Characteristics and main controlling factors of intra-platform shoal thin-layer dolomite reservoirs:A case study of Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxi area of Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on the study of the distribution of intra-platform shoals and the characteristics of dolomite reservoirs in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the Gaoshiti–Moxi area of the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the controlling factors of reservoir development were analyzed,and the formation model of“intra-platform shoal thin-layer dolomite reservoir”was established.The Qixia Formation is a regressive cycle from bottom to top,in which the first member(Qi1 Member)develops low-energy open sea microfacies,and the second member(Qi2 Member)evolves into intra-platform shoal and inter-shoal sea with decreases in sea level.The intra-platform shoal is mainly distributed near the top of two secondary shallowing cycles of the Qi2 Member.The most important reservoir rock of the Qixia Formation is thin-layer fractured-vuggy dolomite,followed by vuggy dolomite.The semi-filled saddle dolomite is common in fracture-vug,and intercrystalline pores and residual dissolution pores combined with fractures to form the effective pore-fracture network.Based on the coupling analysis of sedimentary and diagenesis characteristics,the reservoir formation model of“pre-depositional micro-paleogeomorphology controlling shoal,sedimentary shoal controlling dolomite,penecontemporaneous dolomite benefiting preservation of pores,and late hydrothermal action effectively improving reservoir quality”was systematically established.The“first-order high zone”micro-paleogeomorphology before the deposition of the Qixia Formation controlled the development of large area of intra-platform shoals in Gaoshiti area during the deposition of the Qi2 Member.Shoal facies is the basic condition of early dolomitization,and the distribution range of intra-platform shoal and dolomite reservoir is highly consistent.The grain limestone of shoal facies is transformed by two stages of dolomitization.The penecontemporaneous dolomitization is conducive to the preservation of primary pores and secondary dissolved pores.The burial hydrothermal fluid enters the early dolomite body along the fractures associated with the Emeishan basalt event,makes it recrystallized into medium–coarse crystal dolomite.With the intercrystalline pores and the residual vugs after the hydrothermal dissolution along the fractures,the high-quality intra-platform shoal-type thin-layer dolomite reservoirs are formed.The establishment of this reservoir formation model can provide important theoretical support for the sustainable development of Permian gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.

Facies-controlled prediction of dolomite reservoirs in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Shuangyushi,northwestern Sichuan Basin

The Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the Shuangyushi area,northwestern Sichuan Basin,develops shoal-facies dolomite reservoirs.To pinpoint promising reservoirs in the Qixia Formation,deep thin shoal-facies dolomite reservoirs were predicted using the techniques of pre-stack Kirchhoff-Q compensation for absorption,inverse Q filtering,low-to high-frequency compensation,forward modeling,and facies-controlled seismic meme inversion.The results are obtained in six aspects.First,the dolomite reservoirs mainly exist in the middle and lower parts of the second member of Qixia Formation(Qi2 Member),which coincide with the zones shoal cores are developed.Second,the forward modeling shows that the trough energy at the top and bottom of shoal core increases with increasing shoal-core thickness,and weak peak reflections are associated in the middle of shoal core.Third,five types of seismic waveform are identified through waveform analysis of seismic facies.Type-Ⅰ and Type-Ⅱ waveforms correspond to promising facies(shoal core microfacies).Fourth,vertically,two packages of thin dolomite reservoirs turn up in the sedimentary cycle of intraplatform shoal in the Qi2 Member,and the lower package is superior to the upper package in dolomite thickness,scale and lateral connectivity.Fifth,in plane,significantly controlled by sedimentary facies,dolomite reservoirs laterally distribute with consistent thickness in shoal cores at topographical highs and extend toward the break.Sixth,the promising prospects are the zones with thick dolomite reservoirs and superimposition of horstegraben structural traps.

