The down-faulted basin zone and high disaster risk zone in Shanxi Province, China

Shanxi Province is a region with frequent occurrence of earthquakes, floods and waterlogging, meteorological and geologic hazards, and agrobiohazards in China. The study shows that the formation and development of the down-faulted basin zone in Shanxi Province provides an available condition for preparation and occurrence of these hazards, so that the basin zone becomes an area with frequent occurrence of the hazards, such as earthquakes, floods and waterlogging, meteorological and geologic hazards and agrobiohazards in Shanxi and with their most serious interaction and mutual intensification. Moreover, the basin zone is an area with dense population and most concentrated industrial and agricultural productions and social-economic property in Shanxi. The comprehensive effect of the two factors caused the zone to be a high natural disaster risk area in Shanxi. For reduction of natural disasters and ensuring the sustainable social-economic development in Shanxi, it is necessary to regard the basin zone as an important area for disaster reduction in Shanxi and to carry out integrated disaster reduction.

Favorable lithofacies types and genesis of marine- continental transitional black shale: A case study of Permian Shanxi Formation in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on core description,thin section identification,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopy,low-temperature gas adsorption and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry,the shale lithofacies of Shan23 sub-member of Permian Shanxi Formation in the east margin of Ordos Basin was systematically analyzed in this study.The Shan23 sub-member has six lithofacies,namely,low TOC clay shale(C-L),low TOC siliceous shale(S-L),medium TOC siliceous shale(S-M),medium TOC hybrid shale(M-M),high TOC siliceous shale(S-H),and high TOC clay shale(C-H).Among them,S-H is the best lithofacies,S-M and M-M are the second best.The C-L and C-H lithofacies,mainly found in the upper part of Shan23 sub-member,generally developed in tide-dominated delta facies;the S-L,S-M,S-H and M-M shales occurring in the lower part of Shan23 sub-member developed in tide-dominated estuarine bay facies.The S-H,S-M and M-M shales have good pore struc-ture and largely organic matter pores and mineral interparticle pores,including interlayer pore in clay minerals,pyrite inter-crystalline pore,and mineral dissolution pore.C-L and S-L shales have mainly mineral interparticle pores and clay mineral in-terlayer pores,and a small amount of organic matter pores,showing poorer pore structure.The C-H shale has organic mi-cro-pores and a small number of interlayer fissures of clay minerals,showing good micro-pore structure,and poor meso-pore and macro-pore structure.The formation of favorable lithofacies is jointly controlled by depositional environment and diagen-esis.Shallow bay-lagoon depositional environment is conducive to the formation of type II2 kerogen which can produce a large number of organic cellular pores.Besides,the rich biogenic silica is conducive to the preservation of primary pores and en-hances the fracability of the shale reservoir.

Modes of Occurrence and Cleaning Potential of Trace Elements in Coals from the Northern Ordos Basin and Shanxi Province, China

Based on the analyses of 43 elements in 16 samples of the raw coal and feed coal collected from the northern Ordos basin and Shanxi Province, the modes of occurrence of these elements were studied using the method of cluster analysis and factor analysis, and the cleaning potential of the hazardous elements relatively enriched in the coals was discussed by analyzing six samples of the cleaned coal from the coal-washing plants and coal cleaning simulation experiments. The results shows that the elements Br and Ba show a strong affinity to the organic matter, Cs, Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg partly to the organic matter, and the other trace elements are mainly associated with the mineral matter. Cs, Mo, P, Pb, Zn and S have positive correlations with the two principal factors, reflecting the complexity of their modes of occurrence. Some elements that were thought to show a faint relationship (Be with S and Sb with carbonates) in other rocks are found to have a strong interrelation in the coals. Clay minerals (mainly kaolinite) dominate in the coals, and Ta, Th, Ti, Sc, REE, Hf, U, Se, W, V, Nb, Mo, Al, P, Cr, Pb and Zn are distributed mostly in kaolinite, while K, Rb, Cs, and Na have much to do with illite. Conventional cleaning can reduce the concentrations of most hazardous elements in various degrees. The hazardous elements S, As, Sb, Se, Mo, Pb, Cd and Hg relatively enriched in some coals from the area studied have a relatively high potential of environmental risks. However, by physical coal cleaning processes, more than 60% of As and Hg were removed, showing a high degree of removal, more than 30% of Sb, as well as S, Pb and Cd partly associated with the inorganic matter were removed. Se and Mo showing a relatively low degree of removal could be further removed by deep crushing of the coal during physical cleaning processes, and the concentrations of S, Pb, Cd and Hg with a partial association with the organic matter could be decreased in such ways as the coal blending. Cluster analysis together with factor analysis is a rapid and effective way to deduce the mode of occurrence of an element from bulk samples, and the removability data of most hazardous elements are basically consistent with their modes of occurrence suggested, which indicates that the statistical analysis could predict the cleaning potential of hazardous elements during the physical coal cleaning.

