Development of a QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) Biosensor to the Detection of Aflatoxin B1

In this study, we have used a direct immunoassay where the simple binding between antigen and an antibody is detected. Immunoassays were performed in a drop system, monitoring the frequency decrease of the quartz-crystal microbalance device because of mass increasing during immunoreaction. The QCM sensor was coated on both sides by gold electrodes, only one side of the crystal (liquid side) was in contact with the solution;the other side (contact side) was always dry. We tested a piezoelectric immunosensor for aflatoxin B1 (AFLA-B1) mycotoxin detection through the immo- bilization of DSP-anti-AFLAB1 antibody (AFLA-B1-Ab anti AFLAB1) on gold-coated quartz crystals (AT-cut/5 MHz). The DSP (3,3’-Dithiodipropionic-acid-di-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) was used for the covalent attachment of the proteins. The piezoelectric crystal electrodes were pretreated by DSP for 15 min, rinsed with water and dried in a gentle flow of nitrogen gas. Then the DSP-coated crystals were installed in a sample holder and exposed to the anti-AFLAB1 antibody and to the AFLA-BI. Frequency and resistance shifts (Δf and ΔR) were measured simultaneously. Δf versus AFLA-BI concentrations in the range of 0.5 - 10 ppb exhibited a perfect linear correlation with a coefficient of above 0.998.

Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance(EQCM) Characterization of Electrodeposition and Catalytic Activity of Pd-based Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Oxidation

Pd was electrochemically deposited on gold-coated quartz crystals at nanogram-level. The coulombic efficiency and initial nucleation and growth mechanism of potentiostatic Pd deposition were investigated via in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance（EQCM）. The coulombic efficieneies are 84%, 93% and 95% for Pd deposition at 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 V（vs. SCE）, respectively. The results of chronoamperometric measurements show that the Pd deposition proceeded by an instantaneous nucleation（at 0.3 V） or progressive nucleation（at 0.2 and 0.1 V） in a three-dimensional（3D） growth mode. The catalytic activity of Pd-based electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation was characterized in an alkaline solution. It was found that the highest mass activity for ethanol oxidation on Pd-based electrocatalyst is 1.8× 10^4 A/（g Pd） deposited at 0.3 V for 5 s.

Gravimetric Studies of Ni Electrodeposition with Additives from Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance EQCM

The gravimetric analysis of electrodeposited nickel is demonstrated using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) where the nickel coatings come from a solution of the metal chloride salt separately in either a1choline chloride: 2 ethylene glycol (ethaline) or 1 choline chloride: 2 urea (reline) based ionic liquid. The possibility of adapting the Quartz Crystal Microbalance EQCM (which measures the mass attached to the electrode) to probe kinetics of electrochemically-driven solid state phase transformations has been explored in a Ni electrodeposition in absence and presence of complexing agents ethylene diamine en and acetylacetonate acac from both electrolytes ethaline and reline. The study shows that the current efficiency and the rate of deposition of nickel coatings obtained from ethaline and reline baths in absence of brighteners en and acac are different, and the addition of en and acac to both ionic liquid solutions results in a significant decrease current. And the associated growth rate will also be decreased, suggesting that the en acac stops the formation and growth of Ni nuclei. This suggests that the mechanism of growth is changed.

Study of physisorption of volatile anesthetics on phos-pholipid monolayers using a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (HS-QCM)

We have investigated the interactions between phospholipid monolayers and volatile anest-hatics. Two monolayers (dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and two anesthetics (halothane and enflurane) were used to observe these interac-tions using a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (HS-QCM). The concentration of each anesthetic in aqueous solution was kept at 4 mM. The frequency of QCM showed no change when halothane was added to the DHP monolayer, however, it responded and de-creased when interaction occurred with DPPC monolayer. In case of enflurane addition the frequency decreased in both the monolayers of DHP and DPPC. The frequency change followed the following order of monolayer-anesthetic interactions: DHP-halothane <DPPC-halothane <DHP-enflurane <DPPC-enflurane. These re-sults showed that the response of anesthetics to the monolayers i.e. the physisorption not only depends on the anesthetic structure, the type of anesthetic hydrate formed, but also the hydrophilic polar group structure of the monolayer or the monolayer/water interface had an important role in physisorption.

