Analysis of learnability of a novel hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network in image classification

We design a new hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network(HQCCNN)model based on parameter quantum circuits.In this model,we use parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs)to redesign the convolutional layer in classical convolutional neural networks,forming a new quantum convolutional layer to achieve unitary transformation of quantum states,enabling the model to more accurately extract hidden information from images.At the same time,we combine the classical fully connected layer with PQCs to form a new hybrid quantum-classical fully connected layer to further improve the accuracy of classification.Finally,we use the MNIST dataset to test the potential of the HQCCNN.The results indicate that the HQCCNN has good performance in solving classification problems.In binary classification tasks,the classification accuracy of numbers 5 and 7 is as high as 99.71%.In multivariate classification,the accuracy rate also reaches 98.51%.Finally,we compare the performance of the HQCCNN with other models and find that the HQCCNN has better classification performance and convergence speed.

Measure synchronization in hybrid quantum-classical systems

Measure synchronization in hybrid quantum-classical systems is investigated in this paper.The dynamics of the classical subsystem is described by the Hamiltonian equations,while the dynamics of the quantum subsystem is governed by the Schr¨odinger equation.By increasing the coupling strength in between the quantum and classical subsystems,we reveal the existence of measure synchronization in coupled quantum-classical dynamics under energy conservation for the hybrid systems.

A Survey of NISQ Era Hybrid Quantum-Classical Machine Learning Research

Quantum computing is a rapidly growing field that has received a significant amount of support in the past decade in industry and academia.Several physical quantum computers are now freely available to use through cloud services,with some implementations supporting upwards of hundreds of qubits.These advances mark the beginning of the noisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)era of quantum computing,paving the way for hybrid quantum-classical(HQC)systems.This work provides an introductory overview of gate-model quantum computing through the Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment and a survey of recent applications of NISQ era quantum computers to HQC machine learning.

Hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural networks

Deep learning has been shown to be able to recognize data patterns better than humans in specific circumstances or contexts.In parallel,quantum computing has demonstrated to be able to output complex wave functions with a few number of gate operations,which could generate distributions that are hard for a classical computer to produce.Here we propose a hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network(QCCNN),inspired by convolutional neural networks(CNNs)but adapted to quantum computing to enhance the feature mapping process.QCCNN is friendly to currently noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers,in terms of both number of qubits as well as circuit’s depths,while retaining important features of classical CNN,such as nonlinearity and scalability.We also present a framework to automatically compute the gradients of hybrid quantum-classical loss functions which could be directly applied to other hybrid quantum-classical algorithms.We demonstrate the potential of this architecture by applying it to a Tetris dataset,and show that QCCNN can accomplish classification tasks with learning accuracy surpassing that of classical CNN with the same structure.

Quantum-classical correspondence in integrable systems

We find that the quantum-classical correspondence in integrable systems is characterized by two time scales. One is the Ehrenfest time below which the system is classical;the other is the quantum revival time beyond which the system is fully quantum. In between, the quantum system can be well approximated by classical ensemble distribution in phase space. These results can be summarized in a diagram which we call Ehrenfest diagram. We derive an analytical expression for Ehrenfest time, which is proportional to h-1/2. According to our formula, the Ehrenfest time for the solar-earth system is about 1026 times of the age of the solar system. We also find an analytical expression for the quantum revival time, which is proportional to h-1. Both time scales involve ω(I), the classical frequency as a function of classical action. Our results are numerically illustrated with two simple integrable models. In addition, we show that similar results exist for Bose gases, where 1/N serves as an effective Planck constant.

