Quantum steganography with a large payload based on dense coding and entanglement swapping of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states

A quantum steganography protocol with a large payload is proposed based on the dense coding and the entanglement swapping of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） states. Its super quantum channel is formed by building up a hidden channel within the original quantum secure direct communication （QSDC） scheme. Based on the original QSDC, secret messages are transmitted by integrating the dense coding and the entanglement swapping of the GHZ states. The capacity of the super quantum channel achieves six bits per round covert communication, much higher than the previous quantum steganography protocols. Its imperceptibility is good, since the information and the secret messages can be regarded to be random or pseudo-random. Moreover, its security is proved to be reliable.

Large payload quantum steganography based on cavity quantum electrodynamics

A large payload quantum steganography protocol based on cavity quantum electrodynamics （QED） is presented in this paper, which effectively uses the evolutionary law of atoms in cavity QED. The protocol builds up a hidden channel to transmit secret messages using entanglement swapping between one GHZ state and one Bell state in cavity QED together with the Hadamard operation. The quantum steganography protocol is insensitive to cavity decay and the thermal field. The capacity, imperceptibility and security against eavesdropping are analyzed in detail in the protocol. It turns out that the protocol not only has good imperceptibility but also possesses good security against eavesdropping. In addition, its capacity for a hidden channel achieves five bits, larger than most of the previous quantum steganography protocols.

Steganalysis and improvement of a quantum steganography protocol via a GHZ_4 state

Quantum steganography that utilizes the quantum mechanical effect to achieve the purpose of information hiding is a popular topic of quantum information. Recently, E1 Allati et al. proposed a new quantum steganography using the GHZ4 state. Since all of the 8 groups of unitary transformations used in the secret message encoding rule change the GHZ4 state into 6 instead of 8 different quantum states when the global phase is not considered, we point out that a 2-bit instead of a 3-bit secret message can be encoded by one group of the given unitary transformations. To encode a 3-bit secret message by performing a group of unitary transformations on the GHZ4 state, we give another 8 groups of unitary transformations that can change the GHZ4 state into 8 different quantum states. Due to the symmetry of the GHZ4 state, all the possible 16 groups of unitary transformations change the GHZ4 state into 8 different quantum states, so the improved protocol achieves a high efficiency.

Quantum Steganography Application in the Electrical Network for Quantum Image and Watermark with Self-Adaptive

With the development of Globe Energy Internet,quantum steganography has been used for information hiding to improve copyright protection.Based on secure quantum communication protocol,and flexible steganography,secret information is embedded in quantum images in covert communication.Under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the quantum image,the secret information is transmitted safely with virtue of good imperceptibility.A novel quantum watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper,based on the shared group key value of the communication parties and the transmission of the selected carrier map pixel gray higher than 8 bits.According to the shared group key value of the communication parties,the two effective Bell state qubits of the carried quantum streak image are replaced with secret information.Compared with the existing algorithms,the new algorithm improves the robustness of the secret information itself and the execution efficiency of its embedding and extraction.Experimental simulation and performance analysis also show that the novel algorithm has an excellent performance in transparency,robustness and embedded capacity.

High-efficiency quantum steganography based on the tensor product of Bell states

In this paper,we first propose a hidden rule among the secure message,the initial tensor product of two Bell states and the final tensor product when respectively applying local unitary transformations to the first particle of the two initial Bell states,and then present a high-efficiency quantum steganography protocol under the control of the hidden rule.In the proposed quantum steganography scheme,a hidden channel is established to transfer a secret message within any quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) scheme that is based on 2-level quantum states and unitary transformations.The secret message hiding/unhiding process is linked with the QSDC process only by unitary transformations.To accurately describe the capacity of a steganography scheme,a quantitative measure,named embedding efficiency,is introduced in this paper.The performance analysis shows that the proposed steganography scheme achieves a high efficiency as well as a good imperceptibility.Moreover,it is shown that this scheme can resist all serious attacks including the intercept-resend attack,measurement-resend attack,auxiliary particle attack and even the Denial of Service attack.To improve the efficiency of the proposed scheme,the hidden rule is extended based on the tensor product of multiple Bell states.

Quantum Steganography via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger GHZ_4 State

A quantum steganography communication scheme via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger GHZ 4 state is constructed to investigate the possibility of remotely transferred hidden information.Moreover,the multipartite entangled states are become a hectic topic due to its important applications and deep effects on aspects of quantum information.Then,the scheme consists of sharing the correlation of four particle GHZ4 states between the legitimate users.After insuring the security of the quantum channel,they begin to hide the secret information in the cover of message.Comparing the scheme with the previous quantum steganographies,capacity and imperceptibility of hidden message are good.The security of the present scheme against many attacks is also discussed.

Analysis and Improvement of Steganography Protocol Based on Bell States in Noise Environment

In the field of quantum communication,quantum steganography is an important branch of quantum information hiding.In a realistic quantum communication system,quantum noises are unavoidable and will seriously impact the safety and reliability of the quantum steganographic system.Therefore,it is very important to analyze the influence of noise on the quantum steganography protocol and how to reduce the effect of noise.This paper takes the quantum steganography protocol proposed in 2010 as an example to analyze the effects of noises on information qubits and secret message qubits in the four primary quantum noise environments.The results show that when the noise factor of one quantum channel noise is known,the size of the noise factor of the other quantum channel can be adjusted accordingly,such as artificially applying noise,so that the influence of noises on the protocol is minimized.In addition,this paper also proposes a method of improving the efficiency of the steganographic protocol in a noisy environment.

A Novel Quantum Stegonagraphy Based on Brown States

In this paper,a novel quantum steganography protocol based on Brown entangled states is proposed.The new protocol adopts the CNOT operation to achieve the transmission of secret information by the best use of the characteristics of entangled states.Comparing with the previous quantum steganography algorithms,the new protocol focuses on its anti-noise capability for the phase-flip noise,which proved its good security resisting on quantum noise.Furthermore,the covert communication of secret information in the quantum secure direct communication channel would not affect the normal information transmission process due to the new protocol’s good imperceptibility.If the number of Brown states transmitted in carrier protocol is many enough,the imperceptibility of the secret channel can be further enhanced.In aspect of capacity,the new protocol can further expand its capacity by combining with other quantum steganography protocols.Due to that the proposed protocol does not require the participation of the classic channel when it implements the transmission of secret information,any additional information leakage will not be caused for the new algorithm with good security.The detailed theoretical analysis proves that the new protocol can own good performance on imperceptibility,capacity and security.