A novel model to evaluate spatial structure in thinned conifer-broadleaved mixed natural forests

In order to ensure the effective analysis and reconstruction of forests,it is key to ensure the quantitative description of their spatial structure.In this paper,a distance model for the optimal stand spatial structure based on weighted Voronoi diagrams is proposed.In particular,we provide a novel methodological model for the comprehensive evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands in natural mixed conifer-broadleaved forests and the formulation of management decision plans.The applicability of the rank evaluation and the optimal solution distance model are compared and assessed for different standard sample plots of natural mixed conifer-broadleaved forests.The effect of crown width on the spatial structure unit of the trees is observed to be higher than that of the diameter at breast height.Moreover,the influence of crown length is greater than that of tree height.There are nine possible spatial structure units determined by the weighted Voronoi diagram for the number of neighboring trees in the central tree,with an average intersection of neighboring crowns reaching 80%.The rank rating of natural forest sample plots is correlated with the optimal solution distance model,and their results are generally consistent for natural forests.However,the rank rating is not able to provide a quantitative assessment.The optimal solution distance model is observed to be more comprehensive than traditional methods for the evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands.It can effectively reflect the trends in realistic stand spatial structure factors close to or far from the ideal structure point,and accurately assesses the forest spatial structure.The proposed optimal solution distance model improves the integrated evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands and provides solid theoretical and technical support for sustainable forest management.

中英文化中量词对比研究(英文)

Chinese has special quantifiers as a part of speech while English does not have independent quantifiers.To some degree,the difference comes from the different cultural backgrounds.

Landscape Structural Indicators as a Tool to Assess Land Use Changes in Planning for Sub-Basin Sustainability (Southeastern Brazil)

Land use is shaped by the interactions between nature and society, and these interactions can inhibit environmental sustainability and deplete the natural capital that provides the ecosystem services upon which humans depend. Urbanity Index and Landscape Vulnerability Indicator have been proposed to improve the impact interpretability of land use changes on sub-basin sustainability for local scenarios of biodiversity conservation. A time series of LandSat 5 Thematic Mapper remote sensing data from S&#227o Carlos municipality, Southeastern Brazil, for the years 1989, 2004 and 2014 revealed that land use changes in the sub-basins do not take place in a progressive and gradual way. Over the 25-year period, the main trends showed the loss and increase of forest cover so that it has remained quantitatively similar over time due to reduced agricultural land use. The aggregation of both indicators enabled the identification of greater naturalness and lower vulnerability, as well as lower naturalness and higher vulnerability under local sub-basin conditions, pointing the need for different strategies for sub-basin biodiversity conservation and sustainability. These preliminary scenarios provide a way to communicate problems of environmental sustainability at different landscape scales to the scientific community as well as to planners, policy makers and the broader public.

Reliability analysis of geotechnical infrastructures: Introduction

In the design of geotechnical infrastructure,engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and in modeling methods.Reliability assessment which provides a systematic approach for quantifying the risk of failure has been shown to be a promising tool for solving these challenging geotechnical engineering problems.The method provides a more consistent measure of the level of safety or“structural reliability”through the evaluation of a reliability index and the associated“failure”probability,and is a method that satisfies the need to clearly convey safety issues to the public and regulatory authorities.Various methods for calculating the reliability of geotechnical infrastructures with regard to the assessment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states have been proposed by many researchers and these approaches include:the direct Monte Carlo Simulation,Bayesian and other sampling techniques,the first-order reliability method and the second-order reliability method,the random field method,the response surface method and other surrogate models with the related probabilistic procedures.In this special issue of Geoscience Frontiers,we assemble eleven invited papers which provide insights on the latest developments and challenges in applying probabilistic and reliability methods to geotechnical infrastructure design.

Orthogonal design to sift the optimal parameter of Neiguan acupuncture for cerebral infarction

The individual difference and non-repeatability in acupuncture have not only restricted the devel- opment of acupuncture, but have also affected the specificity of acupoints. The present study used instruments to control needle depth, lifting and thrusting frequency, and the duration of acupuncture. Effects of the quantified acupuncture were observed at Neiguan （PC6） with different stimulation parameters. A frequency of 1, 2, or 3 Hz and duration of 5, 60, or 180 seconds were used to observe cerebral blood flow and ratio of infarct volume recovery. Results showed that stimulation at Neiguan with a frequency of 1 Hz and long duration of 180 seconds or 2/3 Hz and long duration of 5/60 seconds significantly increased cerebral blood flow and decreased the ratio of infarct volume. In- teractions between frequency and duration play a critical role in quantified acupuncture therapy.

Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

GERM CELL MUTATIONS IN MICE:STANDARDS FOR PROTECTING THE HUMAN GENOME

The most extensive set of information on the factorsaffecting mutation induction by chemical mutagens inmice has been obtained by use of the dominant lethalassay and the specific locus method.Dominant lethalmutations are caused by chromosomal aberrations,and they occur shortly before or after implantation.