基于QCM液体密度响应模型测量油品含水率研究

油田开发中一直存在高含水率和低含水率测量不准确的问题,新型可再生的生物柴油,同样需要控制含水率以保证热值和稳定性。文中提出一种基于石英晶体微天平(QCM)液体密度响应模型的油品含水率测量方法,通过5组标准甘油溶液进行模型验证,结果表明,实验值与理论值的误差小于5%,并且在低含水量和高含水量2种情况下,误差幅度小于1%。重复性实验验证了模型的有效性。现场测量实验结果证实了模型的适用性。

基于共价有机框架材料的QCM二氧化碳气体检测系统

为了实现人居环境下高精度二氧化碳气体检测,设计了一种基于共价有机框架材料COF-5的石英晶体微天平(QCM)二氧化碳气体传感器及检测系统。分析了QCM质量灵敏度分布原理并进行了有限元仿真分析,利用超声法合成敏感材料,采用滴涂法制备基于金电极的QCM二氧化碳气体传感器,并设计了一种基于FPGA的二氧化碳气体检测系统。实验测试结果表明:开发的二氧化碳气体传感器及检测系统在二氧化碳气体浓度为2000~5000 ppm下表现出良好的线性响应,拟合曲线相关系数为0.988,系统灵敏度为0.034 Hz/ppm,响应时间为32 s,恢复时间为20 s,表现出良好的动态响应性能,系统最大绝对误差小于±25 ppm,且系统具有较好的重复性及选择性。

基于QCM的工业废水中重金属检测

锌离子(Zn^(2+))的检测涉及到食品,水土环境,人体病理等多方面人类安全问题,越发受到国内外学者的关注。为方便且准确地检测排放污水中Zn^(2+)是否达标,采用涂覆能够特异性吸附Zn^(2+)的含醚键离子交换树脂薄膜到石英晶体微天平(QCM)电极上,制备了重金属传感器。通过测量QCM的共振频移,研究了传感器的选择特性,检测精度,检测响应时间和重复性。实验结果表明:制备的涂覆含醚键树脂薄膜石英晶体传感器频率随Zn^(2+)的含量变化明显,检测精确度约为95%,可重复多次检测,检测时长适度。该传感器研究成果在重金属实际检测方面中有潜在的应用前景。

功能化MIL-101(Cr)修饰QCM气相传感器的组装与甲酸识别

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是一类主要的大气污染物,对人体健康和环境均可造成危害,因此发展可快速、灵敏检测VOCs的技术具有重要意义.本文分别以乙二胺(ED)和乙醇胺(EA)修饰MIL-101(Cr),制得了MIL-101(Cr)-ED和MIL-101(Cr)-EA,采用滴涂法制备了3种负载MIL-101(Cr)材料的石英晶体微天平(QCM)气相传感器,研究了其对甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、环己烷、二乙胺、甲酸、甲醛、氨气和乙酸的传感性能.实验结果表明,与负载MIL-101(Cr)的传感器相比,负载MIL-101(Cr)-ED和MIL-101(Cr)-EA的QCM传感器对甲酸的吸附性能显著提高,在甲酸浓度为350 mg/L时,传感器的振荡频率分别下降至-375.6和-232.1 Hz.在甲酸浓度为5~350 mg/L时,负载MIL-101(Cr)-ED的QCM传感器对甲酸响应的灵敏度为0.95 Hz·L·mg^(-1),检测限为0.95mg/L,表现出线性良好、灵敏度高、检测限低和重复性好的特点.这表明此类QCM气相传感器在VOCs实时检测方面具有良好的应用前景.

一种用于筛选砷(Ⅲ)适配体和检测砷(Ⅲ)的QCM生物传感器

开发了石英晶体微天平(QCM)-指数富集配体系统进化(SELEX)技术,用于筛选出与砷(Ⅲ)有高亲和力的适配体。设计随机单链DNA文库,以砷(Ⅲ)为靶标固定在巯基乙胺修饰的晶振片上,捕获溶液中处于游离状态的适配体,构建QCM-SELEX筛选方法。经过6轮筛选,对次级文库进行高通量测序,通过QCM共振频率变化计算得出6S1解离系数K d值为0.36μmol/L。将6S1作为探针,构建QCM生物传感器用于检测砷(Ⅲ),该传感器在0.01μmol/L~0.2μmol/L范围内有较好的线性关系,对砷(Ⅲ)检测限为5.2 nmol/L(3σ),具有良好的选择性。