Reconstruction of paleo river systems and distribution of sedimentary facies of Shanxi and lower Shihezi formations in southern Ordos basin

The study area is located in the south of Huanxian county,in Yan'an and Puxian counties and to the north of Xi'an.The Shanxi and lower Shihezi formations are important gas-bearing formations.Given our analysis of the direction of rivers,the contents of stable heavy minerals and of feldspar of palaeo river systems,the study area is divided into six palaeodrainage patterns corresponding to six feldspar regions and six sedimentary facies regions.On this basis,the distribution of sedimentary facies was also analyzed.During the Shanxi stage,a delta front was deposited in the Huanxian region and delta plains and fronts were deposited in the Pingliang,Chunhua-Yaoxian and Hancheng-Chengcheng regions.In the Yan'an-Daning region,only a delta front was developed.The distribution of sedimentary facies in the earlier Shihezi stage originated from the Shanxi stage.A delta front was developed in the Huanxian region while a delta plain and front developed in the Pingliang-Zhenyuan region during the same time.Lakes originated only in the Zhenyuan-Huanxian-Huachi-Zhengning and Daning-Jixian zones.This analytical method shows that different palaeodrainage patterns can be effectively distinguished in order to forecast sedimentary facies.

The down-faulted basin zone and high disaster risk zone in Shanxi Province, China

Shanxi Province is a region with frequent occurrence of earthquakes, floods and waterlogging, meteorological and geologic hazards, and agrobiohazards in China. The study shows that the formation and development of the down-faulted basin zone in Shanxi Province provides an available condition for preparation and occurrence of these hazards, so that the basin zone becomes an area with frequent occurrence of the hazards, such as earthquakes, floods and waterlogging, meteorological and geologic hazards and agrobiohazards in Shanxi and with their most serious interaction and mutual intensification. Moreover, the basin zone is an area with dense population and most concentrated industrial and agricultural productions and social-economic property in Shanxi. The comprehensive effect of the two factors caused the zone to be a high natural disaster risk area in Shanxi. For reduction of natural disasters and ensuring the sustainable social-economic development in Shanxi, it is necessary to regard the basin zone as an important area for disaster reduction in Shanxi and to carry out integrated disaster reduction.

Closed-system pyrolysis-based hydrocarbon generation simulation and gas potential evaluation of the Shanxi Formation shales from the Ordos Basin, China

The Shanxi Formation(Shan 1 and Shan 2 Members)shales show good prospects in shale gas development in the Yan'an area of Ordos Basin.Based on the simulation experiment of hydrocarbon generation of low maturity shale samples,the hydrocarbon generation characteristics of shale samples was studied systematically.Then,combined with the geochemical analysis of shale and gas generation simulation,shale gas potential was evaluated.The results reveal that Shan 1 and Shan 2 shale samples are favorable for shale gas enrichment by and large,with C_(1)-C_(5) maximum yields of 146.96-160.83 mg/g TOC and 148.48-148.67 mg/g TOC respectively at a heat rate of 20℃/h and 2℃/h.The Shan 1 and Shan 2 shales are basically the same in terms of organic carbon production potential of each unit.The carbon isotopic composition of alkane gas reveals that heteroatomic compounds(NSOs)cracking is an important mechanism for shale gas generation of Shanxi Formation shales,and conducive to gas generation at highto over-mature stages.Given thermal history and kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation,the shales of Shanxi Formation reached the maximum gas production potential in the Late Cretaceous,with a maximum yield of 160.3 mg/g TOC under present geological conditions.During geological history,the Shanxi Formation shales went through high-to over-maturity evolution,mainly producing dry gas,and their gas generation capacity was controlled by the organic matter abundance and cracking capacity.The gas generation potential of Shan 2 shale is higher than that of Shan 1,due to its higher TOC.

Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Carboniferous and Permian in the Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province, China

The Qinshui Basin in the southeastern Shanxi Province is an important area for coalbed methane（CBM） exploration and production in China, and recent exploration has revealed the presence of other unconventional types of gas such as shale gas and tight sandstone gas. The reservoirs for these unconventional types of gas in this basin are mainly the coals, mudstones, and sandstones of the Carboniferous and Permian; the reservoir thicknesses are controlled by the depositional environments and palaeogeography. This paper presents the results of sedimentological investigations based on data from outcrop and borehole sections, and basin-wide palaeogeographical maps of each formation were reconstructed on the basis of the contours of a variety of lithological parameters. The palaeogeographic units include the depositional environments of the fluvial channel, flood basin（lake）, upper delta plain, lower delta plain, delta front, lagoon, tidal flat, barrier bar, and carbonate platform.The Benxi and Taiyuan Formations are composed mainly of limestones, bauxitic mudstones,siltstones, silty mudstones, sandstones, and economically exploitable coal seams, which were formed in delta, tidal flat, lagoon, and carbonate platform environments. The Shanxi Formation consists of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and coals; during the deposition of the formation, the northern part of the Qinshui Basin was occupied mainly by an upper delta plain environment, while the central and southern parts were mainly occupied by a lower delta plain environment and the southeastern part by a delta front environment. Thick coal zones occur in the central and southern parts, where the main depositional environment was a lower delta plain. The thick coal zones of the Taiyuan Formation evidently occur in the sandstone-rich belts, located mainly in the lower delta plain environment in the northern part of the basin and the barrier bar environments in the southeastern part of the basin. In contrast, the thick coal zones of the Shanxi Formation extend over the mudstone-rich belts, located in the areas of the lower delta plain environments of the central and southern parts of the Basin.The Xiashihezi, Shangshihezi, and Shiqianfeng Formations consist mainly of red mudstones with thick-interbedded sandstones. During the deposition of these formations, most areas of the basin were occupied by a fluvial channel, resulting in palaeogeographic units that include fluvial channel zones and flood basins. The fluvial channel deposits consist mainly of relatively-thick sandstones, which could have potential for exploration of tight sandstone gas.

Analysis and Dynamic Prediction of Ecological Environment Development Capacity of Qingshui River Basin

The Ecological Footprint and Development Capacity Model were used to analyze the ecological environment development capability of the Qingshui River Basin from 2000 to 2015. On this basis,the ecological environment development capacity of the Qingshui River Basin from 2016 to 2020 was dynamically predicted using the GM( 1,1) model. The results showed that the Qingshui River Basin has a strong capacity for sustainable development of the ecological environment,but it is increasingly stressed by the ecological carrying capacity. The potential unsustainability of the ecological environment is facing severe challenges. In the next 5 years,the development capacity of the ecological environment will show a growth trend,but the increase is not large,reflecting the limited development potential. Its capacity for sustainable development needs to be improved.

Geological characteristics and development potential of transitional shale gas in the east margin of the Ordos Basin,NW China

The shales in the 2nd Member of Shanxi formation in the east margin of the Ordos Basin were deposited in a marine-nonmarine transitional environment during the Permian.Based on the recent breakthroughs in the shale gas exploration and theoretical understandings on the shale gas of the study area,with a comparison to marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and marine-nonmarine transitional shale gas in the U.S.,this study presents the geological characteristics and development potential of marine-nonmarine transitional gas in the study area.Four geological features are identified in the 2nd Member of the Shanxi Formation in the study area has:(1)stable sedimentary environment is conductive to deposition of widely distributed organic shale;(2)well-developed micro-and nanoscale pore and fracture systems,providing good storage capacity;(3)high content of brittle minerals such as quartz,leading to effectively reservoir fracturing;and(4)moderate reservoir pressure and relatively high gas content,allowing efficient development of shale gas.The 2nd Member of Shanxi Formation in the east margin of Ordos Basin is rich in shale gas resource.Three favorable zones,Yulin-Linxian,Shiloubei-Daning-Jixian,and Hancheng-Huangling are developed,with a total area of 1.28×104 km2 and resources between 1.8×1012 and 2.9×1012m3,indicating a huge exploration potential.Tests of the 2nd Member of Shanxi Formation in vertical wells show that the favorable intervals have stable gas production and high reserves controlled by single well,good recoverability and fracability.This shale interval has sufficient energy,stable production capacity,and good development prospects,as evidenced by systematic well testing.The east margin of the Ordos Basin has several shale intervals in the Shanxi and Taiyuan formations,and several coal seams interbedded,so collaborative production of different types of natural gas in different intervals can be considered.The study results can provide reference for shale gas exploration and development and promote the rapid exploitation of shale gas in China.