Sedimentary environments controlled by tectonics and induced differential subsidence:A perspective in the Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations,northwestern Sichuan Basin,China

Based on field observation,core description and well logging analysis,the tectonic-sedimentary framework of the Liangshan and Qixia Formations in the northwestern Sichuan Basin,China is deeply discussed.Two long-term sequence cycles were identified,denoted as LSC1 and LSC2,respectively.The sequence stratigraphic framework was established,suggesting the Liangshan Formation to be not isochronously deposited.Paleogeomorphy before deposition of LSC1 was reconstructed by the impression method.LSC1 was featured by thin,low-energy shoal deposits in the high topography,and thick inter-shoal sea and open sea deposits in the low topography.Meanwhile,paleogeomorphy before deposition of LSC2 was reconstructed using the residual thickness method,which was demonstrated to have primary high-energy,thick shoal deposits in the high topography,and thin inter-shoal and open sea deposits in the low topography.The results show that differential tectonic subsidence has already taken place during the Qixia Period,and thus the Dongwu Movement should occur earlier than previously expected.Meanwhile,pre-depositional paleogeomorphy has obvious controlling effects on the sequence stratigraphic filling and sedimentary facies distribution.Results of this study were expected to provide practical guidance to fine characterization of the sedimentary evolution process and prediction of high-quality reservoir distribution.

Depositional System of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation,Eastern Sichuan Basin:Constraints from Sedimentology and Geochemistry

Using analyses of the lithology,sequences,paleoenvironment,and tectonic setting,the depositional system of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin was identified.The lithological characteristics of the Lower Member,Middle Member,and Upper Member were analyzed and classified.Before the use of carbon,oxygen,and strontium isotopes in the analysis,all of the geochemical data were tested for validity.On the basis of the Z values obtained from carbon and oxygen isotopes,the paleoenvironments of the three members were elucidated.Lower Member was dominantly an enclosed marine environment with intense evaporation and little freshwater input into the sea.Middle Member developed in a semi-enclosed to normal marine environment with many rivers.Upper Member was formed in a normal marine environment.The east Sichuan Basin was enclosed by paleouplifts before the deposition of the Huanglong Formation,forming a relatively enclosed depositional setting.Paleogullies developed in the Silurian strata that underlie the Carboniferous rocks;these paleogullies can be identified.On the basis of a comprehensive analysis,we propose that the Huanglong Formation developed in a platform system.Four microfacies were identified：supratidal flat,dolostone flat,grain shoal,and shelf microfacies.The high-permeability and high-porosity characteristics of the grain shoal microfacies are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation,while the supratidal flat and shelf microfacies developed very few high-quality reservoirs.The paleogullies,in which increased amounts of grain shoal microfacies developed,controlled the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.

Geochemical characteristics and diagenetic fluids of dolomite reservoirs in the Huanglong Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

Based on a comprehensive study of texture,diagenetic behavior and evolution of dolomite in the Huanglong Formation,trace （e.g.,Fe,Mn and Sr） and rare earth element （REE） geochemistry,andisotopic characteristics （e.g.,C,O and Sr）,four types of diagenetic fluids are identified in the Huanglong Formation dolomite reservoirs of the Eastern Sichuan Basin,China：1）：marine-derived pore waters in the marine diagenetic environment,2） sabkha compaction brine conserved in the early shallowburied diagenetic environment,3） strongly-oxidizing low-temperature meteoric water in the seepagesubsurface flow diagenetic environment,and 4） strongly reducing deeply seated mixed hot brine in the middle and deep burial diagenetic environment.The fluids developed hereditarily from one environment to another,which resulted in its respective characteristics.Fluid characteristics play an important role in the development of dolomite reservoirs：1） dolomitization by marine-derived pore water in the quasisyngenetic stage did not form an effective reservoir; 2） early diagenetic burial dolomitization by the sabkha compaction brine formed the basis for reservoir development; 3） meteoric water karstification in the paleo-epidiagenetic stage expanded both the distribution and the size of the reservoirs,and improved the reservoir quality; 4） deep-burial dissolution and tectonic fracturing in the reburial diagenetic stage further improved reservoir porosity and permeability.

