Coral records of Mid-Holocene sea-level highstands and climate responses in the northern South China Sea

High-resolution sea-level data and high-precision dating of corals in the northern South China Sea(SCS)during the Holocene provide a reference and historical background for current and future sea-level changes and a basis for scientific assessment of the evolutionary trend of coral reefs in the SCS.Although sporadic studies have been performed around Hainan Island in the northern SCS,the reconstructed sea level presents different values or is controversial because the indicative meaning of the sea-level indicators were neither quantified nor uniform criteria.Here,we determined the quantitative relationship between modern living coral and sea level by measuring the top surfaces of 27 live Porites corals from the inner reef flat along the east coast of Hainan Island and assessed the accuracy of results obtained using coral as sea-level indicators.Additionally,three in situ fossil Porites corals were analyzed based on elevation measurements,digital X-ray radiography,and U-Th dating.The survey results showed that the indicative meanings for the modern live Porites corals is(146.09±8.35)cm below the mean tide level(MTL).It suggested that their upward growth limit is constrained by the sea level,and the lowest low water is the highest level of survival for the modern live Porites corals.Based on the newly defined indicative meanings,6 new sea-level index points(SLIPs)were obtained and 19 published SLIPs were recalculated.Those SLIPs indicated a relative sea level fluctuation between(227.7±9.8)cm to(154.88±9.8)cm MTL between(5393±25)cal a BP and(3390±12)cal a BP,providing evidences of the Mid-Holocene sea-level highstand in the northern SCS.Besides that,our analysis demonstrated that different sea-level histories may be produced based on different indicative meanings or criteria.The dataset of 276 coral U-Th ages indicates that coral reef development in the northern SCS comprised the initial development,boom growth,decline,and flourishing development again.A comparison with regional records indicated that synergistic effects of climatic and environmental factors were involved in the development of coral reefs in the northern SCS.Thus,the cessation of coral reef development during the Holocene in the northern SCS was probably associated with the dry and cold climate in South China,as reflected in the synchronous weakening of the ENSO and East Asian summer monsoon induced by the reduction of the 65°N summer insolation,which forced the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Across two phylogeographic breaks: Quaternary evolutionary history of a mountain aspen (Populus rotundifolia) in the Hengduan Mountains

Biogeographical barriers to gene flow are central to plant phylogeography.In East Asia,plant distribution is greatly influenced by two phylogeographic breaks,the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,however,few studies have investigated how these barriers affect the genetic diversity of species that are distributed across both.Here we used 14 microsatellite loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments to examine genetic diversity and distribution patterns of 49 populations of Populus rotundifolia,a species that spans both the Mekong-Salween Divide and the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line in southwestern China.Demographic and migration hypotheses were tested using coalescent-based approaches.Limited historical gene flow was observed between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia,but substantial flow occurred across both the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,manifesting in clear admixture and high genetic diversity in the central group.Wind-borne pollen and seeds may have facilitated the dispersal of P.rotundifolia following prevalent northwest winds in the spring.We also found that the Hengduan Mountains,where multiple genetic barriers were detected,acted on the whole as a barrier between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia.Ecological niche modeling suggested that P.rotundifolia has undergone range expansion since the last glacial maximum,and demographic reconstruction indicated an earlier population expansion around 600 Ka.The phylogeographic pattern of P.rotundifolia reflects the interplay of biological traits,wind patterns,barriers,niche differentiation,and Quaternary climate history.This study emphasizes the need for multiple lines of evidence in understanding the Quaternary evolution of plants in topographically complex areas.

Wettability alteration of organo-vermiculites induced by layer charge and tailored bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts

Wettability is an important surface property that deserves to further explore the factors on its alteration.Series of bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts with different spacer length and N-heterocyclic headgroups(morpholinium(BMMB,BMMD and BMMH),piperidinium(BPMH)and piperazinium(BMPMH))have been synthesized and employed for altering the wettability of vermiculite and its derivates(Vts)treated by Li^(+)-saturated heating method.The results of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),thermogravimetric analysis(TG-DTG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and N_(2)adsorption/desorption isotherms indicate that all of the bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts have been successfully inserted into the vermiculite layers,leading to the organic monolayer.The results of capillary rise tests combined with Lipophilic to Hydrophilic Ratio(LHR)values unveil the wettability alteration of the organo-Vts.As the layer charge decreases,the hydrophilicity of the organo-Vts gradually increases,which is probably caused by the decline in binding sites.As the result of the change in spacer length of modifier,the wetting properties of morpholinium-based organo-Vts change in order of BMMD-Vts>BMMH-Vts>BMMB-Vts,and difference in N-heterocyclic headgroups leads to the sequence of wettability:BMPMH-Vts>BPMH-Vts>BMMH-Vts.Layer charge of Vt,spacer length and the type of the N-heterocyclic headgroup of modifier have the synergistic effect on the regulation of the wettability.

Discovery of new potential magnetic semiconductors in quaternary Heusler compounds by addition of lanthanides

Magnetic semiconductors have attracted a lot of attention by having both electronic charge and spin degrees of freedom. In this paper, we obtained twenty magnetic semiconductors such as FeVLaSb, FeVPrSb, FeCrTbSi, CoVDySi, and CoVHoSi by adding lanthanides to quaternary Heusler compounds based on the Slater-Pauling law and orbital hybridization theory. The relationship between the lattice constants and energy gaps of the magnetic semiconductors with lanthanide elements is investigated by in-depth analysis. These magnetic semiconductors of quaternary Heusler compounds are promising candidates to find applications as spin filtering materials in spintronics devices.

