This paper presents a novel approach to proxy blind signatures in the realm of quantum circuits,aiming to enhance security while safeguarding sensitive information.The main objective of this research is to introduce a...This paper presents a novel approach to proxy blind signatures in the realm of quantum circuits,aiming to enhance security while safeguarding sensitive information.The main objective of this research is to introduce a quantum proxy blind signature(QPBS)protocol that utilizes quantum logical gates and quantum measurement techniques.The QPBS protocol is constructed by the initial phase,proximal blinding message phase,remote authorization and signature phase,remote validation,and de-blinding phase.This innovative design ensures a secure mechanism for signing documents without revealing the content to the proxy signer,providing practical security authentication in a quantum environment under the assumption that the CNOT gates are securely implemented.Unlike existing approaches,our proposed QPBS protocol eliminates the need for quantum entanglement preparation,thus simplifying the implementation process.To assess the effectiveness and robustness of the QPBS protocol,we conduct comprehensive simulation studies in both ideal and noisy quantum environments on the IBM quantum cloud platform.The results demonstrate the superior performance of the QPBS algorithm,highlighting its resilience against repudiation and forgeability,which are key security concerns in the realm of proxy blind signatures.Furthermore,we have established authentic security thresholds(82.102%)in the presence of real noise,thereby emphasizing the practicality of our proposed solution.展开更多
Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the...Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the performance of attacks using quantum computers depends on the efficiency of the quantum circuit of the encryption algorithms,research research on the implementation of quantum circuits is essential.This paper presents a new framework to construct quantum circuits of substitution boxes(S-boxes)using system modeling.We model the quantum circuits of S-boxes using two layers:Toffoli and linear layers.We generate vector spaces based on the values of qubits used in the linear layers and apply them to find quantum circuits.The framework finds the circuit bymatching elements of vector spaces generated fromthe input and output of a given S-box,using the forward search or themeet-in-the-middle strategy.We developed a tool to apply this framework to 4-bit S-boxes.While the 4-bit S-box quantum circuit construction tool LIGHTER-R only finds circuits that can be implemented with four qubits,the proposed tool achieves the circuits with five qubits.The proposed tool can find quantum circuits of 4-bit odd permutations based on the controlled NOT,NOT,and Toffoli gates,whereas LIGHTER-R is unable to perform this task in the same environment.We expect this technique to become a critical step toward optimizing S-box quantum circuits.展开更多
The anomalous non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon with the non-Hermitian skin effect(NHSE)attracts wide attention due to its novel physics and promising applications.Here,we propose a new type of non-unitary discrete-t...The anomalous non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon with the non-Hermitian skin effect(NHSE)attracts wide attention due to its novel physics and promising applications.Here,we propose a new type of non-unitary discrete-time quantum walk system demonstrating the NHSE and anomalous non-Hermitian dynamical phenomena,including the dynamical chiral phenomenon,the funneling phenomenon on the domain wall,and the anomalous reflection on the phase impurity.Furthermore,we design the quantum circuit experiments of these quantum walk systems and numerically simulate them with quantum noises to verify the robustness of the non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon on the noisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)devices.Our work paves the way for implementing the non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon on the quantum circuit.展开更多
Homomorphic encryption has giant advantages in the protection of privacy information.In this paper,we present a new kind of probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme for the universal quantum circuit evaluat...Homomorphic encryption has giant advantages in the protection of privacy information.In this paper,we present a new kind of probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme for the universal quantum circuit evaluation.Firstly,the pre-shared non-maximally entangled states are utilized as auxiliary resources,which lower the requirements of the quantum channel,to correct the errors in non-Clifford gate evaluation.By using the set synthesized by Clifford gates and T gates,it is feasible to perform the arbitrary quantum computation on the encrypted data.Secondly,our scheme is different from the previous scheme described by the quantum homomorphic encryption algorithm.From the perspective of application,a two-party probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme is proposed.It is clear what the computation and operation that the client and the server need to perform respectively,as well as the permission to access the data.Finally,the security of probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme is analyzed in detail.It demonstrates that the scheme has favorable security in three aspects,including privacy data,evaluated data and encryption and decryption keys.展开更多
