We review the predictions of quark models for multiquark configurations that are bound or resonant states,and compare different methods for estimating the properties of resonances.
This work shows a didactic model representative of the quarks described in the Standard Model (SM). In the model, particles are represented by structures corresponding to geometric shapes of coupled quantum oscillator...This work shows a didactic model representative of the quarks described in the Standard Model (SM). In the model, particles are represented by structures corresponding to geometric shapes of coupled quantum oscillators (GMP). From these didactic hypotheses emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles (quarks) fully compatible with that of SM, showing, besides, that the number of possible quarks is six.展开更多
A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other fi...A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other field exists, contrasting with the Standard Model of Particle Physics in which each elementary particle is an excitation in its own quantum field. The primordial field theory of quantum gravity has produced a model of a fermion with a mass gap, ½-integral spin, discrete charge, and magnetic moment. The mass gap is based on an existence theorem that is anchored in Yang-Mills, while Calabi-Yau anchors ½-integral spin, with charge and magnetic moment based on duality. Based on N-windings, this work is here extended to encompass fractional charge, with the result applied to quarks, yielding fermion mass and charge in agreement with experiment and novel size correlations and a unique quantum gravity-based ontological understanding of quarks.展开更多
According to the recent studies,the gravitational wave(GW)echoes are expected to be generated by quark stars composed of ultrastiff quark matter.The ultrastiff equations of state(EOS)for quark matter were usually obta...According to the recent studies,the gravitational wave(GW)echoes are expected to be generated by quark stars composed of ultrastiff quark matter.The ultrastiff equations of state(EOS)for quark matter were usually obtained either by a simple bag model with artificially assigned sound velocity or by employing interacting strange quark matter(SQM)depicted by simple reparameterization and rescaling.In this study,we investigate GW echoes with EOSs for SQM in the framework of the equivparticle model with density-dependent quark masses and pairing effects.We conclude that strange quark stars(SQSs)can be sufficiently compact to possess a photon sphere capable of generating GW echoes with frequencies in the range of approximately 20 kHz.However,SQSs cannot account for the observed 72 Hz signal in GW170817 event.Furthermore,we determined that quark-pairing effects play a crucial role in enabling SQSs to satisfy the necessary conditions for producing these types of echoes.展开更多
The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?
A framework to estimate the mass of the universe from quarks is presented, taking spacetime into account. This is a link currently missing in our understanding of physics/science. The focus on mass-energy balance is a...A framework to estimate the mass of the universe from quarks is presented, taking spacetime into account. This is a link currently missing in our understanding of physics/science. The focus on mass-energy balance is aimed at finding a solution to the Cosmological Constant (CC) problem by attempting to quantize space-time and linking the vacuum energy density at the beginning of the universe and the current energy density. The CC problem is the famous disagreement of approximately 120 orders of magnitude between the theoretical energy density at the Planck scale and the indirectly measured cosmological energy density. Same framework is also used to determine the mass of the proton and neutron from first principles. The only input is the up quark (u-quark) mass, or precisely, the 1st generation quarks. The method assumes that the u-quark is twice as massive as the down-quark (d-quark). The gap equation is the starting point, introduced in its simplest form. The main idea is to assume that all the particles and fields in the unit universe are divided into quarks and everything else. Everything else means all fields and forces present in the universe. It is assumed that everything else can be “quark-quantized”;that is, assume that they can be quantized into similar sizeable u-quarks and/or it’s associated interactions and relations. The result is surprisingly almost as measured and known values. The proton structure and mass composition are also analysed, showing that it likely has more than 3 quarks and more than 3 valence quarks. It is also possible to estimate the percentage of dark matter, dark energy, ordinary matter, and anti-matter. Finally, the cosmological constant problem or puzzle is resolved by connecting the vacuum energy density of Quantum Field Theory (5.1E+96 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) and the energy density of General Relativity (1.04E−26 kg/m<sup>3</sup>). Upon maturation, this framework can serve as a bridging platform between Quantum Field Theory and General Relativity. Other aspects of natures’ field theories can be successfully ported to the platform. It also increases the chances of solving some of the unanswered questions in physics.展开更多