Fluid evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation model of ultra-deep gas reservoirs in Permian Qixia Formation of northwest Sichuan Basin,SW China

The fluid evolution and reservoir formation model of the ultra-deep gas reservoirs in the Permian Qixia Formation of the northwestern Sichuan Basin are investigated by using thin section,cathodoluminescence,inclusion temperature and U-Pb isotopic dating,combined with gas source identification plates and reservoir formation evolution profiles established based on burial history,thermal history,reservoir formation history and diagenetic evolution sequence.The fluid evolution of the marine ultra-deep gas reservoirs in the Qixia Formation has undergone two stages of dolomitization and one phase of hydrothermal action,two stages of oil and gas charging and two stages of associated burial dissolution.The diagenetic fluids include ancient seawater,atmospheric freshwater,deep hydrothermal fluid and hydrocarbon fluids.The two stages of hydrocarbon charging happened in the Late Triassic and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous respectively,and the Middle to Late Cretaceous is the period when the crude oil cracked massively into gas.The gas reservoirs in deep marine Permian strata of northwest Sichuan feature multiple source rocks,composite transportation,differential accumulation and late finalization.The natural gas in the Permian is mainly cracked gas from Permian marine mixed hydrocarbon source rocks,with cracked gas from crude oil in the deeper Sinian strata in local parts.The scale development of paleo-hydrocarbon reservoirs and the stable and good preservation conditions are the keys to the forming large-scale gas reservoirs.

Origin of the penecontemporaneous sucrosic dolomite in the Permian Qixia Formation, northwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China

The characteristics,formation time,and origin of the sucrosic dolomite reservoirs in the Permian Qixia Formation of northwestern Sichuan Basin are analyzed.Core and outcrop description and microscopic analysis of the sucrosic dolomite samples are carried out.It is found that the dolomite has typical features different from other kinds of dolomites:(1)This dolomite is generally medium-coarse in crystal size,and often associated with very finely to finely crystalline dolomite and cave-filling dolomite.(2)Typical identification marks of eogenetic karstification are developed at the top of the upward-shallowing sequence.(3)The medium-coarse crystalline sucrosic dolomite is cut by the early diagenetic karst fabric,and is characterized by dolomite with dissolution edge,dolomite vadose silt in pores,and transgression clay filling between the medium-coarse dolomite crystals.The medium-coarse crystalline sucrosic dolomite was formed earlier than the eogenetic karstification.The sucrosic dolomite with occasional cloudy core and clear rim has bright cathodoluminescence,high inclusions temperature,significant negative skewness carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions,and rare-earth element(REE)pattern similar to seawater,indicating it experienced two periods of dolomitization,evaporative concentration reflux-infiltration and penecontemporaneous seawater circulation hydrothermal fluid dolomitization.The study results not only update the understanding on the dolomitization time of Qixia Formation,demonstrate that the sucrosic dolomite can be formed in the penecontemporaneous stage when seawater reflux superimposed with hydrothermal fluid effects,but also show that the taphorogenesis in the Dongwu period began in the Early Permian.Moreover,the dolomite controlled by the grain bank migration and terrain in the slope break appears in bands of large scale,this knowledge provides basis for expanding the exploration field of this type of reservoirs.