Deterministic and exact teleportation can be achieved via two partially entangled pairs of particles [Gu Y J 2006 Opt. Comm. 259 385]. The key point of the protocol is a generalized measurement described by a positive...Deterministic and exact teleportation can be achieved via two partially entangled pairs of particles [Gu Y J 2006 Opt. Comm. 259 385]. The key point of the protocol is a generalized measurement described by a positive operator- valued measure, which can be realized by performing a unitary operation in the extended space and a conventional Von Neumann orthogonal measurement. By decomposing the evolution process from the initial state to the final state, we construct the quantum circuits for realizing the unitary operation with quantum Toffoli gates, and thus provide a physical means to realize the teleportation. Our method for constructing quantum circuits differs from the usual methods based on decomposition of unitary matrices, and is convenient for a large class of quantum processes involving generalized measurements.展开更多
We investigate the controllable group velocity of a microwave probe field in a superconductive quantum circuit(SQC) pumped by microwave fields,and the use of such a SQC function as an artificial Λ-type three-level ...We investigate the controllable group velocity of a microwave probe field in a superconductive quantum circuit(SQC) pumped by microwave fields,and the use of such a SQC function as an artificial Λ-type three-level atom.The exchange between the subluminal and the superluminal states of the probe field can be realized simply by sweeping the pumping intensity,and the superluminal state is usually realized with a lower absorption.This work is one of the efforts to extend the study of electromagnetically induced transparency and its related properties from the lightwave band to the microwave band.展开更多
We investigate the influences of the-applied-field phases and amplitudes on the coherent population trapping behavior in superconducting quantum circuits. Based on the interactions of the microwave fields with a singl...We investigate the influences of the-applied-field phases and amplitudes on the coherent population trapping behavior in superconducting quantum circuits. Based on the interactions of the microwave fields with a single A-type three-level fluxonium qubit, the coherent population trapping could be obtainable and it is very sensitive to the relative phase and amplitudes of the applied fields. When the relative phase is tuned to 0 or π, the maximal atomic coherence is present and coherent population trapping occurs. While for the choice of π/2, the atomic coherence becomes weak. Meanwhile, for the fixed relative phase π/2, the value of coherence would decrease with the increase of Rabi frequency of the external field coupled with two lower levels. The responsible physical mechanism is quantum interference induced by the control fields, which is indicated in the dressed-state representation. The microwave coherent phenomenon is present in our scheme, which will have potential applications in optical communication and nonlinear optics in solid-state devices.展开更多
We study the effect of longitudinally applied field modulation on a two-level system using superconducting quantum circuits. The presence of the modulation results in additional transitions and changes the magnitude o...We study the effect of longitudinally applied field modulation on a two-level system using superconducting quantum circuits. The presence of the modulation results in additional transitions and changes the magnitude of the resonance peak in the energy spectrum of the qubit. In particular, when the amplitude ,λz and the frequency COl of the modulation field meet certain conditions, the resonance peak of the qubit disappears. Using this effect, we further demonstrate that the longitudinal field modulation of the Xmon qubit coupled to a one-dimensional transmission line could be used to dynamically control the transmission of single-photon level coherent resonance microwave.展开更多
In this paper,we do research on generating unitary matrices for quantum circuits automatically.We consider that quantum circuits are divided into six types,and the unitary operator expressions for each type are offere...In this paper,we do research on generating unitary matrices for quantum circuits automatically.We consider that quantum circuits are divided into six types,and the unitary operator expressions for each type are offered.Based on this,we propose an algorithm for computing the circuit unitary matrices in detail.Then,for quantum logic circuits composed of quantum logic gates,a faster method to compute unitary matrices of quantum circuits with truth table is introduced as a supplement.Finally,we apply the proposed algorithm to different reversible benchmark circuits based on NCT library(including NOT gate,Controlled-NOT gate,Toffoli gate)and generalized Toffoli(GT)library and provide our experimental results.展开更多