A Comprehensive Strategy to Quantify the Complex System by Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectra Analyses Coupled with Combustion Heat for Recognizing the Quality Consistency of San-Huang Tablets

Spectral quantitative fingerprinting including ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) coupled with combustion heat (CH) analytical techniques was employed and compared for rapid screening quality grade and discriminating San-Huang Tablets (SHT) of different commercial brands. The systematic quantified fingerprint method (SQFM) was applied to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the quality consistency of the herbal preparation. It was possible to deduce that the quantitative similarity analysis by SQFM was enabled to make a good discrimination of the tested samples. It was a particularly useful method for the overall quality evaluation of herbal medicine and their preparations.

Quantify测量法在融合媒介效果研究中的应用研究

在融合媒介背景下,基于问卷、实验方法的媒介效果测量方法,在测量行为、技术、成本和用户体验方面都面临着新的挑战。本研究尝试使用了一种名为"Quantify"的新测量方法,在结合实验、问卷的情况下,面向数字媒介对传统测量手段进行了改进,并以"情绪指标"为测量对象,探索了这种方法在融合媒介传播效果研究中的应用可能性。本文认为,Quantify方法能够通过简单的用户行为,经过统计方法输出更高级别的测量结果,适用于当前用户时间碎片化、测量成本升高、传统方法信息价值下降的现实情境,适合融合媒介背景下跨屏幕效果测量的实际应用。

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT SELECTION USING THE MULTI-STAGE WEIGHTING EVALUTION METHOD

As more and more sophisticated medical equipment being purchased by hospi-tals,the selection is becoming an increasingly complex and important process.Usu-ally there are three steps in the selection process: planning,feasibility and model se-lection evaluation.Model selection evalution is the most complex stage.The consid-

Computational analysis of spatiotemporal molecular hierarchy in single live cells

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)have been widely applied to visualize the molecular activity in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution.The enormous amount of video images and the complex dynamics of signaling events present tremendous challenges for data analysis and demand the development of intelligent and automated imaging analysis methods specifically envisioned for the studies of live cell imaging.We have developed a general correlative FRET imaging method(CFIM)to quantify the subcellular coupling between an enzymatic activity and a phenotypic response in live cells,e.g.at focal adhesions(FAs).CFIM quantitatively evaluated the cause-effect relation-

Spring constant regulate selectin-ligand bond dissociation

Forced dissociation of selectin-ligand complex is crucial to such biological processes as leukocyte recruitment,thrombosis formation,as well as tumor metastasis[1].Although several assays and techniques,e.g.,dynamic force spectroscopy（DFS）,have been applied to probe the complex at single-bond level,the discrepancies in the loading rate dependence of bond rupture force were found in the assays,presumably due to the different pathways in energy landscape and binding kinetics of molecular complexes[2].However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here an optical trap（OT）assay was used to quantify the bond rupture at rf≤20 pN/s

Quantified simulation research on harmonious factors in the leadership teams of aerospace enterprise group

A brief account of basic connotation and evaluation indexes system of harmonious leadership teams is given. On this basis, a simulation model is built by using the ARENA simulation software and the quantified simulation is carried out for the factors of harmonization of aerospace enterprise leadership teams. Moreover, by taking the characteristics of aerospace enterprise leadership teams into consideration, the comparison of harmonization quantified results of several typical leadership teams, especially on the comparative analysis of influencing degrees of moral characters and capabilities on the leadership teams overall harmonization is emphatically discussed. Finally, a conclusion is drawn.

Effect of temperature on mudstone disintegration process revealed with image analysis

Quantifying rock weathering processes,especially in ways of nondisturbance and on-site investigation,is one of the most critical tasks in predicting rocks erosion rates and understanding the sediment transportation.We proposed a more reproducible approach to test how image analysis can quantify the changes in the size and shape of fragments during the weathering process.Four artificial models were designed to select suitable metrics among over 20 parameters.To validate the efficiency of image analysis,we analyzed rocks from badlands in Nanxiong Basin,Southeast China,under three different ranges of temperature differences(TD)during cyclic wetting and drying(WD).Our results show that TDs can accelerate the disintegration rate,and even if there is only a 20℃ difference in the range of TDs,an apparent difference in fragment size was observed.Moreover,the shape of fragments became more round as the increasing number of cyclic treatments,and for samples that went through the same number of treatments,the larger the temperature difference,the more round the shape became.All that serves as another evidence for landscape evolution response to climatic warming.