The Origin of Paleokarst in the Huanglong Formation of the Eastern Sichuan Basin:Evidence from δ^(13)C, δ^(18)O and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr

Karst rocks from the Huanglong Formation exposed at the margin of the Eastern Sichuan Basin can be divided into four types：slightly corroded, moderately corroded porous, intensely corroded brecciated and intensely corroded and replaced secondary calcic karstic rocks. The carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope compositions of the various karst rocks are analyzed systematically and compared to rocks without karst corrosion. The results indicate that（1） the Huanglong Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin was a restricted bay supplied and controlled by freshwater in which mudmicrite and mud-dolomicrite exhibit low δ13C and δ18O values and high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios;（2） all types of karstic rocks in the paleokarst reservoirs of the Huanglong Formation in the research area are affected by atmospheric freshwater with the δ13C and δ18O values and 87Sr/86 Sr ratios in the original formation approaching those of atmospheric freshwater, which reflects ancient hydrological conditions, fluid properties, isotopic source and the fractionation effect;（3） the intensely corroded and replaced secondary limestone is affected by a variety of diagenetic fluids, often reflected by δ13C and δ18O values, while the 87Sr/86 Sr ratios exhibit the strong degree of the corrosion;（4） after comparing the 87Sr/86 Sr ratios of each type of karst rock, the diagenetic fluids are determined to be mainly atmospheric freshwater, and depending on the strength of corrosion, and the low 87Sr/86 Sr ratio fluids in the layer will participate in the karst process. The carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes of different karstic reservoirs can provide meaningful geochemical information for forecasting and evaluating the development and distribution rules of the Huanglong Formation at the margin of the eastern Sichuan Basin in time and space.

Carboniferous-Early Permian heterogeneous distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin and its hydrocarbon potential analysis

Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine carbonate rocks are crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Central Uplift area of the South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB).Due to the scarcity of boreholes and the significant heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs,the distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs and their related key controlling factors remain unclear.In this study,factors affecting the distribution of porous Carboniferous-Early Permian carbonate reservoirs in the SYSB were investigated through seismic inversion and isotope analysis.The log-seismic characteristics of porous carbonate reservoirs,sensitive lithology parameters,and physical property parameters were extracted and analyzed.The pre-stack simultaneous inversion technique was applied to predict the lithology and physical properties of porous carbonate reservoirs.Moreover,the sedimentary of carbonate was analyzed using isotopes of carbon,oxygen,and strontium.The results show that porous carbonate reservoirs are mainly developed in the open platform sediments with porosities of 3%-5%and are mainly distributed in the paleo-highland(Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation)and the slope of paleo-highland(Hezhou Formation).The porous carbonate reservoirs of the Qixia Formation are only locally developed.In addition,the negativeδ13C excursions indicate a warm and humid tropical climate with three sea-level fluctuations in the study area from the Carboniferous to Early Permian.The favorable conditions for developing porous carbonate rocks include the sedimentary environment and diagenetic process.The primary pore tends to form in high-energy environments of the paleo-highland,and the secondary pore is increased by dissolution during the syngenetic or quasi-syngenetic period.According to the hydrocarbon potential analysis,the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation are the source rocks in the high-maturity-over-maturity stage,the Carboniferous-Lower Permian carbonate is the good reservoirs,and the Late Permian Longtan-Dalong Formation is the stable seal,ensuring a huge hydrocarbon accumulation potential in SYSB.The methods proposed in this study can be applied to other carbonate-dominated strata worldwide.

四川盆地东部上石炭统黄龙组规模储层形成主控因素与发育模式

石炭系黄龙组是四川盆地东部地区(以下简称川东地区)重要的天然气产层之一,石炭系储层是控制气藏发育的关键因素。为了深入评价川东地区黄龙组储层,拓展勘探新领域,寻找接替区,在前人研究的基础上,应用大量钻井、岩心、露头和分析化验等资料,系统研究了黄龙组储层发育的主控因素和发育模式,并预测规模储层的展布。研究结果表明:(1)黄龙组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩、角砾白云岩和晶粒白云岩,储集空间主要为晶间孔/晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔/粒内溶孔、溶洞和裂缝,颗粒滩为有利储集体,裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型储层质量好;(2)储层发育主要受乐山—龙女寺古隆起和开江古隆起、沉积作用及成岩作用的共同控制,古隆起控制颗粒滩分布和准同生期成岩作用,是规模成储的基础,准同生期白云石化作用、层间岩溶和风化壳岩溶作用的叠加是形成规模储层的关键,喜马拉雅构造运动产生大量构造裂缝,提高了储层的渗滤性和规模性;(3)一定厚度和较大面积的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类储层可形成规模储层区,对5个规模储层发育区进行了评价,已发现气藏主要分布在这5个区域的背斜构造部位。结论认为,川东地区石炭系仍有较大的天然气勘探开发潜力,向斜区发育大面积的规模储层,是下一步天然气增储上产的重要方向。