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of inci...Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of incident photons during a detection event. Multi-pixel SNSPDs employing multiple read-out channels can provide photon number resolvability(PNR), but they require increased cooling power and costly multi-channel electronic systems. In this work, a single-flux quantum(SFQ) circuit is employed, and PNR based on multi-pixel SNSPDs is successfully demonstrated. A multi-input magnetically coupled DC/SFQ converter(MMD2 Q) circuit with a mutual inductance M is used to combine and record signals from a multi-pixel SNSPD device. The designed circuit is capable of discriminating the amplitude of the combined signals in accuracy of Φ_(0)/M with Φ_(0) being a single magnetic flux quantum. By employing the MMD2 Q circuit,the discrimination of up to 40 photons can be simulated. A 4-parallel-input MMD2 Q circuit is fabricated, and a PNR of3 is successfully demonstrated for an SNSPD array with one channel reserved for the functional verification. The results confirm that an MMD2 Q circuit is an effective tool for implementing PNR with multi-pixel SNSPDs.展开更多
We present a rigorous proof that quantum circuit algorithm can be transformed into quantum adiabatic algorithm with the exact same time complexity. This means that from a quantum circuit algorithm of L gates we can co...We present a rigorous proof that quantum circuit algorithm can be transformed into quantum adiabatic algorithm with the exact same time complexity. This means that from a quantum circuit algorithm of L gates we can construct a quantum adiabatic algorithm with time complexity of O(L). Additionally, our construction shows that one may exponentially speed up some quantum adiabatic algorithms by properly choosing an evolution path.展开更多
In order to solve the fault tolerance and reliability problems of quantum circuit, a series of structural equivalence rules and optimization operation strategies of quantum circuit are proposed to minimize the number ...In order to solve the fault tolerance and reliability problems of quantum circuit, a series of structural equivalence rules and optimization operation strategies of quantum circuit are proposed to minimize the number of T gates, increase T gate depth, minimize circuit level, reduce fault tolerance implementation costs and increase circuit reliability. In order to satisfy the nearest neighbor constraints of some quantum systems, a LNN (linear nearest neighbor) arrangement algorithm based on Clifford + T gate quantum circuit is presented. Experiments are done on some benchmarks of RevLib, the results show that the optimization rate of most functions and the running time of the algorithm are better than those of the existing literature.展开更多
In this letter, by using the method we offered in our paper [L. Ma and Y.D. Zhang, Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 36 (2001) 119], some extended quantum logic gates, such as quantum counter, quantum adder, are st...In this letter, by using the method we offered in our paper [L. Ma and Y.D. Zhang, Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 36 (2001) 119], some extended quantum logic gates, such as quantum counter, quantum adder, are studied and their expressions are given. It may be useful for us to study the more complicated quantum logic circuits deeply.展开更多
A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model wil...A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model will greatly improve its robustness.The existing method is to use automatic differentials or finite difference to obtain a gradient and use it to construct adversarial examples.This paper proposes an innovative method for constructing adversarial examples of quantum variational circuits.In this method,the gradient can be obtained by measuring the expected value of a quantum bit respectively in a series quantum circuit.This method can be used to construct the adversarial examples for a quantum variational circuit classifier.The implementation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the existing method,our method requires fewer resources and is more efficient.展开更多
In the field of quantum information,the acquisition of information for unknown quantum states is very important.When we only need to obtain specific elements of a state density matrix,the traditional quantum state tom...In the field of quantum information,the acquisition of information for unknown quantum states is very important.When we only need to obtain specific elements of a state density matrix,the traditional quantum state tomography will become very complicated,because it requires a global quantum state reconstruction.Direct measurement of the quantum state allows us to obtain arbitrary specific matrix elements of the quantum state without state reconstruction,so direct measurement schemes have obtained extensive attention.Recently,some direct measurement schemes based on weak values have been proposed,but extra auxiliary states in these schemes are necessary and it will increase the complexity of the practical experiment.Meanwhile,the post-selection process in the scheme will reduce the utilization of resources.In order to avoid these disadvantages,a direct measurement scheme without auxiliary states is proposed in this paper.In this scheme,we achieve the direct measurement of quantum states by using quantum circuits,then we extend it to the measurement of general multi-particle states and complete the error analysis.Finally,when we take into account the dephasing of the quantum states,we modify the circuits and the modified circuits still work for the dephasing case.展开更多
