Selection Rules in Weak Interaction and Conservation of Fermion Quantum Number

Traditionally, in weak interaction, I3, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, there are three levels of conservation of additive quantum numbers, and fermion quantum number F is conserved in all kinds of interactions. It is known that weak interaction has three types: fermionic, pure hadronic and pure leptonic, corresponding to the first and the second level of conservation of additive quantum numbers respectively. It is demonstrated in this paper that the selection rules in all types of weak interaction can be interpreted by conservation of F, and the formula of relation between Q/e, F and F0 is more general than Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula. Description of weak interaction becomes simpler, If only we take Q, F0 and F, based on the conserved physical quantities.

A Number Theoretic Analysis of the Enthalpy, Enthalpy Energy Density, Thermodynamic Volume, and the Equation of State of a Modified White Hole, and the Implications to the Quantum Vacuum Spacetime, Matter Creation and the Planck Frequency

In this paper, we analyze the enthalpy, enthalpy energy density, thermodynamic volume, and the equation of state of a modified white hole. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory, Ramanujan Recurring Numbers, DN Constant and String Theory, that enable us to extract the quantum geometrical properties of these thermodynamic equations and the implication to the quantum vacuum spacetime geometry of our early universe as they act as the constraints to the nature of quantum gravity of the universe.

Post-processing Free Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Avalanche Photodiode Array

Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes （APDs） photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve the generation rate of random numbers significantly. This method compares the detectors＇ responses to consecutive optical pulses and generates the random sequence. We implement a demonstration experiment to show its simplicity, compactness and scalability. The generated numbers are proved to be unbiased, post-processing free, ready to use, and their randomness is verified by using the national institute of standard technology statistical test suite. The random bit generation efficiency is as high as 32.8% and the potential generation rate adopting the 32× 32 APD array is up to tens of Gbits/s.

Fidelity of quantum information for V-type three-level atom interacting with a number state light field in Kerr medium

In this paper the evolution characteristics of the fidelity of quantum information for the V-type three-level atom interacting with number state light field in Kerr meddium are investigated. It shows that the periodicity of the evolutions of fidelity of quantum information is influenced by the Kerr coefficient, the photon number of the initial field and intensity of light. The evolutions of the fidelity of quantum information are modulated by the initial number state field. The Rabi oscillation frequency and the modulation frequency of fidelity for the field and the system vary with the value of the Kerr coefficient. The evolutions of fidelity of quantum information obviously show the quantum collapse and revival behaviours in the system of atom interacting with light field.

Improved quantum randomness amplification with finite number of untrusted devices based on a novel extractor

Quantum randomness amplification protocols have increasingly attracted attention tbr their tantastic ability to ampllI~, weak randomness to almost ideal randomness by utilizing quantum systems. Recently, a realistic noise-tolerant randomness amplification protocol using a finite number of untrusted devices was proposed. The protocol has the composable security against non-signalling eavesdroppers and could produce a single bit of randomness from weak randomness sources, which is certified by the violation of certain Bell inequalities. However, the protocol has a non-ignorable limitation on the min- entropy of independent sources. In this paper, we further develop the randomness amplification method and present a novel quantum randomness amplification protocol based on an explicit non-malleable two independent-source randomness extractor, which could remarkably reduce the above-mentioned specific limitation. Moreover, the composable security of our improved protocol is also proposed. Our results could significantly expand the application range for practical quantum randomness amplification, and provide a new insight on the practical design method for randomness extraction.

Effect of Green Quantum Well Number on Properties of Green GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes

In GaN-based green light-emitting diodes（LEDs） with different green quantum well numbers grown on Si（111）substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. It is observed that V-shaped pits appear in the AFM images with the green quantum well number increasing from 5 to 9, and results in larger reverse-bias leakage current. Meanwhile, in the case of the sample with the number from 5 to 7 then to 9, the external quantum efficiency increases firstly, and then decreases. These phenomena may be related to the size of V-shaped pits in the active area and the distribution of electrons and holes in the active area caused by V-shaped pits. The optimal number of green quantum wells is determined to be 7.

Phase-Coding Self-Testing Quantum Random Number Generator

How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 （2014）140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.

Towards Post-Quantum Cryptography Using Thermal Noise Theory and True Random Numbers Generation

The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the breakthroughs and properties of quantum calculators which make vulnerable existing cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a random number generation model based on evaluation of the thermal noise power of the volume elements of an electronic system with a volume of 58.83 cm3. We prove through the sampling of the temperature of each volume element that it is difficult for an attacker to carry out an exploit. In 12 seconds, we generate for 7 volume elements, a stream of randomly generated keys of 187 digits that will be transmitted from source to destination through the properties of quantum cryptography.

