From Yang-Mills Photon in Curved Spacetime to Dark Energy Density

We start from quantum field theory in curved spacetime to derive a new Einstein-like energy mass relation of the type E=γmc2 where γ=1/22 is a Yang-Mills Lorentzian factor, m is the mass and c is the velocity of light. Although quantum field in curved spacetime is not a complete quantum gravity theory, our prediction here of 95.4545% dark energy missing in the cosmos is almost in complete agreement with the WMAP and supernova measurements. Finally, it is concluded that the WMAP and type 1a supernova 4.5% measured energy is the ordinary energy density of the quantum particle while the 95.5% missing dark energy is the energy density of the quantum wave. Recalling that measurement leads to quantum wave collapse, it follows that dark energy as given by E(D) = mc2 (21/22) cannot be detected using conventional direct measurement although its antigravity effect is manifested through the increasing rather than decreasing speed of cosmic expansion.

Geometric Backreaction of Modified Quantum Vacua and Diffeomorphrisim Covariance

In this paper I have shown that squeezed modified quantum vacua have an effect on the background geometry by solving the semi-classical Einstein Field Equations in modified vacuum. The resultant geometry is similar to (anti) de Sitter spacetime. This geometry could explain the change of causal structure—speed of light—in such vacua without violating diffeomorphism covariance or causality. The superluminal propagation of photons in Casimir vacuum is deduced from the effective electromagnetic action in the resultant curved geometry. Singling between different vacua is shown not to violate causality as well when the geometric effect on the null rays is considered, causing a refraction of those rays when traveling between unbounded and modified vacua.

An Exact Mathematical Picture of Quantum Spacetime

Using von Neumann’s continuous geometry in conjunction with A. Connes’ noncommutative geometry an exact mathematical-topological picture of quantum spacetime is developed ab initio. The final result coincides with the general conclusion of E-infinity theory and previous results obtained in the realm of high energy physics. In particular it is concluded that the quantum particle and the quantum wave spans quantum spacetime and conversely quantum particles and waves mutates from quantum spacetime.

Quantum Fractals and the Casimir-Dark Energy Duality—The Road to a Clean Quantum Energy Nano Reactor

Based on Witten’s T-duality and mirror symmetry we show, following earlier work, the fundamental complimentarity of the Casimir energy and dark energy. Such a conclusion opens new vistas in cold fusion technology in the wider sense of the word which we tackle via fractal nano technologies leading to some design proposals for a nano Casimir-dark energy reactor.

Phase Transitions in the Early Universe with Negatively Induced Supergravity Cosmological Constant

We consider that the observable cosmological constant is the sum of the vacuum （Avac） and the induced term （Aind - 3m^2/4） with m being the ultra-llght masses （≈ Hubble parameter） implemented in the theory from supergravities arguments and non-minimal coupling. In the absence of a scalar buildup of matter fields, we study its effects on spontaneous symmetry breaking with a Higgs potential and show how the presence of the ultra-light masses yields some important consequences for the early universe and new constraints on the Higgs and electroweak gauge bosons masses.

General Spin Dirac Equation (II)

In an earlier reading [1], we did demonstrate that one can write down a general spin Dirac equation by modifying the usual Einstein energy-momentum equation via the insertion of the quantity “s” which is identified with the spin of the particle. That is to say, a Dirac equation that describes a particle of spin where is the normalised Planck constant, σ are the Pauli 2×2 matrices and s=(±1,±2,±3,…,etc.). What is not clear in the reading [1] is how such a modified energy-momentum relation would arise in Nature. At the end of the day, the insertion by the sleight of hand of the quantity “s” into the usual Einstein energy-momentum equation, would then appear to be nothing more than an idea belonging to the domains of speculation. In the present reading—by making use of the curved spacetime Dirac equations proposed in the work [2], we move the exercise of [1] from the realm of speculation to that of plausibility.

Are Photons Massless or Massive?

Prevailing and conventional wisdom as drawn from both Professor Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and our palatable experience, holds that photons are massless particles and that, every particle that travels at the speed of light must—accordingly, be massless. Amongst other important but now resolved problems in physics, this assumption led to the Neutrino Mass Problem—namely, “Do neutrinos have mass?” Neutrinos appear very strongly to travel at the speed of light and according to the afore-stated, they must be massless. Massless neutrinos have a problem in that one is unable to explain the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations because this requires massive neutrinos. Experiments appear to strongly suggest that indeed, neutrinos most certainly are massive particles. While this solves the problem of neutrino oscillation, it directly leads to another problem, namely that of “How can a massive particle travel at the speed of light? Is not this speed a preserve and prerogative of only massless particles?” We argue herein that in principle, it is possible for massive particles to travel at the speed of light. In presenting the present letter, our hope is that this may aid or contribute significantly in solving the said problem of “How can massive particles travel at the speed of light?”