As a branch of quantum image processing,quantum image scaling has been widely studied.However,most of the existing quantum image scaling algorithms are based on nearest-neighbor interpolation and bilinear interpolatio...As a branch of quantum image processing,quantum image scaling has been widely studied.However,most of the existing quantum image scaling algorithms are based on nearest-neighbor interpolation and bilinear interpolation,the quantum version of bicubic interpolation has not yet been studied.In this work,we present the first quantum image scaling scheme for bicubic interpolation based on the novel enhanced quantum representation(NEQR).Our scheme can realize synchronous enlargement and reduction of the image with the size of 2^(n)×2^(n) by integral multiple.Firstly,the image is represented by NEQR and the original image coordinates are obtained through multiple CNOT modules.Then,16 neighborhood pixels are obtained by quantum operation circuits,and the corresponding weights of these pixels are calculated by quantum arithmetic modules.Finally,a quantum matrix operation,instead of a classical convolution operation,is used to realize the sum of convolution of these pixels.Through simulation experiments and complexity analysis,we demonstrate that our scheme achieves exponential speedup over the classical bicubic interpolation algorithm,and has better effect than the quantum version of bilinear interpolation.展开更多
The historical significance of the Stern–Gerlach(SG)experiment lies in its provision of the initial evidence for space quantization.Over time,its sequential form has evolved into an elegant paradigm that effectively ...The historical significance of the Stern–Gerlach(SG)experiment lies in its provision of the initial evidence for space quantization.Over time,its sequential form has evolved into an elegant paradigm that effectively illustrates the fundamental principles of quantum theory.To date,the practical implementation of the sequential SG experiment has not been fully achieved.In this study,we demonstrate the capability of programmable quantum processors to simulate the sequential SG experiment.The specific parametric shallow quantum circuits,which are suitable for the limitations of current noisy quantum hardware,are given to replicate the functionality of SG devices with the ability to perform measurements in different directions.Surprisingly,it has been demonstrated that Wigner’s SG interferometer can be readily implemented in our sequential quantum circuit.With the utilization of the identical circuits,it is also feasible to implement Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment.We propose the utilization of cross-shaped programmable quantum processors to showcase sequential experiments,and the simulation results demonstrate a strong alignment with theoretical predictions.With the rapid advancement of cloud-based quantum computing,such as BAQIS Quafu,it is our belief that the proposed solution is well-suited for deployment on the cloud,allowing for public accessibility.Our findings not only expand the potential applications of quantum computers,but also contribute to a deeper comprehension of the fundamental principles underlying quantum theory.展开更多
We design a new hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network(HQCCNN)model based on parameter quantum circuits.In this model,we use parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs)to redesign the convolutional layer in cl...We design a new hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network(HQCCNN)model based on parameter quantum circuits.In this model,we use parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs)to redesign the convolutional layer in classical convolutional neural networks,forming a new quantum convolutional layer to achieve unitary transformation of quantum states,enabling the model to more accurately extract hidden information from images.At the same time,we combine the classical fully connected layer with PQCs to form a new hybrid quantum-classical fully connected layer to further improve the accuracy of classification.Finally,we use the MNIST dataset to test the potential of the HQCCNN.The results indicate that the HQCCNN has good performance in solving classification problems.In binary classification tasks,the classification accuracy of numbers 5 and 7 is as high as 99.71%.In multivariate classification,the accuracy rate also reaches 98.51%.Finally,we compare the performance of the HQCCNN with other models and find that the HQCCNN has better classification performance and convergence speed.展开更多
In this theoretical work,we describe a mechanism for the coupling between a plane structure consisting of four quantum dots and a resonator.We systematically study the dependence of the quadruple coupling strength and...In this theoretical work,we describe a mechanism for the coupling between a plane structure consisting of four quantum dots and a resonator.We systematically study the dependence of the quadruple coupling strength and the qubit decoherence rate and point out the optimized operating position of the hybrid system.According to the transmission given by the input-output theory,the signatures in the resonator spectrum are predicted.Furthermore,based on the parameters already achieved in previous works,we prove that the device described in this paper can achieve the strong coupling limit,i.e.,this approach can be used for system extension under the existing technical conditions.Our results show an effective and promotable approach to couple quantum dot structures in plane with the resonator and propose a meaningful extension method.展开更多
基金Project supported by the General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.2024JJ5273 and 2023JJ50328)the Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.22A0049 and 22B0699)。