Passive decoy state SARG04 quantum-key-distribution with practical photon-number resolving detectors

SARG04 protocol has its advantages in defending photon number splitting attack, benefited from two-photon pulses part. In this paper, we present a passive decoy state SARG04 scheme combining with practical photon number resolving （PNR） detectors. Two kinds of practical detectors, transition-edge sensor and time-multiplexing detector, are taken into consideration. Theoretical analysis shows that both of them are compatible with the passive decoy state SARG04. Compared with the original SARG04, two detectors can boost the key generation rate and maximal secure distance obviously. Meanwhile, the result shows that quantum efficiency and dark count of the detector influence the maximal distance slightly, which indicates the prospect of implementation in real quantum key distribution system with imperfect practical PNS detectors.

Bidirectional transfer of quantum information for unknown photons via cross-Kerr nonlinearity and photon-number-resolving measurement

We propose an arbitrary controlled-unitary （CU） gate and a bidirectional transfer scheme of quantum information （BTQI） for unknown photons. The proposed CU gate utilizes quantum non-demolition photon-number-resolving measure- ment based on the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities （XKNLs） and two quantum bus beams; the proposed CU gate consists of consecutive operations of a controlled-path gate and a gathering-path gate. It is almost deterministic and is feasible with current technology when a strong amplitude of the coherent state and weak XKNLs are employed. Compared with the existing optical multi-qubit or controlled gates, which utilize XKNLs and homodyne detectors, the proposed CU gate can increase experimental realization feasibility and enhance robustness against decoherence. According to the CU gate, we present a BTQI scheme in which the two unknown states of photons between two parties （Alice and Bob） are mutually swapped by transferring only a single photon. Consequently, by using the proposed CU gate, it is possible to experimentally implement the BTQI scheme with a certain probability of success.

Quantum phase distribution and the number-phase Wigner function of the generalized squeezed vacuum states associated with solvable quantum systems

The quantum phase properties of the generalized squeezed vacuum states associated with solvable quantum systems are studied by using the Pegg-Barnett formalism.Then,two nonclassical features,i.e.,squeezing in the number and phase operators,as well as the number-phase Wigner function of the generalized squeezed states are investigated.Due to some actual physical situations,the present approach is applied to two classes of generalized squeezed states：solvable quantum systems with discrete spectra and nonlinear squeezed states with particular nonlinear functions.Finally,the time evolution of the nonclassical properties of the considered systems has been numerically investigated.

Virtual Numbers to Represent Entangled Quantum States

In the existing formalism of quantum states, probability amplitudes of quantum states are complex numbers. A composition of entangled quantum states, such as a Bell state, cannot be decomposed into its constituent quantum states, implying that quantum states lose their identities when they get entangled. This is contrary to the observation that a composition of entangled quantum states decays back to its constituent quantum states. To eliminate this discrepancy, this paper introduces a new type of numbers, called virtual numbers, which produce zero upon multiplication with complex numbers. In the proposed formalism of quantum states, probability amplitudes of quantum states are general numbers made of complex and virtual numbers. A composition of entangled quantum states, such as a Bell state, can then be decomposed into its constituent quantum states, implying that quantum states retain their identities when they get entangled.

Navigating the Quantum Threat Landscape: Addressing Classical Cybersecurity Challenges

This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are discussed, along with quantum vulnerabilities in public key infrastructure and symmetric cryptographic algorithms. Other relevant non-encryption-specific areas within cybersecurity are similarly raised. The evolution and expansion of cyberwarfare as well as new developments in cyber defense beyond post-quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution are subsequently explored, with an emphasis on public and private sector awareness and vigilance in maintaining strong security posture.

Quantum search for unknown number of target items by hybridizing fixed-point method with trail-and-error method

For the unsorted database quantum search with the unknown fraction λ of target items, there are mainly two kinds of methods, i.e., fixed-point and trail-and-error.(i) In terms of the fixed-point method, Yoder et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett.113 210501(2014)] claimed that the quadratic speedup over classical algorithms has been achieved. However, in this paper, we point out that this is not the case, because the query complexity of Yoder’s algorithm is actually in O(1/λ01/2)rather than O(1/λ1/2), where λ0 is a known lower bound of λ.(ii) In terms of the trail-and-error method, currently the algorithm without randomness has to take more than 1 times queries or iterations than the algorithm with randomly selected parameters. For the above problems, we provide the first hybrid quantum search algorithm based on the fixed-point and trail-and-error methods, where the matched multiphase Grover operations are trialed multiple times and the number of iterations increases exponentially along with the number of trials. The upper bound of expected queries as well as the optimal parameters are derived. Compared with Yoder’s algorithm, the query complexity of our algorithm indeed achieves the optimal scaling in λ for quantum search, which reconfirms the practicality of the fixed-point method. In addition, our algorithm also does not contain randomness, and compared with the existing deterministic algorithm, the query complexity can be reduced by about 1/3. Our work provides a new idea for the research on fixed-point and trial-and-error quantum search.