The influence of temperature on flow-induced forces on quartz-crystal-microbalance sensors in a Chinese liquor identification electronic-nose: three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation and analysis

An electronic-nose is developed based on eight quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM) gas sensors in a sensor box, and is used to detect Chinese liquors at room temperature. Each sensor is a highly-accurate and highly-sensitive oscillator that has experienced airflow disturbances under the condition of varying room temperatures due to unstable flow-induced forces on the sensors surfaces. The three-dimensional (3D) nature of the airflow inside the sensor box and the interactions of the airflow on the sensors surfaces at different temperatures are studied by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. Higher simulation accuracy is achieved by optimizing meshes, meshing the computational domain using a fine unstructural tetrahedron mesh. An optimum temperature, 30 ℃, is obtained by analyzing the distributions of velocity streamlines and the static pressure, as well as the flow-induced forces over time, all of which may be used to improve the identification accuracy of the electronic-nose for achieving stable and repeatable signals by removing the influence of temperature.

Rapid identification of spinal ventral and dorsal roots using a quartz crystal microbalance

The fast and accurate identification of nerve tracts is critical for successful nerve anastomosis. Taking advantage of differences in acetylcholinesterase content between the spinal ventral and dorsal roots, we developed a novel quartz crystal microbalance method to distinguish between these nerves based on acetylcholinesterase antibody reactivity. The acetylcholinesterase antibody was immobilized on the electrode surface of a quartz crystal microbalance and reacted with the acetylcholinesterase in sample solution. The formed antigen and antibody complexes added to the mass of the electrode inducing a change in frequency of the electrode. The spinal ventral and dorsal roots were distinguished by the change in frequency. The ventral and dorsal roots were cut into 1 to 2-mm long segments and then soaked in 250 pL PBS. Acetylcholinesterase antibody was immobilized on the quartz crystal microbalance gold electrode surface. The results revealed that in 10 minutes, both spinal ventral and dorsal roots induced a frequency change; however, the frequency change induced by the ventral roots was notably higher than that induced by the dorsal roots. No change was induced by bovine serum albumin or PBS. These results clearly demonstrate that a quartz crystal microbalance sensor can be used as a rapid, highly sensitive and accurate detection tool for the quick identification of spinal nerve roots intraoperatively.

Characterization of Self-assembled Monolayers on Gold Electrode Using Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is used to investigate the characteristics of the thiolated self-assembled monolayer(SAM) on gold surface.A 5MHz QCM element serves as both the mass-sensitive sensor and the working electrode of the electrochemical system.The 6-mecapto-1-hexanol and and the 16-mer oligonucleotide with a mercaptohexyl group at the 5'-phosphate end are utilized to form the SAM on the gold electrode.The frequency response of the QCM during cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning and cbronoamperometry are recorded together with the electrochemical current.The experimental results indicates that the frequency response is more sensitive to the surface coverage.Therefore,the response of the EQCM reveals more details of the SAM on gold electrode.It is especially useful for analysing the immobilization quality,such as probe orientation and coverage,of the SAM.

Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Evaluating Gas Motion Differences between Dichlorosilane and Trichlorosilane in Ambient Hydrogen in a Slim Vertical Cold Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor

A dichlorosilane gas and a trichlorosilane gas in ambient hydrogen were evaluated to show their different gas flow motions in a slim vertical cold wall chemical vapor deposition reactor for the Minimal Fab system. This evaluation was performed for improving and controlling the film qualities and the productivities, using two quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) installed at the inlet and exhaust of the chamber by taking into account that the QCM frequency corresponds to the real time changes in the gas properties. Typically, the time period approaching from the inlet to the exhaust was shorter for the trichlorosilane gas than that for the dichlorosilane gas. The trichlorosilane gas was shown to move like plug flow, while the dichlorosilane gas seemed to be well mixed in the entire chamber.