Open heavy flavors and quarkonia are unique probes of the hot–dense medium produced in heavy-ion collisions. Their production in p+p collisions also constitutes an important test of QCD. In this paper, we review sele...Open heavy flavors and quarkonia are unique probes of the hot–dense medium produced in heavy-ion collisions. Their production in p+p collisions also constitutes an important test of QCD. In this paper, we review selected results on the open heavy flavors and quarkonia generated in the p+p and heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The physical implications are also discussed.展开更多
A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potent...A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.展开更多
The newly developed YY model contains a set of constitutive rules to describe the structures of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, by using two elementary sub-quark particles, the Yin and Yang fermions of charge 1...The newly developed YY model contains a set of constitutive rules to describe the structures of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, by using two elementary sub-quark particles, the Yin and Yang fermions of charge 1/3 forming all the particles of the Standard Model. This model suggests a modular structure of the universe, in which two elementary constituents recursively form all the matter. The advantage of this hypothesis is that it provides a total symmetry and a noticeably clear conceptual understanding. Moreover, it justifies the cosmological formation of a limited number of atoms, e.g., H and Li with their isotopes, considering that matter can be produced as a free agglomerate of semi-stable neutrons, which would lead to the feeding of baryonic matter in the universe. In this current article, some further theoretical aspects are proposed as an evolution of the YY model. They cover correlation paths between interacting quarks, the considerations of color forces between yin-yang elementary elements. Moreover, an agreement of the YY model with the Teplov approach based on harmonic quarks and oscillators is established, and the mass of Yin and Yang is considered. Two example nuclei are used for the analysis: a radioactively stable deuteron (containing a neutron and a proton) and a possible semi-stable dineutron (roughly “consisting of two neutrons”), which is purely theoretical, represent a very natural and legal nuclear state within YY model. Based on the results obtained here, some indications are given for a possible simple experimental verification providing proof for the stability or instability of the dineutron.展开更多
Constituent quark mass model is adopted as a tentative one to study the phase transition between two-flavour quark matter and more stable three-flavour quark matter in the core of supernovae. The result shows that the...Constituent quark mass model is adopted as a tentative one to study the phase transition between two-flavour quark matter and more stable three-flavour quark matter in the core of supernovae. The result shows that the transition has a significant influence on the increasing of the core temperature, the neutrino abundance and the neutrino energies, which contributes to the enhancement of the successful probability of supernova explosion. However, the equilibrium values of these parameters (except the temperature) from the constituent quark mass model in this work are slightly bigger than those obtained from the other model. And we find that the constituent quark mass model is also applicable to describing the transition in the supernova core.展开更多
Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental freq...Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, v<sub>F</sub>. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as n<sub>bem</sub>. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 2;and the up quark with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with n<sub>bem</sub> numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and n<sub>bem</sub> quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, n<sub>bem</sub>, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.展开更多
In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinet...In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy, respectively. The disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy for individual fractional charge brings about the confinement of individual fractional charges to restrict irreversible movement resulted from irreversible kinetic energy. Collective fractional charges are confined by the short-distance confinement force field where the sum of the collective fractional charges is integer. As a result, fractional charges are confined and collective. The confinement force field includes gluons in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) for collective fractional charge quarks in hadrons and the magnetic flux quanta for collective fractional charge quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The collectivity of fractional charges requires the attachment of