Porosity model and pore evolution of transitional shales:an example from the Southern North China Basin

The evolution of shale reservoirs is mainly related to two functions:mechanical compaction controlled by ground stress and chemical compaction controlled by thermal effect.Thermal simulation experiments were conducted to simulate the chemical compaction of marine-continental transitional shale,and X-ray diffraction(XRD),CO2 adsorption,N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection(MIP)were then used to characterize shale diagenesis and porosity.Moreover,simulations of mechanical compaction adhering to mathematical models were performed,and a shale compaction model was proposed considering clay content and kaolinite proportions.The advantage of this model is that the change in shale compressibility,which is caused by the transformation of clay minerals during thermal evolution,may be considered.The combination of the thermal simulation and compaction model may depict the interactions between chemical and mechanical compaction.Such interactions may then express the pore evolution of shale in actual conditions of formation.Accordingly,the obtained results demonstrated that shales having low kaolinite possess higher porosity at the same burial depth and clay mineral content,proving that other clay minerals such as illite-smectite mixed layers(I/S)and illite are conducive to the development of pores.Shales possessing a high clay mineral content have a higher porosity in shallow layers(<3500 m)and a lower porosity in deep layers(>3500 m).Both the amount and location of the increase in porosity differ at different geothermal gradients.High geothermal gradients favor the preservation of high porosity in shale at an appropriate Ro.The pore evolution of the marine-continental transitional shale is divided into five stages.Stage 2 possesses an Ro of 1.0%-1.6%and has high porosity along with a high specific surface area.Stage 3 has an Ro of 1.6%-2.0%and contains a higher porosity with a low specific surface area.Finally,Stage 4 has an Ro of 2.0%-2.9%with a low porosity and high specific surface area.

Intracontinental basins and strong earthquakes

The September 17, 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake occurred in Linfen basin of Shanxi down-faulted basin zone. It is the first recorded M=8 earthquake since the Chinese historical seismic records had started and is a great earth-quake occurring in the active intracontinental basin. We had held a Meeting of the 700th Anniversary of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 Earthquake in Shanxi and a Symposium on Intracontinental Basins and Strong Earthquakes in Taiyuan City of Shanxi Province on September 17~18, 2003. The articles presented on the symposium discussed the relationships between active intracontinental basins of different properties, developed in different regions, in-cluding tensional graben and semi-graben basins in tensile tectonic regions, compression-depression basins and foreland basins in compressive tectonic regions and pull-apart basins in strike-slip tectonic zones, and strong earth-quakes in China. In this article we make a brief summary of some problems. The articles published in this special issue are a part of the articles presented on the symposium.

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田二叠系山西组砂体叠置模式及油气开发意义

河流相砂体储层构型对致密砂岩中相对优质储层的分布规律和天然气开发具有重要意义。通过野外地质剖面和钻井岩心观察,结合测井、录井和岩心分析测试资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组致密砂岩的砂体构型要素、叠置模式及油气开发意义进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田大12井区二叠系山西组发育六级复合辫流带和五级单一辫流带,其中单一辫流带包括河床(分流河道)和河漫共2个四级构型单元,河道内单个心滩沉积包含有三级增生体和落淤层;(2)辫状河三角洲平原五级单一辫流带中的四级泛滥平原沉积较辫状河河漫沉积更加发育,辫状河心滩沉积中落淤层欠发育;(3)山西组上部山2-2亚段辫状河单一辫流带内砂体呈“河道-心滩”连续沉积,泥质不发育,砂体叠置程度高(多呈复合式叠置)、连通性好,优质储层多;(4)山西组中下部山1段和山2-1亚段三角洲平原沉积中,西部河道连片性好,砂体以复合式和侧拼式叠置样式为主,连通性和生产效果均较好,东部砂体多为孤立式和侧接式,砂体钻遇率低,单井产量差。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部二叠系山西组深层煤岩地球化学特征及成煤环境