台内滩型薄层状白云岩储集层特征及主控因素——以四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区中二叠统栖霞组为例

通过对四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区中二叠统栖霞组台内滩分布及白云岩储集层特征的研究,分析储集层发育控制因素,建立“台内滩型薄层状白云岩储集层”成储模式。研究表明:栖霞组自下而上为海退旋回,栖一段发育低能开阔海亚相,栖二段海平面下降演化为台内滩及滩间海,台内滩主要分布于栖二段两个次级变浅旋回近顶部。栖霞组主要的储集层岩性为薄层状裂缝-孔洞型白云岩,其次为孔洞型白云岩,缝洞中常见鞍状白云石半充填,晶间孔、残余溶蚀孔洞叠加裂缝形成了有效的孔渗网络。基于沉积及成岩特征耦合分析,系统建立了“沉积前微古地貌控滩、沉积期滩体控制白云岩展布、准同生白云石化有利于孔渗网格保存,晚期热液作用有效改善储集物性”的成储模式。栖霞组沉积前的“一级高带”微古地貌控制栖二段沉积期高石梯地区台内滩的大面积发育;滩相是早期云化的基础条件,台内滩与白云岩储集层分布范围的吻合程度较高;滩相颗粒灰岩受两期白云石化叠加改造,准同生期白云石化有助于原生孔隙和次生溶孔保存,埋藏期热液沿峨眉山玄武岩事件伴生的裂缝进入早期白云岩体,使其重结晶为中—粗晶白云岩,晶间孔叠加顺缝热液溶蚀的残余孔洞,形成了台内滩型薄层状优质白云岩储集层。该成储模式的建立可为四川盆地二叠系气藏的可持续开发提供地质理论支撑。

龙门山中段北川通口剖面中二叠统栖霞组地层沉积特征

川西龙门山前带栖霞组是近期油气勘探的热点,龙门山中段栖霞组勘探程度低,明确其地层沉积特征,对于天然气勘探具有重要的指导意义。基于对龙门山中段北川通口剖面实测,结合薄片鉴定和主量、微量元素分析,对栖霞组层序地层及沉积特征进行了研究,明确了沉积环境。北川通口剖面梁山组—栖霞组识别出2个三级和1个四级层序界面,划分为1个三级层序和2个四级层序。梁山组—栖霞组发育滨岸—沼泽、开阔台地及台地边缘3种沉积相,开阔海、滩间海、台内滩和台缘滩4种亚相,台内生屑滩、台缘生屑滩和台缘砂屑、生屑滩3种微相。栖一段至栖二段下部整体处于开阔台地,栖二段中上部则处于台地边缘,建立了龙门山中段栖霞组镶边碳酸盐岩台地沉积模式。栖霞组沉积期整体处于温暖、湿润、富氧、古生物大量繁殖的海水—陆表海沉积环境,栖二段中上部高位体系域Sr/Ba比值整体最低,MgO/CaO比值最高,平均古水温高,V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr低值,古盐度m值明显较高,代表远离陆地的浅水、高能台地边缘沉积环境,厚大高能台缘砂屑、生屑滩发育,是规模优质滩相孔隙型白云岩储层发育有利部位。龙门山中段栖二段与北段、南段具有相似的沉积相带和储集条件,是栖霞组油气勘探的有利区带,有望成为实现规模增储的重要战略接替阵地。