文摘This paper presents a novel approach to proxy blind signatures in the realm of quantum circuits,aiming to enhance security while safeguarding sensitive information.The main objective of this research is to introduce a quantum proxy blind signature(QPBS)protocol that utilizes quantum logical gates and quantum measurement techniques.The QPBS protocol is constructed by the initial phase,proximal blinding message phase,remote authorization and signature phase,remote validation,and de-blinding phase.This innovative design ensures a secure mechanism for signing documents without revealing the content to the proxy signer,providing practical security authentication in a quantum environment under the assumption that the CNOT gates are securely implemented.Unlike existing approaches,our proposed QPBS protocol eliminates the need for quantum entanglement preparation,thus simplifying the implementation process.To assess the effectiveness and robustness of the QPBS protocol,we conduct comprehensive simulation studies in both ideal and noisy quantum environments on the IBM quantum cloud platform.The results demonstrate the superior performance of the QPBS algorithm,highlighting its resilience against repudiation and forgeability,which are key security concerns in the realm of proxy blind signatures.Furthermore,we have established authentic security thresholds(82.102%)in the presence of real noise,thereby emphasizing the practicality of our proposed solution.
基金supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT),Republic of Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2024-RS-2022-00164800)supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation).
文摘Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the performance of attacks using quantum computers depends on the efficiency of the quantum circuit of the encryption algorithms,research research on the implementation of quantum circuits is essential.This paper presents a new framework to construct quantum circuits of substitution boxes(S-boxes)using system modeling.We model the quantum circuits of S-boxes using two layers:Toffoli and linear layers.We generate vector spaces based on the values of qubits used in the linear layers and apply them to find quantum circuits.The framework finds the circuit bymatching elements of vector spaces generated fromthe input and output of a given S-box,using the forward search or themeet-in-the-middle strategy.We developed a tool to apply this framework to 4-bit S-boxes.While the 4-bit S-box quantum circuit construction tool LIGHTER-R only finds circuits that can be implemented with four qubits,the proposed tool achieves the circuits with five qubits.The proposed tool can find quantum circuits of 4-bit odd permutations based on the controlled NOT,NOT,and Toffoli gates,whereas LIGHTER-R is unable to perform this task in the same environment.We expect this technique to become a critical step toward optimizing S-box quantum circuits.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1403901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. NSFC-11888101)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB28000000)New Cornerstone Investigator Programsupported by the fellowship of China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (Grant No. BX2021300)
文摘The anomalous non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon with the non-Hermitian skin effect(NHSE)attracts wide attention due to its novel physics and promising applications.Here,we propose a new type of non-unitary discrete-time quantum walk system demonstrating the NHSE and anomalous non-Hermitian dynamical phenomena,including the dynamical chiral phenomenon,the funneling phenomenon on the domain wall,and the anomalous reflection on the phase impurity.Furthermore,we design the quantum circuit experiments of these quantum walk systems and numerically simulate them with quantum noises to verify the robustness of the non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon on the noisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)devices.Our work paves the way for implementing the non-Hermitian dynamical phenomenon on the quantum circuit.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2019XDA02)the Scientific Research Foundation of North China University of Technology。
文摘Homomorphic encryption has giant advantages in the protection of privacy information.In this paper,we present a new kind of probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme for the universal quantum circuit evaluation.Firstly,the pre-shared non-maximally entangled states are utilized as auxiliary resources,which lower the requirements of the quantum channel,to correct the errors in non-Clifford gate evaluation.By using the set synthesized by Clifford gates and T gates,it is feasible to perform the arbitrary quantum computation on the encrypted data.Secondly,our scheme is different from the previous scheme described by the quantum homomorphic encryption algorithm.From the perspective of application,a two-party probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme is proposed.It is clear what the computation and operation that the client and the server need to perform respectively,as well as the permission to access the data.Finally,the security of probabilistic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme is analyzed in detail.It demonstrates that the scheme has favorable security in three aspects,including privacy data,evaluated data and encryption and decryption keys.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China (Grant No 2001CB309305), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10204020) and the Scientific Research Foundation for Introduced Talent of 0cean University of China.