鄂尔多斯盆地蕴含丰富的煤岩气资源,展现出了巨大的煤岩气勘探开发潜力,煤岩的地球化学特征及其指示的沉积条件、古气候信息可以为煤岩气的形成及有利区优选提供重要依据。为了探究鄂尔多斯盆地中东部二叠系山西组5号煤岩地球化学特征及煤岩发育控制因素,在钻井岩心观察、采样的基础上对5号煤岩进行了煤工业组分及全硫含量、镜质体随机反射率(R_(o))和主微量的测试分析,并揭示了煤岩的成煤环境。研究结果表明:①5号煤岩类型以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,灰分含量为6.04%~29.00%,平均为17.23%,挥发分含量为12.21%~35.05%,平均为21.61%,水分含量为0.49%~0.78%,平均为0.63%,全硫含量为0.10%~1.49%,平均为0.53%,Ro为1.75%~1.84%,平均为1.79%;②主元素化合物以SiO_(2)和Al_(2)O_(3)为主,微量元素以Sr、Ba,稀土元素以Ce为主,含量整体较高,稀土元素以轻稀土元素富集为主,上地壳分配模式曲线具有Eu负异常特征,表明5号煤岩聚煤过程中未受到深部热液影响;③结合m_(Sr)/m_(Ba)、GI^(*)、m^(Sr)/m^(Cu)及分布特征分析,表明5号煤岩主要形成于三角洲前缘低位沼泽相和三角洲平原潮湿森林沼泽相,整体以咸水、温湿的还原环境水体为主,且沉积水体北部偏酸性,南部偏碱性,5号煤岩的聚煤过程整体受到海侵作用控制。结论认为,研究成果深化了鄂尔多斯盆地中东部山西组5号煤岩地球化学特征及煤岩发育控制因素的认识,为深层煤岩气的勘探开发提供理论依据。

共生与共享:晋陕豫民间体育文化创新促进黄河流域高质量发展

在国家重大战略高质量发展和传统文化“双创”要求的时代背景下,运用共生理论阐释晋陕豫民间体育文化资源与黄河流域的深度融合发展,旨在延续黄河历史文脉、推动中华民族伟大复兴。研究认为,晋陕豫三省民间体育文化资源具有表征黄河文明的区域性特质、融汇风土人情的大众性特质、彰显文化生机的流变性特质;以地缘环境、文化相近、经济基础、政策扶持为二者深度融合共生发展的作用机理。在此基础上,提出守正创新彰显文化价值、数字化科技赋能发展、产业化多渠道融合发展、情景化人文关怀发展等路径,以晋陕豫民间体育文化创新促进黄河流域的高质量发展。

渤海湾盆地临清坳陷西部山西组—太原组海陆过渡相泥页岩沉积环境及有机质富集

海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发处于初级阶段,而渤海湾盆地临清坳陷西部石炭—二叠系山西组—太原组泥页岩具有良好的生烃潜力,也是中国海陆过渡相页岩气开发的重要层位。为研究山西组—太原组泥页岩沉积环境与有机质富集关系,以XJ1井为研究对象,系统开展了岩石矿物、有机地球化学、元素地球化学以及数值分析等工作。研究表明:研究区山西组—太原组泥页岩脆性矿物含量低、黏土矿物含量高,压裂难度大,TOC含量平均值为4.03%,属于优质烃源岩,具备页岩气勘探开发潜力;太原组泥页岩沉积时期处于温暖湿润的气候条件,具有频繁变化的陆源碎屑输入、较低的沉积速率以及低—中等古生产力水平,沉积水体为海水沉积,处于缺氧还原和中等滞留环境;山西组泥页岩沉积时期,古气候条件复杂多变,具有稳定且较高的陆源碎屑输入、中等的沉积速率以及中—高等古生产力水平,沉积水体为微咸水—海水沉积,处于缺氧还原和中等—强滞留环境。根据古环境条件与TOC含量的线性相关性、灰色关联度以及稳健回归分析,认为太原组泥页岩有机质富集主要受控于古气候、古氧化还原以及古水体盐度条件,而山西组泥页岩有机质富集主要受控于古气候以及陆源碎屑输入条件。