Novel SPECT Technologies and Approaches in Cardiac Imaging

Recent novel approaches in myocardial perfusion single photon emission CT(SPECT)have been facilitated by new dedicated high-effi ciency hardware with solid-state detectors and optimized collimators.New protocols include very low-dose(1 mSv)stress-only,two-position imaging to mitigate attenuation artifacts,and simultaneous dual-isotope imaging.Attenuation correction can be performed by specialized low-dose systems or by previously obtained CT coronary calcium scans.Hybrid protocols using CT angiography have been proposed.Image quality improvements have been demonstrated by novel reconstructions and motion correction.Fast SPECT acquisition facilitates dynamic fl ow and early function measurements.Image processing algorithms have become automated with virtually unsupervised extraction of quantitative imaging variables.This automation facilitates integration with clinical variables derived by machine learning to predict patient outcome or diagnosis.In this review,we describe new imaging protocols made possible by the new hardware developments.We also discuss several novel software approaches for the quantifi cation and interpretation of myocardial perfusion SPECT scans.

Heuristics in Language Comprehension

We used a sentence-picture matching task to demonstrate that heuristics can influence language comprehension. Interpretation of quantifier scope ambiguous sentences such as Every kid climbed?a tree was investigated. Such sentences are ambiguous with respect to the number of trees inferred;either several trees were climbed or just one. The availability of the NOUN VERB NOUN (N-V-N) heuristic, e.g., KID CLIMB TREE, should contribute to the interpretation of how many trees were climbed. Specifically, we hypothesized that number choices for these stimuli would be predicted by choices previously made to corresponding (full) sentences. 45 participants were instructed to treat N-V-N triplets such as KID CLIMB TREE as telegrams and select a picture, regarding the quantity (“several” vs. “one”) associated with tree. Results confirmed that plural responses to quantifier scope ambiguous sentences significantly predict increased plural judgments in the picture-matching task. This result provides empirical evidence that the N-V-N heuristic, via conceptual event knowledge, can influence sentence interpretation. Furthermore, event knowledge must include the quantity of participants in the event (especially in terms of “several” vs. “one”). These findings are consistent with our model of language comprehension functioning as “Heuristic first, algorithmic second.” Furthermore, results are consistent with judgment and decision making in other cognitive domains.

CORRELATION OF CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND THEIR RISK FACTORS

Objectives.Relationship between carotid atherosclerosis(CAS) and severity ofcoronary artery disease(CAD) and different risk factors were investigated,Theseverity of CAD was tried to predict using carotid duplex scanning and riskfactors investigation.Methods.Carotid duplex scanning were performed in 103 patients who had beenconsecutively examined by coronary angiography.Patients were divided into 3groups(normal,I-vassal disease and multi-vessel disease group) according tocoronary angiographic results.To quantify the extent of CAS,maximal unicknessmeasurements of all plaques were summed for an individual plaque score.Gensini’s CAD score was calculated to quantify the extent of coronary arteryatherosclerosis(CAAS),Relationship between carotid plaque score and extent ofCAAS was evaluated.Relationship between main risk factors and the degree ofatherosclerotic vascular involvement in carotid and coronary artery wasexamined using standard|sad partial correlation coefficients.Results.CAS plaques were more common in the bifurcation end in the left side.Intimal-medial thickness(IMT) of multi-vessel disease group was significantlylarger than that of the normal group(P【0.001).No significant differences werefound among these 3 groups with carotid Doppler parameters,A linearcorrelation between carotid duplex scanning parameters and carotid andcoronary atherosclerosis was found.Carotid plaque score was significantlyhigher in patients with l-vessel or multi-vessel CAD than that without significantCAD(P【0.001).There was e significant positive linear correlation betweencarotid plaque score and the extent of CAD(r=0.60,P【0.001).Age,male gender,smoking,hypertension,total cholesterol,LDL,plasma fibrinogen,and plateletaggregability were positively correlated with the extent of CAS and CAAS.HDLwas negatively correlated with CAS and CAAS.Formulas using carotid duplexscanning parameters and risk factors to predict the extent of CAD were provided.Contlusions.CAS was significantly correlated with the extent of CAAS.Age:male gender,smoking" hypertension,total cholesterol,LDL,plasma fibrinogen,and platelet aggregnbility were strong predictors for CAS and CAD.

Noun Phrase in Mesqan

Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tonguewhich is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of on 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone,Ethiopia,whose linguistic skin were not well expressed.The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of noun phrase structures of the Mesqan tongue.The paper is expressive in character,as the lessons is mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue,and mostly relies on main linguistic facts.The linguistic facts,i.e.the elicited grammatical facts regarding noun phrases,was composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira,the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda.The head of a NP can be a pronoun,a noun or an adjective.The head alone can constitute a full noun phrase.Adjectives,nouns in the genitive,or relative clauses function as modifiers of head nouns.Quantifiers are numerals,unspecific quantifiers,determiners include the definite marker,demonstrative pronouns,and possessive suffixes occur in two positions to the head noun.Only the demonstrative pronouns and the number‘one’when used as indefinite marker occur in phrase-initial position,while all other determiners follow the head.