文摘Deterministic and exact teleportation can be achieved via two partially entangled pairs of particles [Gu Y J 2006 Opt. Comm. 259 385]. The key point of the protocol is a generalized measurement described by a positive operator- valued measure, which can be realized by performing a unitary operation in the extended space and a conventional Von Neumann orthogonal measurement. By decomposing the evolution process from the initial state to the final state, we construct the quantum circuits for realizing the unitary operation with quantum Toffoli gates, and thus provide a physical means to realize the teleportation. Our method for constructing quantum circuits differs from the usual methods based on decomposition of unitary matrices, and is convenient for a large class of quantum processes involving generalized measurements.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 111174040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We investigate the controllable group velocity of a microwave probe field in a superconductive quantum circuit(SQC) pumped by microwave fields,and the use of such a SQC function as an artificial Λ-type three-level atom.The exchange between the subluminal and the superluminal states of the probe field can be realized simply by sweeping the pumping intensity,and the superluminal state is usually realized with a lower absorption.This work is one of the efforts to extend the study of electromagnetically induced transparency and its related properties from the lightwave band to the microwave band.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11165008 and 11365009)the Foundation of Young Scientist of Jiangxi Province,China(Grant No.20142BCB23011)the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.GJJ13348)
文摘We investigate the influences of the-applied-field phases and amplitudes on the coherent population trapping behavior in superconducting quantum circuits. Based on the interactions of the microwave fields with a single A-type three-level fluxonium qubit, the coherent population trapping could be obtainable and it is very sensitive to the relative phase and amplitudes of the applied fields. When the relative phase is tuned to 0 or π, the maximal atomic coherence is present and coherent population trapping occurs. While for the choice of π/2, the atomic coherence becomes weak. Meanwhile, for the fixed relative phase π/2, the value of coherence would decrease with the increase of Rabi frequency of the external field coupled with two lower levels. The responsible physical mechanism is quantum interference induced by the control fields, which is indicated in the dressed-state representation. The microwave coherent phenomenon is present in our scheme, which will have potential applications in optical communication and nonlinear optics in solid-state devices.
基金Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Nos.2014CB921401,2017YFA0304300,2014CB921202,and2016YFA0300601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11674376)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB07010300)
文摘We study the effect of longitudinally applied field modulation on a two-level system using superconducting quantum circuits. The presence of the modulation results in additional transitions and changes the magnitude of the resonance peak in the energy spectrum of the qubit. In particular, when the amplitude ,λz and the frequency COl of the modulation field meet certain conditions, the resonance peak of the qubit disappears. Using this effect, we further demonstrate that the longitudinal field modulation of the Xmon qubit coupled to a one-dimensional transmission line could be used to dynamically control the transmission of single-photon level coherent resonance microwave.
基金This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No:BK20171458)the Yangzhou University International Academic Exchange Fund.