energy as flux quanta to bind collective fractional charges. The integer-fraction transformation from integral charges to fractional charges consists of the three steps: 1) the attachment of an even number of flux quanta to individual integral charge fermions to form individual integral charge composite fermions, 2) the attachment of an odd number of flux quanta to individual integral charge composite fermions to form transitional collective integral charge composite bosons, and 3) the conversion of flux quanta into the confinement force field to confine collective fractional charge composite fermions converted from composite bosons. The charges of quarks are fractional, because QCD (the strong force) emerges in the universe that has no irreversible kinetic energy. Kinetic energy emerged in the universe after the emergence of the strong force. The charges of the quasiparticles in the FQHE are fractional because of the confinement by a two-dimensional system, the Landau levels, and an extremely low temperature and the collectivity by high energy magnetic flux quanta. From the integer-fraction transformation from integral charge electrons to fractional charge quarks, the calculated masses of pion, muon and constituent quarks are in excellent agreement with the observed values.展开更多
We take the viewpoint that X(1576) is the tetraquark state which consists of a scalar diquark and an antiscalar-diquark in relative P-wave, and calculate its mass in the framework of the QCD sum rule approach. The n...We take the viewpoint that X(1576) is the tetraquark state which consists of a scalar diquark and an antiscalar-diquark in relative P-wave, and calculate its mass in the framework of the QCD sum rule approach. The numerical value of the mass mx= (1.66 =k 0.14) GeV is consistent with the experimental data. There might be some tetraquark components in the vector meson X(1576).展开更多
We have studied the dissociation phenomenon of 1p states (χc and χb) of the charmonium and bottomonium spectra in a hot QCD medium. This study employed a medium modified heavy quark potential encoding the medium eff...We have studied the dissociation phenomenon of 1p states (χc and χb) of the charmonium and bottomonium spectra in a hot QCD medium. This study employed a medium modified heavy quark potential encoding the medium effects in the dielectric function to the full Cornell potential. The medium modified potential has a quite different form in the sense that it has a long range Coulomb tail in addition to the usual Yukawa term even above the deconfinement temperature. We further study the flavor dependence of their binding energies and explore the nature of dissociation by employing the perturbative, non-perturbative, and the lattice parametrized form of the Debye masses in the medium-modified potential. Interestingly, perturbative result of the Debye mass predicts the dissociation temperatures closer to the results obtained in lattice correlator studies whereas the lattice parametrized form of the Debye masses gives the results closer to the current theoretical works based on potential studies.展开更多
This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a...This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.展开更多
We study multi-quark systems in lattice QCD. First, we revisit and summarize our accurate mass measurements of low-lying 5Q states with J = 1/2 and I = 0 in both positive- and negative-parity channels in anisotropic l...We study multi-quark systems in lattice QCD. First, we revisit and summarize our accurate mass measurements of low-lying 5Q states with J = 1/2 and I = 0 in both positive- and negative-parity channels in anisotropic lattice QCD. The lowest positive-parity 5Q state is found to have a large mass of about 2.24 GeV after the chiral extrapolation. To single out the compact 5Q state from NK scattering states, we use the hybrid boundary condition (HBC), and find no evidence of the compact 5Q state below 1.75 GeV in the negative-parity channel. Second, we study the multi-quark potential in lattice QCD to clarify the inter-quark interaction in multi-quark systems. The 5Q potential V<sub>5Q</sub> for the QQ--QQ system is found to be well described by the “OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz”: The sum of the one-gluon-exchange (OGE) Coulomb term and the multi-Y-type linear term based on the flux-tube picture. The 4Q potential V<sub>4Q</sub> for the QQ- system is also described by the OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz, when QQ and are well separated. The 4Q system is described as a “two-meson” state with disconnected flux tubes, when the nearest quark and antiquark pair are spatially close. We observe a lattice-QCD evidence for the “flip-flop”, i.e., the fluxtube recombination between the connected 4Q state and the “two-meson” state. On the confinement mechanism, the lattice QCD results indicate the flux-tube-type linear confinement in multi-quark hadrons. Finally, we propose a proper quark-model Hamiltonian based on the lattice QCD results.展开更多
文摘We review the predictions of quark models for multiquark configurations that are bound or resonant states,and compare different methods for estimating the properties of resonances.