幕式热液作用对川西南部中二叠统碳酸盐岩储集层复合改造效应及地质意义

基于岩石学、地球化学、流体包裹体及同位素定年等研究,就热液对四川盆地西南部中二叠统碳酸盐岩储集层幕式改造进行分析。四川盆地西南部中二叠统栖霞组—茅口组白云岩缝洞中充填多期中—粗晶鞍状白云石及其他热液伴生矿物,主要属印支期构造挤压及推覆作用下规模性高温、深部富镁卤水沿基底断裂/伴生裂缝等渗滤通道对早期灰岩/白云岩幕式改造的结果。富镁热液作用时间主要为中—晚三叠世,其次为燕山运动中晚期及喜马拉雅期,热液改造导致了硅质及方解石充填。热液白云石化作用受断层、热液性质、流动路径及围岩岩性等因素复合控制,作用效果以物性“平均化”为主,热液对早期厚层块状颗粒灰岩/白云岩以热液白云石化/热液重结晶作用、破碎角砾化及缝洞充填等改造作用为主;对早期薄—中层泥粒灰岩以压裂、顺层白云石化、溶蚀及伴生矿物充填等产生的溶蚀-充填复合改造为主。热液作用下的破裂缝及溶蚀孔/洞为主要储集空间类型,溶蚀孔洞与网状裂缝的有效连通可形成优质白云岩储集层;典型热液白云岩储集层发育于断裂附近1 km范围内,厚30~60 m,部分孔/洞-缝连通体系发育的热液白云岩储集层具备勘探潜力。

安徽巢湖凤凰山栖霞组臭灰岩段黄铁矿结核的地球化学

沉积黄铁矿的地球化学是认识重金属汇、矿床金属来源、古海洋化学及环境条件的重要途径。巢湖北郊凤凰山上石炭统黄龙组至下二叠统栖霞组臭灰岩段揭露良好,臭灰岩中黄铁矿结核普遍,集中产出于碳质页岩上2~3 m的沥青质灰岩中,其地球化学特征及成因不清。为查明黄铁矿结核的地球化学特征,分析臭灰岩段的沉积环境,推断早二叠世早期古环境演化,厘清碎屑岩段与臭灰岩的关系,从该剖面采集10个黄铁矿结核和灰岩样品,采用偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析测试其矿物成分和主微量元素组成。结果表明:凤凰山下二叠统栖霞组臭灰岩段下部普遍发育的黄铁矿结核呈块状和微晶粒状,与灰岩界线清晰,并未切割或破坏有机质纹层,为成岩孔隙水交代生物而成。臭灰岩中SO_(3)和Fe_(2)O_(3)显著富集,分别与高含量有机质和与下伏碎屑岩段一致的陆源供应有关。与上陆壳相比,臭灰岩中Se、Mo和Cd富集,黄铁矿结核中Cr、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Cd、Sb和Hg富集。碎屑岩-臭灰岩的岩性组合、黄铁矿结核的分布范围及其主微量元素地球化学特征均表明臭灰岩和黄铁矿结核沉积于受部分陆源物质影响的稳定大陆边缘缺氧强还原海相环境。

孔喉结构对超深层碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储层渗流能力的影响

超深层碳酸盐岩气藏孔喉结构非均质性强,渗流机制复杂。选取川西北地区双鱼石区块栖霞组储层岩心,通过多尺度CT试验、核磁共振试验和储层条件下的单相渗流、气水两相渗流及应力敏感试验等,系统定量地研究超深层多类型储层孔喉结构特征参数与渗流特征参数的相关性,深入剖析裂缝、大孔和基质孔隙对超深层多类型气藏气体单相和气水两相渗流的影响。结果表明:不同于中深层储层,增加喉道数量对于提高目的超深层储层的渗流能力非常关键;裂缝发育增加了岩样喉道数量、提高了岩样的连通性从而来大幅度提高岩样的气体渗流能力,并降低了含水气藏的启动压力梯度,缩小了岩样的气水两相共渗区间,但裂缝受压易形变的特质导致岩样的应力敏感性增强,在高压差时岩样的渗流能力和弹性能也急速下降;大孔喉发育提高了储层的储容能力,其抵抗变形能力强的特质有利于降低岩样的应力敏感性,在高压差时维持岩样较高的渗流能力和弹性能。在实际生产过程中,应考虑对裂缝-孔隙型和裂缝-孔洞型储层在生产初期控制产气速度以维持长期稳产,对孔洞型和孔隙型储层增大生产压差或进行压裂和酸化等工艺措施以释放储层产能。