量子近似优化算法在数字分区问题中的应用

量子近似优化算法(QAOA)是一种近似求解组合优化问题的方法,它通过反复调整电路参数,以获取问题哈密顿量的最大期望值为目的来解决问题,在组合优化问题领域具有广阔的应用前景。将QAOA应用于数字分区问题(二分区问题),通过将问题函数转换成对应的哈密顿量,构造了量子线路,采用线性近似约束优化(COBYLA)方法对电路参数进行了优化,并使用IBMQ模拟平台进行了模拟实验。研究发现量子近似优化算法在数字分区问题中有着良好的性能表现,可在多项式时间内给出问题的解,并且降低了问题的时间复杂度。

The Theoretical Significance and Reality of Imaginary Number

It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.

层积云背景下量子干涉雷达最优平均光子数自适应策略

量子干涉雷达(Quantum Interference Radar,QIR)是以量子力学为基础,利用量子纠缠效应进行目标探测的一种新型雷达体制,QIR探测光子数的变化会对雷达分辨率和系统生存函数产生影响。为了降低层积云液态水含量对QIR探测性能的影响,提出了基于诱骗态量子密钥协议的最优平均光子数自适应(Photon Number Adaptive,PNA)调整策略。建立了层积云液态水含量、传输距离与最优平均光子数之间的关系,对自适应调整前后的QIR分辨率和信道生存函数进行了比较。理论分析和仿真结果表明,当脉冲信号波长一定,层积云粒子浓度为1.579×10^(4)cm^(-3),层积云液态水含量为0.5 g/cm3时,采用PNA策略之后,QIR角度分辨率值由1.289下降至1.028,QIR系统角度分辨率和空间分辨率均得到有效提高;当层积云液态水含量为0.1034 g/cm^(3)时,采用PNA策略之后,信道生存函数由0.2292提高到0.4167。因此,通过PNA策略自适应地调整系统发送端信号脉冲所含的平均光子数,能够提高QIR在层积云背景下探测的可靠性。

基于Cortex-M4的CNTR/CTRU密钥封装高效实现

量子计算技术的迅猛发展对现有的公钥密码体制造成了极大的威胁,为了抵抗量子计算的攻击,后量子密码成为当前密码学界的研究热点.目前,物联网的安全问题备受关注,ARM Cortex-M4作为低功耗嵌入式处理器,被广泛应用于物联网设备中,在其上部署后量子密码算法将为物联网设备的安全提供更加可靠的保障.CNTR和CTRU是我国学者提出的NTRU格基密钥封装方案,相比于基于LWE技术路线的格基密钥封装方案在安全性和其他性能上具有综合优势,并在我国密标委得到立项.本文工作首次在ARM Cortex-M4平台上高效紧凑地实现了CNTR和CTRU方案,充分利用单指令多数据(Single Instruction Multiple Data,SIMD)指令,调整运算结构和指令安排,优化核心的多项式运算,从而在算法实现速度和堆栈空间上进行全面优化升级.本文主要工作如下:本文首次在ARM Cortex-M4上实现耗时模块多项式中心二项分布采样,采样速度提升32.49%;使用混合基数论变换(Number Theoretic Transform,NTT)加速非NTT友好多项式乘法运算,充分利用浮点单元(Floating-Point Unit,FPU)寄存器,在NTT实现中采用层融合技术,最大化减少加载和存储等耗时指令使用,使得正向NTT和逆向NTT的速度分别提升84.24%、81.15%;通过NTT过程系数范围分析进行延迟约减,进而减少约减次数,并使用改进的Barrett约减和Montgomery约减技术实现降低约减汇编指令条数;使用循环展开技术实现多项式求逆,优化多项式求逆这一耗时过程,速度优化率为68.85%;针对解密过程中的非NTT友好素数模数多项式环乘法,采用多模数NTT和中国剩余定理(Chinese Remainder Theorem,CRT)结合的方法进行加速,完成解密过程96.26%的速度提升;使用空间复用的方法优化堆栈空间,CNTR和CTRU的堆栈空间分别减少了29.86%、28.17%.实验结果表明:提出的优化技术大幅提升了算法实现效率,与C参考实现相比,CNTR和CTRU的整体速度优化率分别为85.54%、85.56%.与其他格基密钥封装方案最新ARM Cortex-M4实现相比,本文的优化实现在速度、空间和安全性上具有综合性的优势.

双数态输入型M-Z干涉仪中量子相位的最大似然估计和贝叶斯分析

本文采用最大似然估计和贝叶斯分析两种方法,对双数态输入型马赫-曾德尔干涉仪中的量子相位估计进行研究.通过对干涉仪输出端粒子数差和宇称进行理论计算和数值模拟,发现采用贝叶斯分析和粒子数差测量的组合,可以在全相位空间实现最优测量,即待估相位精度达到由量子克拉美罗下界所给定的测量极限,同时,利用贝叶斯分析进行相位估计所需样本数较最大似然估计更少.在通过宇称测量进行相位估计的研究中,发现无法利用贝叶斯分析实现相位估计,但可采用最大似然估计进行研究.借助蒙特卡洛数值模拟分析,我们验证了理论计算结果,即相位估计精度会随待估相位θ0的变化而改变,将其与粒子数差测量结果对比,进一步确认了粒子数差测量方案的优越性.