文摘This work shows a didactic model representative of the quarks described in the Standard Model (SM). In the model, particles are represented by structures corresponding to geometric shapes of coupled quantum oscillators (GMP). From these didactic hypotheses emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles (quarks) fully compatible with that of SM, showing, besides, that the number of possible quarks is six.
文摘A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other field exists, contrasting with the Standard Model of Particle Physics in which each elementary particle is an excitation in its own quantum field. The primordial field theory of quantum gravity has produced a model of a fermion with a mass gap, ½-integral spin, discrete charge, and magnetic moment. The mass gap is based on an existence theorem that is anchored in Yang-Mills, while Calabi-Yau anchors ½-integral spin, with charge and magnetic moment based on duality. Based on N-windings, this work is here extended to encompass fractional charge, with the result applied to quarks, yielding fermion mass and charge in agreement with experiment and novel size correlations and a unique quantum gravity-based ontological understanding of quarks.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12005005,12205093,12275234,and 11875052)the National SKA Program of China(No.2020SKA0120300)+3 种基金the Hunan Provincial Nature Science Foundation of China(No.2021JJ40188)the Scientific Research Start-up Fund of Talent Introduction of Suqian University(No.Xiao2022XRC061)Suqian Key Laboratory of High Performance Composite Materials(M202109)Suqian University Multi functional Material R&D Platform(2021pt04).
文摘According to the recent studies,the gravitational wave(GW)echoes are expected to be generated by quark stars composed of ultrastiff quark matter.The ultrastiff equations of state(EOS)for quark matter were usually obtained either by a simple bag model with artificially assigned sound velocity or by employing interacting strange quark matter(SQM)depicted by simple reparameterization and rescaling.In this study,we investigate GW echoes with EOSs for SQM in the framework of the equivparticle model with density-dependent quark masses and pairing effects.We conclude that strange quark stars(SQSs)can be sufficiently compact to possess a photon sphere capable of generating GW echoes with frequencies in the range of approximately 20 kHz.However,SQSs cannot account for the observed 72 Hz signal in GW170817 event.Furthermore,we determined that quark-pairing effects play a crucial role in enabling SQSs to satisfy the necessary conditions for producing these types of echoes.
文摘The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?
文摘A framework to estimate the mass of the universe from quarks is presented, taking spacetime into account. This is a link currently missing in our understanding of physics/science. The focus on mass-energy balance is aimed at finding a solution to the Cosmological Constant (CC) problem by attempting to quantize space-time and linking the vacuum energy density at the beginning of the universe and the current energy density. The CC problem is the famous disagreement of approximately 120 orders of magnitude between the theoretical energy density at the Planck scale and the indirectly measured cosmological energy density. Same framework is also used to determine the mass of the proton and neutron from first principles. The only input is the up quark (u-quark) mass, or precisely, the 1st generation quarks. The method assumes that the u-quark is twice as massive as the down-quark (d-quark). The gap equation is the starting point, introduced in its simplest form. The main idea is to assume that all the particles and fields in the unit universe are divided into quarks and everything else. Everything else means all fields and forces present in the universe. It is assumed that everything else can be “quark-quantized”;that is, assume that they can be quantized into similar sizeable u-quarks and/or it’s associated interactions and relations. The result is surprisingly almost as measured and known values. The proton structure and mass composition are also analysed, showing that it likely has more than 3 quarks and more than 3 valence quarks. It is also possible to estimate the percentage of dark matter, dark energy, ordinary matter, and anti-matter. Finally, the cosmological constant problem or puzzle is resolved by connecting the vacuum energy density of Quantum Field Theory (5.1E+96 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) and the energy density of General Relativity (1.04E−26 kg/m<sup>3</sup>). Upon maturation, this framework can serve as a bridging platform between Quantum Field Theory and General Relativity. Other aspects of natures’ field theories can be successfully ported to the platform. It also increases the chances of solving some of the unanswered questions in physics.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFE0104900 and 2018YFE0205200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11675168,11890712 and 11720101001)。
文摘Open heavy flavors and quarkonia are unique probes of the hot–dense medium produced in heavy-ion collisions. Their production in p+p collisions also constitutes an important test of QCD. In this paper, we review selected results on the open heavy flavors and quarkonia generated in the p+p and heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The physical implications are also discussed.