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤岩气成藏地质条件及勘探方向

为了进一步提高鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩气勘探开发效益,综合钻井、录井和分析测试等资料,从盆地尺度上系统地研究了上古生界煤系地层聚煤环境、煤质特征、储层物性和含气性,分析了盆地煤岩气成藏条件,总结了煤岩气勘探开发关键技术,评估了盆地煤岩气资源,并指出了煤岩气的勘探方向。研究结果表明:①盆地石炭纪本溪期海陆交互相沉积与二叠纪山西期陆相三角洲沉积发育形成广泛分布的煤岩,热演化程度较高,镜质组含量高,生烃规模大。②盆地深层煤质优良,以光亮煤和半亮煤为主,煤体结构良好,以原生结构煤为主,固定碳含量高,挥发分和灰分产率低。③煤岩储层发育储集空间包括气孔、植物组织孔和无机矿物质孔,割理和裂隙发育,平均孔隙度为4.80%,平均渗透率为2.35 mD,属于致密储层;煤岩平均含气量为22.53 m^(3)/t,其中游离气平均含量为5.65 m^(3)/t,占总含气量的25.08%。④煤岩与上覆不同岩性形成了煤岩-泥岩、煤岩-石灰岩和煤岩-砂岩3种储盖组合,控制了游离气富集分布,提出了“源储一体、持续生烃、盖层封堵”的煤岩气成藏模式。⑤在煤岩气勘探实践中形成了地震地质综合建模、水平井钻完井、压裂改造和限压排采等一系列配套工程技术。⑥盆地本溪组8号煤岩和山西组5号煤岩埋深1500 m以深煤岩叠合总面积16.70×104 km^(2),估算煤岩气总资源量23.47×10^(12) m^(3)。其中8号煤岩分布面积10.63×104 km^(2),煤岩气资源量17.43×10^(12) m^(3);5号煤岩分布面积6.06×104 km^(2),煤岩气资源量6.04×10^(12) m^(3)。结论认为:①鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩气地质条件优越,资源潜力巨大,勘探配套技术已基本形成,煤岩气勘探开发前景良好;②神木周边、榆林周边、乌审旗周边、米脂北、佳县、绥德、吴堡、大宁-吉县等区带8号煤岩,神木-伊金霍洛旗、榆林-佳县、乌审旗北、横山-子洲等区带5号煤岩是近期煤岩气的重点勘探方向。

山西地堑系太原盆地晚新生代沉积环境演化及物源分析

【目的】山西地堑系因其独特的大地构造位置成为研究中国东部晚新生代变形的热点地区,然而受露头剖面的局限,目前少有报道地堑系盆地完整的沉积环境演化的工作,对进一步认识地堑系演化过程造成了困难。【方法】通过太原盆地ZK01钻孔揭露的约8.1 Ma以来的详细沉积记录,开展了沉积环境和物源分析工作。【结果和结论】沉积环境分析表明太原盆地经历了河流—三角洲/湖泊—河流的沉积环境演化过程,其中分别在5.8~4.4 Ma和2.2~1.6 Ma发育两期覆盖整个太原盆地的湖泊。物源分析表明在5.8 Ma前后存在物源转变。5.8 Ma以前物源主要来自东部太行山脉的侏罗系石英砂岩;5.8 Ma以后物源转为以三叠系长石砂岩为主,同时吕梁山北部的变质岩和火山岩碎屑进入盆地,表明汾河开始流入太原盆地。太原盆地沉积环境演化与区域古气候和构造的关系,表明盆地的湖泊扩展过程主要受构造沉降控制,是青藏高原东向扩展作用的构造—地貌响应。

深层致密砂岩储层成岩演化对含气性的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部庆阳气田二叠系山1段为例