Quantum-classical correspondence for the inverted oscillator

While quantum-classical correspondence for a system is a very fundamental problem in modern physics,the understanding of its mechanism is often elusive,so the methods used and the results of detailed theoretical analysis have been accompanied by active debate.In this study,the differences and similarities between quantum and classical behavior for an inverted oscillator have been analyzed based on the description of a complete generalized Airy function-type quantum wave solution.The inverted oscillator model plays an important role in several branches of cosmology and particle physics.The quantum wave packet of the system is composed of many sub-packets that are localized at different positions with regular intervals between them.It is shown from illustrations of the probability density that,although the quantum trajectory of the wave propagation is somewhat different from the corresponding classical one,the difference becomes relatively small when the classical excitation is sufficiently high.We have confirmed that a quantum wave packet moving along a positive or negative direction accelerates over time like a classical wave.From these main interpretations and others in the text,we conclude that our theory exquisitely illustrates quantum and classical correspondence for the system,which is a crucial concept in quantum mechanics.

Unraveling the surface chemistry processes in lithiated and boronized plasma material interfaces under extreme conditions

The review of recent theoretical and experimental research on the complex surface chemistry processes that evolve from low-Z materialconditioning on plasma-facing materials under extreme fusion plasma conditions is presented. A combination of multi-scale computationalphysics and chemistry modeling with real-time diagnosis of the plasma-material interface in tokamak fusion plasma edge is complemented byex-vessel in-situ single-effect experimental facilities to unravel the evolving characteristics of low-Z components under irradiation. Effects of thelithium and boron coatings at carbon surfaces to the retention of deuterium and chemical sputtering of the plasma-facing surfaces are discussedin detail. The critical role of oxygen in the surface chemistry during hydrogen-fuel irradiation is found to drive the kinetics and dynamics ofthese surfaces as they interact with fusion edge plasma that ultimately could have profound effects on fusion plasma confinement behavior.Computational studies also extend in spatio-temporal scales not accessible by empirical means and therefore open the opportunity for a strategicapproach at irradiation surface science studies that combined these powerful computational tools with in-vessel and ex-vessel in-situ diagnostics.

Rotational symmetry of classical orbits, arbitrary quantization of angular momentum and the role of the gauge field in two-dimensional space

We study quantum classical correspondence in terms of the coherent wave functions of a charged particle in two-dimensional central-scalar potentials as well as the gauge field of a magnetic flux in the sense that the probability clouds of wave functions are well localized on classical orbits. For both closed and open classical orbits, the non-integer angular-momentum quantization with the level space of angular momentum being greater or less than h is determined uniquely by the same rotational symmetry of classical orbits and probability clouds of coherent wave functions, which is not necessarily 27r-periodic. The gauge potential of a magnetic flux impenetrable to the particle cannot change the quantization rule but is able to shift the spectrum of canonical angular momentum by a flux-dependent value, which results in a common topological phase for all wave functions in the given model. The well-known quantum mechanical anyon model becomes a special case of the arbitrary quantization, where the classical orbits are 2π-periodic.

Intelligent Robust Control of Redundant Smart Robotic Arm Pt II: Quantum Computing KB Optimizer Supremacy

This article is a continuation of the work“Intelligent robust control of redundant smart robotic arm Pt I:Soft computing KB optimizer-deep machine learning IT”.In the first part of the paper,we examined control systems with constant coefficients of the conventional PID controller(based on genetic algorithm)and intelligent control systems based on soft computing technologies.For demonstration,MatLab/Simulink models and a test benchmark of the robot manipulator demonstrated.Advantages and limitations of intelligent control systems based on soft computing technology discussed.Intelligent main element of the control system based on soft computing is a fuzzy controller with a knowledge base in it.In the first part of the article,two ways to implement fuzzy controllers showed.First way applyied one controller for all links of the manipulator and showed the best performance.However,such an implementation is not possible in complex control objects,such as a manipulator with seven degrees of freedom(7DOF).The second way use of separated control when an independent fuzzy controller controls each link.The control decomposition due to a slight decrease in the quality of management has greatly simplified the processes of creating and placing knowledge bases.In this Pt II,to eliminate the mismatch of the work of separate independent fuzzy controllers,methods for organizing coordination control based on quantum computing technologies to create robust intelligent control systems for robotic manipulators with 3DOF and 7DOF described.Quantum supremacy of developed end-to-end IT design of robust intelligent control systems demonstrated.