文摘A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.
文摘The newly developed YY model contains a set of constitutive rules to describe the structures of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, by using two elementary sub-quark particles, the Yin and Yang fermions of charge 1/3 forming all the particles of the Standard Model. This model suggests a modular structure of the universe, in which two elementary constituents recursively form all the matter. The advantage of this hypothesis is that it provides a total symmetry and a noticeably clear conceptual understanding. Moreover, it justifies the cosmological formation of a limited number of atoms, e.g., H and Li with their isotopes, considering that matter can be produced as a free agglomerate of semi-stable neutrons, which would lead to the feeding of baryonic matter in the universe. In this current article, some further theoretical aspects are proposed as an evolution of the YY model. They cover correlation paths between interacting quarks, the considerations of color forces between yin-yang elementary elements. Moreover, an agreement of the YY model with the Teplov approach based on harmonic quarks and oscillators is established, and the mass of Yin and Yang is considered. Two example nuclei are used for the analysis: a radioactively stable deuteron (containing a neutron and a proton) and a possible semi-stable dineutron (roughly “consisting of two neutrons”), which is purely theoretical, represent a very natural and legal nuclear state within YY model. Based on the results obtained here, some indications are given for a possible simple experimental verification providing proof for the stability or instability of the dineutron.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10347008)the Scientific Research and Fund of Sichuan Provincial Education Department (Grant No.2006A079)the Science and Technological Foundation of China West Normal University
文摘Constituent quark mass model is adopted as a tentative one to study the phase transition between two-flavour quark matter and more stable three-flavour quark matter in the core of supernovae. The result shows that the transition has a significant influence on the increasing of the core temperature, the neutrino abundance and the neutrino energies, which contributes to the enhancement of the successful probability of supernova explosion. However, the equilibrium values of these parameters (except the temperature) from the constituent quark mass model in this work are slightly bigger than those obtained from the other model. And we find that the constituent quark mass model is also applicable to describing the transition in the supernova core.
文摘Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, v<sub>F</sub>. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as n<sub>bem</sub>. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 2;and the up quark with n<sub>bem</sub> equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with n<sub>bem</sub> numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and n<sub>bem</sub> quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, n<sub>bem</sub>, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.
文摘In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy, respectively. The disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy for individual fractional charge brings about the confinement of individual fractional charges to restrict irreversible movement resulted from irreversible kinetic energy. Collective fractional charges are confined by the short-distance confinement force field where the sum of the collective fractional charges is integer. As a result, fractional charges are confined and collective. The confinement force field includes gluons in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) for collective fractional charge quarks in hadrons and the magnetic flux quanta for collective fractional charge quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The collectivity of fractional charges requires the attachment of energy as flux quanta to bind collective fractional charges. The integer-fraction transformation from integral charges to fractional charges consists of the three steps: 1) the attachment of an even number of flux quanta to individual integral charge fermions to form individual integral charge composite fermions, 2) the attachment of an odd number of flux quanta to individual integral charge composite fermions to form transitional collective integral charge composite bosons, and 3) the conversion of flux quanta into the confinement force field to confine collective fractional charge composite fermions converted from composite bosons. The charges of quarks are fractional, because QCD (the strong force) emerges in the universe that has no irreversible kinetic energy. Kinetic energy emerged in the universe after the emergence of the strong force. The charges of the quasiparticles in the FQHE are fractional because of the confinement by a two-dimensional system, the Landau levels, and an extremely low temperature and the collectivity by high energy magnetic flux quanta. From the integer-fraction transformation from integral charge electrons to fractional charge quarks, the calculated masses of pion, muon and constituent quarks are in excellent agreement with the observed values.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant No 10405009, and the Key Program Foundation of North China Electric Power University.