Max Planck Half Quanta as a Natural Explanation for Ordinary and Dark Energy of the Cosmos

The work gives a natural explanation for the ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on conventional quantum mechanical considerations which dates back as far as the early days of the quantum theory and specifically the work of Max Planck who seems to be the first to propose the possibility of a half quanta corresponding to the ground state, i.e. the energy zero point of the vacuum. Combining these old insights with the relatively new results of Hardy’s quantum entanglement and Witten’s topological quantum field theory as well as the fractal version of M-theory, we find a remarkably simple general theory for dark energy and the Casimir effect.

Entanglement dynamics in κ-deformed spacetime

We treat two identical and mutually independent two-level atoms that are coupled to a quantum field as an open quantum system.The master equation that governs their evolution is derived by tracing over the degree of freedom of the field.With this,we compare the entanglement dynamics of the two atoms moving with different trajectories inκ-deformed and Minkowski spacetimes.Notably,when the environment-induced interatomic interaction does not exist,the entanglement dynamics of two static atoms inκ-deformed spacetime are reduced to that in Minkowski spacetime in the case that the spacetime deformation parameterκis sufficiently large as theoretically predicted.However,if the atoms undergo relativistic motion,regardless of whether inertial or non-inertial,their entanglement dynamics inκ-deformed spacetime behave differently from that in Minkowski spacetime even whenκis large.We investigate various types of entanglement behavior,such as decay and generation,and discuss how different relativistic motions,such as uniform motion in a straight line and circular motion,amplify the differences in the entanglement dynamics between theκ-deformed and Minkowski spacetime cases.In addition,when the environment-induced interatomic interaction is considered,we find that it may also enhance the differences in the entanglement dynamics between these two spacetimes.Thus,in principle,one can tell whether she/he is inκ-deformed or Minkowski spacetime by checking the entanglement behavior between two atoms in certain circumstances.

Field Theory at Finite Temperature and η-ξ Spacetime

The relation between η-ξ spacetime and the field theories at finite temperature is discussed.

A massless scalar field in Robertson-Walker spacetimes:Adiabatic regularization and Green’s function

We study adiabatic regularization of a coupling massless scalar field in general spatially flat Robertson-Walker(RW)spacetimes.For the conformal coupling,the 2nd-order regularized power spectrum and 4th-order regularized stress tensor are zero,and no trace anomaly exists in general RW spacetimes.This is a new result that exceeds those found in de Sitter space.For the minimal coupling,the regularized spectra are also zero in the radiationdominant and matter-dominant stages,as well as in de Sitter space.The vanishing of these adiabatically regularized spectra is further confirmed by direct regularization of the Green's function.For a general coupling and general RW spacetimes,the regularized spectra can be negative under the conventional prescription.At a higher order of regularization,the spectra will generally become positive,but will also acquire IR divergence,which is inevitable for a massless field.To avoid the IR divergence,the inside-horizon regularization is applied.Through these procedures,nonnegative UV-and IR-convergent power spectrum and spectral energy density will eventually be achieved.

论物理学与数学的关系——以时空理论发展为例

关于时空的数学描述是物理学理论中很关键的一个方面。文章从时空理论发展的角度阐述了经典时空理论与数学关系的渊源及数学工具的变换带来的时空认识论的转变、量子场论和超弦理论中时空数学表征的特点及现代物理学高度数学化下人们对实在观认识的转变,并在此基础上讨论了物理学和数学的关系问题。

爱因斯坦与物理观念的突破

介绍了爱因斯坦在某些重要的物理观念的突破中所作出的伟大贡献.这些重要观念涉及时空理论、量子论、宇宙学和规范理论.

对广义相对论的研究和讨论

Einstein引力场方程(EGFE)是广义相对论(GR)中最重要的公式,但EGFE有明显的假设和拼凑的痕迹。如何表达“引力使时空弯曲”(或“时空弯曲造成了引力”)是根本性的待决问题。引力场的物理效果被认定由Riemann空间的度规张量体现,需要知道度规场分布的规律。但由于没有可作依据的实际观测知识,推导EGFE就用猜测性推理。也就是说,物理学实验从未提供过显示引力几何化的(只有Riemann几何才能表现的)知识和规律,Einstein即贸然决定G_(μυ)=R_(μυ)-g_(μυ)R/2≡κT_(μυ)。Einstein引力场理论不是令人放心的可靠理论,它无法取代Newton的引力理论。Newton理论建立在Kepler和Galileo实验定律所包含的无数实验观测结果之上,经过了几百年科学实验和工程实践的检验,并继续在科学和工程中接受广泛的检验,从来没有一例证明Newton引力定律的错误。相反,GR从基本假设到理论框架都存在根本性的不自洽或违背基本的物理事实。Einstein的弯曲时空引力理论是依靠想象建立的,不可能与建立在经验基础上的Newton引力理论达到一致。作为一个理论系统,GR的内在逻辑混乱,因果关系颠倒。例如GR有一个结果说,引力场传播速度是光速,引力波传播速度也是光速;这些都是错误的。如引力以有限速度c传播,将有扭矩作用于行星,则绕太阳运行的行星将变得不稳定。如果太阳产生的引力是以光速向外传播,那么当引力走过日地间距而到达地球时,后者已前移了与8.3min相应的距离。这样一来,太阳对地球的吸引同地球对太阳的吸引就不在同一条直线上了;这使绕太阳运行的星体轨道半径增大,在1200年内地球对太阳的距离将加倍。但在实际上地球轨道是稳定的,故可断定引力传播速度远大于光速。由此可见,GR不能处理引力问题。实际上,正是基本的物理学原理决定了不会有引力波。引力是最早知道的物理相互作用,但它是唯一不能与量子理论相容的作用。人们说GR成功地描述了引力,但这是错误的。GR也叫几何动力学,基本方程用几何项写出公式,这与量子理论有根本性冲突。另外,GR使宇宙学陷入混乱,大爆炸理论、黑洞物理均为例证。基于上述理由,我们认为Einstein的广义相对论是不正确的。