为研究深层致密砂岩储层成岩作用特征,分析成岩演化对储层含气性的影响,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性、测井综合解释等资料,结合前人研究成果,对庆阳气田二叠系山西组1段(山1段)进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)庆阳气田山1段分流河道中部多期厚层砂岩具有连续沉积型和间隔沉积型两类叠置关系,前者孔隙组合类型以溶蚀孔+粒间孔+晶间微孔为主,后者以溶蚀孔+晶间微孔为主。相较于后者,前者填隙物含量更低、物性更好、含气性更好。(2)压实作用是影响山1段储层含气性最主要的破坏性成岩作用,连续沉积型与间隔沉积型砂岩储层压实率分别为55.4%与61.2%;溶蚀作用是影响储层含气性最主要的建设性成岩作用,二者溶蚀率分别为27.9%与19.7%。连续沉积型砂岩储层受中等压实作用—中等胶结作用—中等溶蚀作用的成岩演化影响,破坏性成岩作用较弱;间隔沉积型砂岩储层受中等-强压实作用—中等-弱胶结作用—中等-弱溶蚀作用的成岩演化影响,破坏性成岩作用较强。(3)研究区山1段储层以先致密后充注为主,受成岩演化影响,连续沉积型砂岩储层较间隔沉积型砂岩储层致密化程度低,天然气充注规模大,含气性好。(4)引入成岩综合指数定量判断山1段储层成岩作用强度。平面上,西部主河道以间隔沉积型砂岩为主,储层成岩综合指数较低,含气性较差;东部主河道以连续沉积型砂岩为主,储层成岩综合指数较高,含气性较好。含气储层主要发育在庆阳一线以东地区。

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区二叠系山西组页岩气源储特征及聚集规律

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区二叠系山西组页岩气勘探潜力较大。通过分析钻井、录井以及测井资料,结合泥页岩样品的分析化验资料,深入分析了延安地区二叠系山西组页岩气源储特征及成藏过程,并探讨页岩气聚集机理。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区二叠系山西组大面积分布的泥页岩有机碳(TOC)含量较高,平均质量分数为2.12%,干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,Ro为2.0%~3.7%,处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,为优质烃源岩。(2)研究区山西组泥页岩矿物组成整体上具有富黏土特征,黏土矿物平均质量分数为56.7%,有利于吸附气的赋存;主要发育无机矿物孔、有机孔和微裂缝3种储集空间类型;岩石含气性受不同岩性组合的影响而差异较大,山2段相较于山1段具有较高的含气量(平均质量体积为1.38 m3/t)。按照源储配置关系,可划分为厚层泥页岩夹薄砂层、泥页岩与粉砂岩和细砂岩互层、泥页岩与煤层混层3种类型,不同的源储配置具有不同的含气特征。(3)研究区页岩气主要以吸附态、游离态赋存,在成藏过程处于动态平衡的状态,随着地层条件的变化而不断转化。其聚集过程可分为3个阶段:早侏罗世,有机质开始生成气态烃,页岩气开始吸附聚集;中—晚侏罗世,气态烃大量生成膨胀造隙,气态烃排出,裂缝关闭,循环运移聚集;早白垩世,有机质达到高—过成熟阶段,进入最后一个生排烃时期,直至地层抬升,生烃终止。泥页岩良好的封盖作用为页岩气藏的形成提供了坚实的保障。

基于Budyko假设的清水河和白河流域径流变化及其影响因素分析

[目的]综合分析清水河流域和白河流域的年径流变化及其主导因素,进一步揭示永定河流域和潮白河流域实际径流的变化及其影响因素,旨在为张家口地区水资源规划与管理提供理论依据。[方法]基于Budyko模型以永定河上游的清水河流域和潮白河上游的白河流域为研究对象构建流域水热耦合平衡方程,精确计算潜在蒸散发对主要气象因子的敏感系数,再通过敏感系数计算径流对主要气象因子的弹性系数,进一步计算气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。[结果](1)近年来清水河流域和白河流域各气象因子的弹性系数呈现增加的趋势,这种趋势揭示了这两个流域日益增强的气候—水文耦合关系。和白河流域相比,清水河流域的水文过程对气候变化更加敏感。(2)人类活动对清水河流域和白河流域的径流量变化起主导作用。清水河流域和白河流域人类活动对径流变化的影响率分别是65.37%和83.90%。(3)较之于Fu,Choudhury-Yang和Wang-Tang公式,Zhang公式在清水河流域和白河流域具有更好的适用性,能较好地模拟流域的实际蒸散发量,R~2达到0.97。[结论]人类活动对研究区径流变化的影响率为65.37%~83.90%,气候因素的影响率为16.10%~34.63%,今后应同时考虑气候和人类活动的影响,继续加强水分限制区的径流蒸散过程机理研究,以保障水资源安全。