文摘We take the viewpoint that X(1576) is the tetraquark state which consists of a scalar diquark and an antiscalar-diquark in relative P-wave, and calculate its mass in the framework of the QCD sum rule approach. The numerical value of the mass mx= (1.66 =k 0.14) GeV is consistent with the experimental data. There might be some tetraquark components in the vector meson X(1576).
文摘We have studied the dissociation phenomenon of 1p states (χc and χb) of the charmonium and bottomonium spectra in a hot QCD medium. This study employed a medium modified heavy quark potential encoding the medium effects in the dielectric function to the full Cornell potential. The medium modified potential has a quite different form in the sense that it has a long range Coulomb tail in addition to the usual Yukawa term even above the deconfinement temperature. We further study the flavor dependence of their binding energies and explore the nature of dissociation by employing the perturbative, non-perturbative, and the lattice parametrized form of the Debye masses in the medium-modified potential. Interestingly, perturbative result of the Debye mass predicts the dissociation temperatures closer to the results obtained in lattice correlator studies whereas the lattice parametrized form of the Debye masses gives the results closer to the current theoretical works based on potential studies.
文摘This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B<sup>+</sup>) transforms into a strange meson (K<sup>+</sup>) with the emission of either electron-positron (e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>) or muon-antimuon (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>). The ratio (<em>R</em><sub>K</sub>) of branching fractions for B<sup>+ </sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>- </sup>and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> decays is measured to be <em>R</em><sub>K</sub> = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b<sub>7</sub> (4979 MeV mass) and b<sub>8</sub> (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b<sub>7</sub> is the observable B, while b<sub>8</sub> is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b<sub>8</sub> to decay into K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>γ</em></span>, W± and Z<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>) before the decay, b<sub>7</sub> and b<sub>8</sub> emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b<sub>8</sub>/b<sub>7</sub> is (4979/143,258)<sup>1/2</sup> = 0.1864. Since b<sub>7</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, while b<sub>8</sub> decays into K<sup>+</sup>, e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup>, and forbidden <em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup>, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>+</sup><em>μ</em><sup>-</sup> and B<sup>+</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">→</span> K<sup>+</sup>e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>- </sup>is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.
文摘We study multi-quark systems in lattice QCD. First, we revisit and summarize our accurate mass measurements of low-lying 5Q states with J = 1/2 and I = 0 in both positive- and negative-parity channels in anisotropic lattice QCD. The lowest positive-parity 5Q state is found to have a large mass of about 2.24 GeV after the chiral extrapolation. To single out the compact 5Q state from NK scattering states, we use the hybrid boundary condition (HBC), and find no evidence of the compact 5Q state below 1.75 GeV in the negative-parity channel. Second, we study the multi-quark potential in lattice QCD to clarify the inter-quark interaction in multi-quark systems. The 5Q potential V<sub>5Q</sub> for the QQ--QQ system is found to be well described by the “OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz”: The sum of the one-gluon-exchange (OGE) Coulomb term and the multi-Y-type linear term based on the flux-tube picture. The 4Q potential V<sub>4Q</sub> for the QQ- system is also described by the OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz, when QQ and are well separated. The 4Q system is described as a “two-meson” state with disconnected flux tubes, when the nearest quark and antiquark pair are spatially close. We observe a lattice-QCD evidence for the “flip-flop”, i.e., the fluxtube recombination between the connected 4Q state and the “two-meson” state. On the confinement mechanism, the lattice QCD results indicate the flux-tube-type linear confinement in multi-quark hadrons. Finally, we propose a proper quark-model Hamiltonian based on the lattice QCD results.