量子场论研究的一个新工具——桂氏时空简介

介绍了桂元星教授首创的 ηξ时空理论 ,该理论建立在黑洞热力学和热场动力学的基础之上 .这一理论为有限温度场论的研究提供了背景时空 ,很可能成为量子场论研究中的一个新工具 .目前 ,ηξ时空已被国外学者称为桂氏时空 .

可以诞生宇宙的特殊零质量自由粒子场

本文通过直接构造出二个量子场模型发现,一个超能量的零质量自由粒子形成的“弦”状时空场可以引发宇宙大爆炸.

Erratum:Covariant Spin Kinetic Theory I:Collisionless Limit,[Y.-C.Liu,K.Mameda,and X.-G.Huang,Chin.Phys.C 44,094101(2020)]

After the publication of the paper,we found two incorrect signs in Eqs.(11)and(13).The correct form of Eq.

Negative Norms in Quantized Strings as Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos

The present short paper is concerned with accurate explanation as well as quantification of the so called missing dark energy of the cosmos. It was always one of the main objectives of any successful general theory of high energy particle physics and quantum cosmology to keep non-physical negative norms, the so called ghosts completely out of that theory. The present work takes the completely contrary view by admitting these supposedly spurious states as part of the physical Hilbert space. It is further shown that rethinking the ghost free condition with the two critical spacetime dimensions D1 = 26 and D2 = 25 together with the corresponding intercept a1 = 1 and a2 ≤ 1 respectively and in addition imposing, as in Gross et al. heterotic superstrings, an overall 496 dimensional exceptional Lie symmetry group, then one will discover that there are two distinct types of energy. The first is positive norm ordinary energy connected to the zero set quantum particles which is very close to the measured ordinary energy density of the cosmos, namely E(O) = mc2/22. The second is negative norm (i.e. ghost) energy connected to the empty set quantum wave and is equal to the conjectured dark energy density of the cosmos E(D) = mc2 (21/22) presumed to be behind the observed accelerated cosmic expansion. That way we were able to not only explain the physics of dark energy without adding any new concepts or novel additional ingredients but also we were able to compute the dark energy density accurately and in full agreement with measurements and observations.

关于弯曲时空中的量子场论的一种新构想

在弯曲时空中的无穷远处设置一个量子实验室,该无穷远处的度规是闵可夫斯基度规,即将弯曲时空的无穷远处视为平直时空,在量子实验室的参考系中量子的产生和湮灭可以按照平直时空的量子场论来处理,对于同一个粒子的产生或湮灭,在非无穷远处的弯曲时空某一点参考系当中看来,要满足广义相对论中的时间和空间膨胀收缩的结果。即在量子实验室的参考系看来,空间中某一点x某一时刻t产生或者湮灭的一个粒子,在弯曲时空中某一点参考系看来,是x'处和t'时刻产生或湮灭的粒子,时间和空间的差异是按照两个参考系之间进行变换后的结果。如果仅仅把引力视为时空弯曲的效应,将量子实验室参考系和弯曲时空参考系平权,认为在弯曲时空参考系中的量子产生湮灭现象在量子实验参考系中也满足这种对应关系,则能利用量子力学的平移算符和弯曲时空的度规张量构造出弯曲时空中的量子场论。

时间延缓效应在不同种类时钟中的体现

讨论了广义相对论描述的强引力场中的时间延缓效应是否可用任何类型的时钟验证的问题.通过论证得出结论:引力场中的时钟的快慢取决于时钟自身的工作原理,并非时间变快或者变慢所致.单摆钟在强引力场中所测时间变快,是由于强引力使单摆摆动的物理过程加快,非时间变快所致;同理,原子钟在强引力场中所测时间变慢,是由于强引力使原子能级发生变化,从而导致原子辐射的物理过程变慢,亦非时间变慢所致.最后,探讨了时钟与时间的本质问题.