文摘In this paper,we do research on generating unitary matrices for quantum circuits automatically.We consider that quantum circuits are divided into six types,and the unitary operator expressions for each type are offered.Based on this,we propose an algorithm for computing the circuit unitary matrices in detail.Then,for quantum logic circuits composed of quantum logic gates,a faster method to compute unitary matrices of quantum circuits with truth table is introduced as a supplement.Finally,we apply the proposed algorithm to different reversible benchmark circuits based on NCT library(including NOT gate,Controlled-NOT gate,Toffoli gate)and generalized Toffoli(GT)library and provide our experimental results.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304000)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA18000000)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (Grant No. 18511110200)。
文摘Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of incident photons during a detection event. Multi-pixel SNSPDs employing multiple read-out channels can provide photon number resolvability(PNR), but they require increased cooling power and costly multi-channel electronic systems. In this work, a single-flux quantum(SFQ) circuit is employed, and PNR based on multi-pixel SNSPDs is successfully demonstrated. A multi-input magnetically coupled DC/SFQ converter(MMD2 Q) circuit with a mutual inductance M is used to combine and record signals from a multi-pixel SNSPD device. The designed circuit is capable of discriminating the amplitude of the combined signals in accuracy of Φ_(0)/M with Φ_(0) being a single magnetic flux quantum. By employing the MMD2 Q circuit,the discrimination of up to 40 photons can be simulated. A 4-parallel-input MMD2 Q circuit is fabricated, and a PNR of3 is successfully demonstrated for an SNSPD array with one channel reserved for the functional verification. The results confirm that an MMD2 Q circuit is an effective tool for implementing PNR with multi-pixel SNSPDs.
基金Supported by the The National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos 2017YFA0303302 and 2018YFA030562the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11334001 and 11429402
文摘We present a rigorous proof that quantum circuit algorithm can be transformed into quantum adiabatic algorithm with the exact same time complexity. This means that from a quantum circuit algorithm of L gates we can construct a quantum adiabatic algorithm with time complexity of O(L). Additionally, our construction shows that one may exponentially speed up some quantum adiabatic algorithms by properly choosing an evolution path.
文摘In order to solve the fault tolerance and reliability problems of quantum circuit, a series of structural equivalence rules and optimization operation strategies of quantum circuit are proposed to minimize the number of T gates, increase T gate depth, minimize circuit level, reduce fault tolerance implementation costs and increase circuit reliability. In order to satisfy the nearest neighbor constraints of some quantum systems, a LNN (linear nearest neighbor) arrangement algorithm based on Clifford + T gate quantum circuit is presented. Experiments are done on some benchmarks of RevLib, the results show that the optimization rate of most functions and the running time of the algorithm are better than those of the existing literature.
文摘In this letter, by using the method we offered in our paper [L. Ma and Y.D. Zhang, Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 36 (2001) 119], some extended quantum logic gates, such as quantum counter, quantum adder, are studied and their expressions are given. It may be useful for us to study the more complicated quantum logic circuits deeply.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62076042 and 62102049)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2022NSFSC0535)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province(Grant Nos.2021YFSY0012 and 2021YFG0332)the Key Research and Development Project of Chengdu(Grant No.2021-YF05-02424-GX)the Innovation Team of Quantum Security Communication of Sichuan Province(Grant No.17TD0009).
文摘A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model will greatly improve its robustness.The existing method is to use automatic differentials or finite difference to obtain a gradient and use it to construct adversarial examples.This paper proposes an innovative method for constructing adversarial examples of quantum variational circuits.In this method,the gradient can be obtained by measuring the expected value of a quantum bit respectively in a series quantum circuit.This method can be used to construct the adversarial examples for a quantum variational circuit classifier.The implementation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the existing method,our method requires fewer resources and is more efficient.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62075049)and(61701139)
文摘In the field of quantum information,the acquisition of information for unknown quantum states is very important.When we only need to obtain specific elements of a state density matrix,the traditional quantum state tomography will become very complicated,because it requires a global quantum state reconstruction.Direct measurement of the quantum state allows us to obtain arbitrary specific matrix elements of the quantum state without state reconstruction,so direct measurement schemes have obtained extensive attention.Recently,some direct measurement schemes based on weak values have been proposed,but extra auxiliary states in these schemes are necessary and it will increase the complexity of the practical experiment.Meanwhile,the post-selection process in the scheme will reduce the utilization of resources.In order to avoid these disadvantages,a direct measurement scheme without auxiliary states is proposed in this paper.In this scheme,we achieve the direct measurement of quantum states by using quantum circuits,then we extend it to the measurement of general multi-particle states and complete the error analysis.Finally,when we take into account the dephasing of the quantum states,we modify the circuits and the modified circuits still work for the dephasing case.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China (Grant No.21A0470)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China (Grant No.2023JJ50268)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.62172268 and 62302289)the Shanghai Science and Technology Project,China (Grant Nos.21JC1402800 and 23YF1416200)。
文摘As a branch of quantum image processing,quantum image scaling has been widely studied.However,most of the existing quantum image scaling algorithms are based on nearest-neighbor interpolation and bilinear interpolation,the quantum version of bicubic interpolation has not yet been studied.In this work,we present the first quantum image scaling scheme for bicubic interpolation based on the novel enhanced quantum representation(NEQR).Our scheme can realize synchronous enlargement and reduction of the image with the size of 2^(n)×2^(n) by integral multiple.Firstly,the image is represented by NEQR and the original image coordinates are obtained through multiple CNOT modules.Then,16 neighborhood pixels are obtained by quantum operation circuits,and the corresponding weights of these pixels are calculated by quantum arithmetic modules.Finally,a quantum matrix operation,instead of a classical convolution operation,is used to realize the sum of convolution of these pixels.Through simulation experiments and complexity analysis,we demonstrate that our scheme achieves exponential speedup over the classical bicubic interpolation algorithm,and has better effect than the quantum version of bilinear interpolation.