基于断层协调性的古岩溶缝洞型储层分布识别方法——以川南栖霞组为例

古岩溶缝洞型储层是碳酸盐岩储层的重要类型,准确识别古岩溶储层对碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探和开发具有重要作用。川南栖霞组是典型的缝洞型储层,具有低孔低渗的特点。由于早期岩溶缝洞体是典型的先存“力学结构面”,严重影响后期断裂的形成。据此,本文提出利用逆断层走向与局部构造轴向之间的协调性(断层协调性)来预测缝洞体,对栖霞组地层中的缝洞体储层进行分析与识别,并通过气井生产特征和地震识别对识别结果进行了验证,吻合度达85%以上。研究表明,栖霞组缝洞体的分布主要受控于背斜上及附近的“不协调逆断层”和向斜中的高角度逆断层,且高度不协调逆断层对缝洞体的识别精度更高。对其他地区古岩溶缝洞体的识别也具有一定参考意义。

四川盆地北部二叠系栖霞组陆源碎屑岩的发现及其指示意义

在四川盆地北部旺苍双汇剖面二叠系栖霞组碳酸盐地层中发现了陆源碎屑岩沉积,其区内对二叠纪瓜德鲁普世早期古地理演化及二叠系油气勘探具有重要的指示意义。笔者等通过沉积学和锆石U-Pb年代学的方法,对碎屑岩的沉积环境和物源条件进行了分析。栖霞组陆源碎屑岩的沉积特征表明其形成于滨岸沉积环境,指示区内经历过短暂的海平面下降。岩石学及锆石形态特征表明其具有较高的成分成熟度和结构成熟度,碎屑锆石UPb测年结果显示年龄主要集中在2600~2400 Ma、1800~1200 Ma、1000~700 Ma和500~400 Ma 4个峰值区间,反映物源成分较为复杂,指示碎屑颗粒经历了较长距离搬运或再旋回。通过对比锆石年龄频谱发现,栖霞组碎屑岩与扬子地块志留系—二叠系碎屑岩及前寒武系结晶基底均具有相似的锆石年龄分布特征。结合区域构造演化,认为扬子地块前寒武系结晶基底是碎屑锆石的初始来源,上扬子北缘志留系—石炭系可能为栖霞组碎屑岩的形成提供了直接的物源供给。栖霞组碎屑岩的出现指示研究区在瓜德鲁普世早期由于海平面的下降,局部水下隆起短暂暴露形成了海岛或古陆并遭受剥蚀,为碎屑岩形成提供物源。基于栖霞组碎屑岩所指示的沉积环境和物源条件,恢复了研究区瓜德鲁普世早期的古地理格局。栖霞组陆源碎屑岩的发现对揭示四川盆地北部瓜德鲁普世早期地貌分异及古地理格局转换提供了新的证据,为区内下一步油气勘探提供重要指示。

