 5.2 software. RESULTS： A total of 13 studies with 1110 participants were included. The quality of the studies was generally low. The Meta-analysis indicated that the combined use of QKL and Western Medicine was significantly superior to control group therapy in terms of the total effective rate. The relative risk （RR） in the acute cerebral hemorrhage （ACH） sub-group was 1.17 [95% confidence interval （CI） （1.08, 1.26）, P=0.0001]. In the acute cerebral infarction （ACI） sub-group, RR was 1.27 [9.5% CI （1.14, 1.42）, P〈0.0001], and in the ACH and ACI mixed sub-group, RR was 1.34 [95% CI （1.20,1.50）,P〈0.00001]. Additionally, QKL promoted the absorption of hematoma [mean difference （MD）= - 3.73, 95%0 （ - 4.48, - 2.98）, P〈0.000 01], decreased neurological damage in ACI [MD= - 5.60, 95% CI （ - 8.50, - 2.70）, P=0.0002] and ACH [MD= 4.08, 95% CI （ - 8.00, 0.16）, P=0.04], promoted the recovery of awareness [RR=1.56, 95% CI （1.09, 2.21）, P=0.01] and reduced the whole blood viscosity coefficient [MD=- 0.75, 95% CI （ - 1.47, - 0.03）, P=0.04]. There were no adverse drug reactions reported in the included studies. CONCLUSION＂ Based on this systematic review, QKL combined with conventional therapy was effective compared with control treatment. However, because the articles used in the study were not of high quality, further studies should be conducted into the efficacy and safety of QKL in treating acute stroke.

Qingkailing Injection(清开灵注射液)for Treatment of Children Pneumonia Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus:A Meta-Analysis of Rando mized Controlled Trials

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qingkailing Injection（清开灵注射液, QKL） for treatment of children pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）. Methods： Randomized clinical trials（RCTs） comparing QKL with ribavirin injection in the treatment of children pneumonia induced by RSV were searched in Pub Med, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese VIP database, CNKI and Wanfang databases from their inception to March 2014. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2 software. The methodological quality of the selected RCTs was evaluated by the Modified Jadad Score. The primary outcome measures were effective rate and the secondary outcomes were relief time of fever and cough. Results： Seven RCTs with 992 cases published from 2008 to 2013 were identified. The meta-analysis results indicated that QKL was more effective in cure rate [risk ratios（RR）=1.32, 95% CI（1.17, 1.50）, P〈0.01], total effective rate [RR=1.07, 95% CI（1.02, 1.13）, P=0.009] and less fever clearance time [mean difference=–0.73, 95% CI（–1.22, –0.23）, P=0.004], compared with ribavirin injection in the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. No dead case was reported in all trials. There were 3 trials mentioned adverse events, 2 reported no obvious adverse event occurred while 1 reported adverse events described as skin hypersensitivity, elevation of ALT, a mild abnormal of hepatic and renal function in both QKL and ribavirin group. Conclusions： QKL was an effective and relatively safe option for the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. These therapeutic effects were promising but need to be interpreted with caution due to variations in the treatment and methodological weakness in the studies.

Experimental study on anaphylaxis of Qingkailing injection and its components on Beagle dogs

OBJECTIVE:To study the anaphylaxis of Qingkailing injection(QI) and its components.METHODS:Experimental anaphylactoid and allergic reactions were used.Changes in the behaviors of Beagles and serum levels of histamine,immunoglobulin(Ig)E,IgG,IgM,eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),and interleukin(IL)-4,as well as blood pressure,after injecting QI and its components on the forelimb veins of Beagles were observed.RESULTS:According to comprehensive determination of abnormal behavior scores and changes in serum levels of histamine,IgE,IgG,IgM,ECP,and IL-4,as well as in blood pressure,radix isatidis and hyodeoxycholic acid caused anaphylactoid reactions,and honeysuckle,radix isatidis,hydrolysate,cholic acid and Gardenia jasminoides caused allergic reactions.The anaphylaxis of QI involved anaphylactoid and allergic reactions.CONCLUSION:QI and its components need to be refined further to improve the safety,efficacy,and quality of its use in clinical settings.

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the rapid analysis of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos solution extracted by water

A rapid quantitative analytical method for three components of Lonicerae Japornicae Flos solution(Lonicera Japonica Thumb.)extracted by water was developed using near-infrared(NIR)spectroscopy and the partial least-squares(PLS)method.The NIR spectra of 81 samples collected from a production line were obtained.The concentrations of secologanic acid,chlorogenicacid and galuteolin were detemmined by using high-performance liquid chromatography-diodearray detection as the reference method.Several pretreatment methods for the NIR spectra wereusedi during PLS calibration.The most appropriate latent variable number of the PLS factor wasselected based on the standard error of cross-validation(SECV).The performance of the finalPLS models was evaluated according to SECV,standard error of predliction(SEP)and deter-mination coeficient(R^(2)).The compounds secologanic acid,chlorogenic acid and galuteolin hadSEP values of 0.030,0.061 and 1.668μg/mL,respectively and R^(2) values over 0.85.This workshows that NIR spectroscopy is a rapid and convenient method for the analysis of LoniceraeJaponicae Flos solution extracted by water.The proposed method can help in the application ofprocs analytical technology in the pha maceutical industry,particularly in tra ditional Chinesemedicine injections.

Network pharmacology assessment of Qingkailing injection(清开灵注射液)treatment of cholestatic hepatitis

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the targets and mechanisms of action of Qingkailing injection(清开灵注射液,QKL)in the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis.METHODS:A network pharmacology method was implemented using drug and disease databases to target QKL and cholestasis hepatitis,respectively.The functional protein association network STRING database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction network using R language and the Bioconductor toolkit.The org.Hs.eg.db and cluster Profiler packages were used for gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis,which explored biological functions and pathways of potential targets.Targets were then visualized using Cytoscape 3.6.0 software.RESULTS:We screened 121 compounds in QKL and identified 112 targets for the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis.QKL played a role in the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis through 305 biology process terms,15 cellular component and 29 molecular function terms.The mechanism of QKL action was mainly related to tumor necrosis factor,mitogen-activated protein kinase,and PI3 K-Akt signaling pathways.CONCLUSION:The treatment of cholestatic hepatitis by QKL involved multiple targets,biological functions,and signaling pathways that are closely associated with the disease.