Quantum Computational Techniques for Prediction of Cognitive State of Human Mind from EEG Signals

The utilization of quantum states for the representation of information and the advances in machine learning is considered as an efficient way of modeling the working of complex systems.The states of mind or judgment outcomes are highly complex phenomena that happen inside the human body.Decoding these states is significant for improving the quality of technology and providing an impetus to scientific research aimed at understanding the functioning of the human mind.One of the key advantages of quantum wave-functions over conventional classical models is the existence of configurable hidden variables,which provide more data density due to its exponential state-space growth.These hidden variables correspond to the amplitudes of each probable state of the system and allow for the modeling of various intricate aspects of measurable and observable physical quantities.This makes the quantum wave-functions powerful and felicitous to model cognitive states of the human mind,as it inherits the ability to efficiently couple the current context with past experiences temporally and spatially to approach an appropriate future cognitive state.This paper implements and compares some techniques like Variational Quantum Classifiers(VQC),quantum annealing classifiers,and hybrid quantum-classical neural networks,to harness the power of quantum computing for processing cognitive states of the mind by making use of EEG data.It also introduces a novel pipeline by logically combining some of the aforementioned techniques,to predict future cognitive responses.The preliminary results of these approaches are presented and are very encouraging with upto 61.53%validation accuracy.

古典轨道，尖动量的任意的量子化和在二维的空间的计量器地的角色的旋转对称

We study quantum–classical correspondence in terms of the coherent wave functions of a charged particle in two- dimensional central-scalar potentials as well as the gauge field of a magnetic flux in the sense that the probability clouds of wave functions are well localized on classical orbits. For both closed and open classical orbits, the non-integer angular-momentum quantization with the level space of angular momentum being greater or less than is determined uniquely by the same rotational symmetry of classical orbits and probability clouds of coherent wave functions, which is not necessarily 2π-periodic. The gauge potential of a magnetic flux impenetrable to the particle cannot change the quantization rule but is able to shift the spectrum of canonical angular momentum by a flux-dependent value, which results in a common topological phase for all wave functions in the given model. The well-known quantum mechanical anyon model becomes a special case of the arbitrary quantization, where the classical orbits are 2π-periodic.

A pseudoclassical theory for the wavepacket dynamics of the kicked rotor model

In this study, we propose a generalized pseudoclassical theory for the kicked rotor model in an attempt to discern the footprints of the classical dynamics in the deep quantum regime. Compared with the previous pseudoclassical theory that applies only in the neighborhoods of the lowest two quantum resonances, the proposed theory is applicable in the neighborhoods of all quantum resonances in principle by considering the quantum effect of the free rotation at a quantum resonance. In particular, it is confirmed by simulations that the quantum wavepacket dynamics can be successfully forecasted based on the generalized pseudoclassical dynamics, offering an intriguing example where it is feasible to bridge the dynamics in the deep quantum regime to the classical dynamics. The application of the generalized pseudoclassical theory to the PT-symmetric kicked rotor is also discussed.

A probabilistic model of quantum states for classical data security

The phenomenal progress of quantum information theory over the last decade has substantially broadened the potential to simulate the superposition of states for exponential speedup of quantum algorithms over their classical peers.Therefore,the conventional and modern cryptographic standards(encryption and authentication)are susceptible to Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms on quantum computers.The significant improvement in technology permits consummate levels of data protection by encoding classical data into small quantum states that can only be utilized once by leveraging the capabilities of quantum-assisted classical computations.Considering the frequent data breaches and increasingly stringent privacy legislation,we introduce a hybrid quantum-classical model to transform classical data into unclonable states,and we experimentally demonstrate perfect state transfer to exemplify the classical data.To alleviate implementation complexity,we propose an arbitrary quantum signature scheme that does not require the establishment of entangled states to authenticate users in order to transmit and receive arbitrated states to retrieve classical data.The consequences of the probabilistic model indicate that the quantum-assisted classical framework substantially enhances the performance and security of digital data,and paves the way toward real-world applications.