基金supported by Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciencessupported by the State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics+2 种基金the Start-up Fund provided by Tsinghua Universitythe financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92065113)the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies。
文摘The historical significance of the Stern–Gerlach(SG)experiment lies in its provision of the initial evidence for space quantization.Over time,its sequential form has evolved into an elegant paradigm that effectively illustrates the fundamental principles of quantum theory.To date,the practical implementation of the sequential SG experiment has not been fully achieved.In this study,we demonstrate the capability of programmable quantum processors to simulate the sequential SG experiment.The specific parametric shallow quantum circuits,which are suitable for the limitations of current noisy quantum hardware,are given to replicate the functionality of SG devices with the ability to perform measurements in different directions.Surprisingly,it has been demonstrated that Wigner’s SG interferometer can be readily implemented in our sequential quantum circuit.With the utilization of the identical circuits,it is also feasible to implement Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment.We propose the utilization of cross-shaped programmable quantum processors to showcase sequential experiments,and the simulation results demonstrate a strong alignment with theoretical predictions.With the rapid advancement of cloud-based quantum computing,such as BAQIS Quafu,it is our belief that the proposed solution is well-suited for deployment on the cloud,allowing for public accessibility.Our findings not only expand the potential applications of quantum computers,but also contribute to a deeper comprehension of the fundamental principles underlying quantum theory.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (Grant No.ZR2021MF049)the Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos.ZR2022LLZ012 and ZR2021LLZ001)。
文摘We design a new hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network(HQCCNN)model based on parameter quantum circuits.In this model,we use parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs)to redesign the convolutional layer in classical convolutional neural networks,forming a new quantum convolutional layer to achieve unitary transformation of quantum states,enabling the model to more accurately extract hidden information from images.At the same time,we combine the classical fully connected layer with PQCs to form a new hybrid quantum-classical fully connected layer to further improve the accuracy of classification.Finally,we use the MNIST dataset to test the potential of the HQCCNN.The results indicate that the HQCCNN has good performance in solving classification problems.In binary classification tasks,the classification accuracy of numbers 5 and 7 is as high as 99.71%.In multivariate classification,the accuracy rate also reaches 98.51%.Finally,we compare the performance of the HQCCNN with other models and find that the HQCCNN has better classification performance and convergence speed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.92265113,12074368,and 12034018).
文摘In this theoretical work,we describe a mechanism for the coupling between a plane structure consisting of four quantum dots and a resonator.We systematically study the dependence of the quadruple coupling strength and the qubit decoherence rate and point out the optimized operating position of the hybrid system.According to the transmission given by the input-output theory,the signatures in the resonator spectrum are predicted.Furthermore,based on the parameters already achieved in previous works,we prove that the device described in this paper can achieve the strong coupling limit,i.e.,this approach can be used for system extension under the existing technical conditions.Our results show an effective and promotable approach to couple quantum dot structures in plane with the resonator and propose a meaningful extension method.