基于多孔氧化铝的高品质因数QCM湿度传感器的研究

石英晶体微天平(QCM)传感器以频率形式输出信号,具有成本低、响应快、灵敏度高等优点,因而使用多孔α-Al_(2)O_(3)作为湿敏材料来提高QCM传感器对湿度的检测灵敏度。基于QCM传感原理,通过COMSOL软件研究不同结构尺寸对传感器谐振频率、品质因数、导纳的影响,优化传感器的几何参数。探究传感器在一定湿度范围内的灵敏度和动态特性,实验结果表明,该传感器具有显著的湿度辨别能力,最大频率响应可达到13 kHz,灵敏度为155 Hz/(%RH),响应、恢复时间分别为20 s和8 s。因此,使用多孔α-Al_(2)O_(3)作为湿敏材料的QCM传感器在湿度检测方面具有一定的可靠性和准确性。

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Deposited with LB Films of Functional Polymers for the Detection of Phenols in Vapour Phase

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Charge Transport Processes of Immobilized Heteropolyanions at Self-assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrode by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurement

The in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance（EQCM） technique was used to investigate the ion transport of immobilized heteropolyanions at a self-assembled monolayer（SAM） modified gold electrode during electrochemical redox process.A mixed transfer method was presented to analyse the abnormal change of resonant frequency based on the simultaneous insertion/extraction of different ions.The results indicate that the migration of HSO4-anions was indispensable in the redox process of the heteropolyanions in a 1 mol/L H2SO4 solution and played a key role in the abnormal change of the resonant frequency.Such a change was attributed to different packing densities derived by means of differently immobilized methods.

Hybrid temperature effect on a quartz crystal microbalance resonator in aqueous solutions

The quartz crystal microbalance（QCM） is an important tool that can sense nanogram changes in mass. The hybrid temperature effect on a QCM resonator in aqueous solutions leads to unconvincing detection results. Control of the temperature effect is one of the keys when using the QCM for high precision measurements. Based on the Sauerbrey＇s and Kanazawa＇s theories, we proposed a method for enhancing the accuracy of the QCM measurement, which takes into account not only the thermal variations of viscosity and density but also the thermal behavior of the QCM resonator. We presented an improved Sauerbrey equation that can be used to effectively compensate the drift of the QCM resonator. These results will play a significant role when applying the QCM at the room temperature.

Determination of Paclitaxel Solubility in Carbon Dioxide Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance

A quartz crystal microbalance （QCM） is used to determine the phase equilibrium of paclitaxel-carbon dioxide system in the pressure range of 0-11 MPa and at temperatures of 35 °C,40 °C and 45 °C.The experimental results indicated that gaseous CO2 could be absorbed poorly into paclitaxel.The swelling of paclitaxel film in CO2 was observed before paclitaxel dissolved into supercritical carbon dioxide （ScCO2） with the increase of pressure.It was found that ScCO2 was not a good solvent for paclitaxel.The mole fraction of paclitaxel in ScCO2 was in the range of （4.5×10-9）-（7.8×10-9） under all our experimental conditions.Therefore,a much higher pressure than the CO2 supercritical point and/or a cosolvent must be used in any processes wherever paclitaxel dissolution in ScCO2 is required.

In situ Investigation on Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Polyelectrolytes by Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The effect of salt concentration on layer-by-layer deposition of poly（sodium 4-styrene sulfonate） （PSSS）/poly（vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride） （PVTC） was investigated by use of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation （QCM-D）. The changes in frequency and dissipation demonstrate that the addition of NaC1 leads the thickness of PSSS/PVTC multilayer to increase. The deposition of PSSS/PVTC is dominated by surface charge overcompensation level at lower salt concentrations. However, it is mainly determined by the interpenetration of polyelectrolytes at a higher salt concentration, as reflected in the oscillation of dissipation change.

Application of Nanoparticles in Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensors

Nanoparticles are playing an increasingly important role in the development of biosensors. The sensitivity and performance of biosensors are being improved by using Nanoparticles for their construction. The use of these Nanoparticles has allowed the introduction of many new signal transduction technologies in biosensors. In this report, a comprehensive review of application of nanoparticles in Quartz Crystal Microbalance biosensors is presented. The main advantages of QCM in sensing fields include high sensitivity, high stability, fast response and low cost. In addition, it provides label-free detection capability for bio-sensing applications. Firstly, basic QCM’s design and characterization are described. Next, QCM biosensors based on modification of quartz substrate structure and their applications are digested. Nanoparticles and their utilizationin analysis are then illustrated. These include Nanoparticles in bio applications that cover Nanoparticles in Quartz Crystal Microbalance biosensors.