下扬子地区早二叠世末期碳酸盐台地死亡事件的沉积学与碳同位素记录

华南板块在早二叠世时期位于赤道附近,发育了以栖霞组为代表的浅海碳酸盐岩,随后被孤峰组黑色页岩和硅质岩所取代,代表一次碳酸盐台地死亡事件。文章对下扬子区安徽巢湖平顶山剖面和江苏句容正盘山剖面上栖霞组与孤峰组进行了系统的沉积微相、碳同位素地层学等研究,试图探讨早二叠世末期栖霞组碳酸盐台地死亡的机制。分析表明,栖霞组顶部可划分为9种微相,属于碳酸盐内缓坡—中缓坡沉积环境;孤峰组底部可划分为5种岩相,属于深水盆地环境。栖霞组与孤峰组界处沉积环境和古水深发生突变,代表了下扬子地区早二叠世末期的碳酸盐台地死亡。栖霞组与孤峰组之间的碳酸钙含量突然降低、碳酸盐碳同位素快速负偏、有机质碳同位素明显正偏,指示碳酸盐台地死亡的突发性和事件性。观察显示,无机碳δ^(13)C_(carb)与有机质δ^(13)C_(org)存在镜像关系。文章认为,导致有机和无机碳解耦的原因可能与陆源有机质输入有关,而碳酸盐台地死亡可能为相对海平面上升所导致。

四川盆地栖霞组——茅口组沉积储层特征及勘探领域

二叠系栖霞组—茅口组是四川盆地天然气勘探的重点层系,为了寻找栖霞组—茅口组未来天然气勘探的重点方向,在大量钻井、野外露头、测井、地震及地球化学数据等资料分析的基础上,针对四川盆地栖霞组—茅口组的沉积储层关键地质问题进行了研究,并对勘探领域进行了梳理分析。结果表明:(1)四川盆地栖霞—茅口期主要为台地沉积体系,可以划分为3个层序。除川西台缘带之外,盆内川中—川东地区栖霞组—茅口组在三级层序高位域发育多期高能浅滩,总面积超过4×10~4km~2。(2)栖霞组—茅口组主要储层为孔隙-孔洞型白云岩、岩溶缝洞型灰岩以及微孔-微缝型泥灰岩。其中,孔隙-孔洞型白云岩是近期勘探的主要储集岩类型,栖霞组白云岩主要分布在川西广元—北川—雅安—峨眉一带,茅口组白云岩主要分布在宣汉—万州、广元—剑阁地区以及剑阁—广安—丰都一带。(3)四川盆地栖霞组—茅口组天然气勘探可划分为4个现实领域及2个潜在领域。其中,川北—川中—川东茅二段白云石化滩带是目前中二叠统天然气增储上产最重要的现实勘探领域,而川东茅二下亚段孤立白云石化浅滩有望成为未来最重要的勘探领域之一。

四川盆地合川地区栖霞组-茅口组白云岩储层微观表征

近年来,合川地区栖霞组-茅口组钻获多口高产工业气流井,表明其具有良好的勘探前景。然而该地区整体勘探程度较低,储层特征及成因仍不明确,导致储层评价、预测难。基于潼深4井、合深6井等8口钻井的资料,开展岩芯、薄片、成像测井及孔渗数据的储层特征分析,并优选样品开展基于氩离子抛光扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)及工业计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)的储层孔喉结构微观表征。结果表明:四川盆地合川地区栖霞组-茅口组主要发育晶粒白云岩、含灰白云岩和灰质云岩,晶粒白云岩为主要的储层岩性,也是主要的储集空间载体。栖霞组白云岩储层以相对均匀发育的基质孔为主,整体具有中高孔、中渗的特征;茅口组白云岩储层主要以非均质分布的溶蚀孔洞和溶缝为主,也存在一定量的基质孔,整体具有中高孔、中高渗特征。基于工业CT的储层微观表征揭示栖霞组晶间(溶)孔分布相对均匀,而茅口组白云岩则非均质性强,晶间(溶)孔分布与裂缝无关,反映这些孔隙为早期孔隙的继承;基于扫描电镜的储层微观表征揭示栖霞组-茅口组都存在与晶体缺陷相关的微孔隙,表明除溶蚀孔洞外,晶间(溶)孔与微孔隙对储层物性同样具有重要贡献。研究成果对合川地区栖霞组-茅口组白云岩储层评价提供了一定的科学依据。