Petrography, Geochemistry and Relative Chronology of Quaternary Volcanic Formations in the Mermoz and Fann Sectors, West Senegal

Detailed work on Quaternary volcanism has been carried out in the Mermoz and Fann sectors of western Senegal. In the Mermoz sector, the main emission zone is a collapsed crater located at the intersection of three major fractures: NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S. The lithological succession in this Mermoz sector comprises, from bottom to top: 1) a substratum with at its base Eocene limestones on which lie Quaternary sands surmounted by stratified tuffs;2) a vesicular ball dolerite which deforms the stratified tuffs;3) a dark early breccia;4) two generations of basanites: the first is vesicular, the second non-vesicular;5) a clear intermediate breccia and finally 6) a late breccia. The Fann sector contains several emission zones, most of which are currently located in the ocean. The lavas may have reached the coast through E-W and NE-SW faults. The lithological succession includes from bottom to top: 1) scoria-rich early volcanic breccias;2) a first generation of non-vesicular mesocrate dolerite (D1);3) a second generation of melanocrate vesicular dolerite (D2);4) basanites and finally 5) a late breccia. The geochemical characteristics of the lavas studied are compatible with a very enriched and very deep magmatic source of the garnet lherzolite type located in the lower mantle. The magma from this source would have risen in the form of mantle plumes through major NE-SW and E-W faults in a continental intraplate context.

Physical and Mechanical Features of the Quaternary Basanites of the Cap-Vert Peninsula of Dakar (Senegal, West Africa)

This work presents the results of geotechnical tests carried out in the laboratory on specimens of Quaternary olivine basanites from the Cap-Vert peninsula of Dakar. The samples were taken following geotechnical investigations in the Fann-PE, Mermoz-Ouakam, Yoff and Ngor areas respectively. The results obtained show a dry density between 20.45 and 29.30 kN/m3 which corresponds to medium to high density basanites. The porosity varies between 0.33% and 4.20%. For microlitic basanites, the porosity remains low, on the other hand, for micrograined basanites;a slight increase in porosity is noticed. As for the methylene blue adsorption test value measured, it is between 0.25 and 1.10. The uniaxial compression strength (Rc) and Young’s modulus (E) vary respectively from 12.19 MPa to 41.748 MPa and from 1477.6 MPa to 7699.1 MPa. The low strength values are recorded in altered and vesicular basanites. Also, a correlation was made between uniaxial compression strength and porosity and showed a gradual decrease in strength with increasing porosity.

泥河湾盆地第四纪哺乳动物群概览及若干新认识

泥河湾盆地最初以其广泛分布的含化石河湖相地层而受关注,并以其丰富的哺乳动物化石而著称于世,而今,泥河湾盆地已成为世界著名旧石器考古重地和研究第四纪地质古生物的重要场所。狭义泥河湾动物群(或下沙沟动物群)是我国北方早更新世的标准动物群,其古地磁年龄是2.2-1.7 MaBP。随着地层古生物工作的深入开展,盆地内也发现了若干中-晚更新世化石点;丁家堡水库全新统中发现的象颊齿,之前被鉴定为亚洲象,新的测年数据表明其时代大于5万年,依据牙齿测量数据和形态特征,本研究将其归入诺氏古菱齿象。目前已在泥河湾盆地发现百余个化石地点,鉴定出236种(包括未定属种)哺乳动物,分属于8目、32科和121属,其中38个属种(包括亚种)最初是以泥河湾化石材料而建立。总而言之,泥河湾盆地哺乳动物化石以早更新世者居多,并且化石材料保存完好;有些属种在欧亚大陆古北区第四纪哺乳动物群形成过程中发挥过重要作用,例如早期猛犸象、披毛犀、野牛及真枝角鹿等,还有直隶狼、貉及各种真马。泥河湾盆地由于河流和断层切割以及沉积相变等原因,导致各个化石点及史前考古遗址地层难以直接对比,更难全窥盆地内动物群演化的整体脉络;新的生物地层对比研究表明,桑干河南岸的岑家湾台地周缘的早更新世化石点,其主化石层位与下沙沟地区经典泥河湾动物群的层位大致相当。泥河湾盆地哺乳动物化石主要产自细砂、粉砂及黏土地层;化石成堆产出或者呈条带状及凸镜状分布的特点,多数与水流搬运有关。除过1枚豪猪牙齿和少量麂类化石之外,泥河湾盆地第四纪哺乳动物群中几乎不含东洋界动物,总体反映了干冷草原为主的古环境背景。

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系七个泉组物源研究

为了深入评价柴达木盆地东部三湖地区第四系七个泉组天然气勘探潜力以及预测有利岩性气藏勘探区带和目标,文中通过重矿物组合、ZTR指数、重矿物稳定系数以及砂岩碎屑组分等参数,系统分析了该地区七个泉组的物源组成,确定物源方向并恢复母岩类型。研究表明:(1)七个泉组沉积时期,三湖地区重矿物稳定系数和ZTR指数均由柴达木盆地边缘向盆地中央方向增大,大致呈环带状展布,不同物源区主要重矿物组合差异显著,不稳定重矿物含量变化明显。(2)格尔木物源主要流动方向为北偏西方向,向北影响涩北地区的南部;乌图美仁物源规模小于格尔木物源,主要流动方向为北东方向,向北东影响台南地区的西南部和涩南3井区。(3)锡铁山—埃姆尼克山物源和绿梁山物源规模均较小,其中前者影响范围向南达察尔汗地区,而后者向南影响伊克雅乌汝北部和驼峰山地区。(4)台南—涩北地区主要为乌图美仁物源和格尔木物源的共同影响区。该研究首次明确了柴达木盆地三湖地区物源由乌图美仁物源和格尔木物源组成的昆仑山缓坡物源体系、由锡铁山—埃姆尼克山物源和绿梁山物源组成的祁连山陡坡物源体系以及盆地内部台南—涩北地区混合物源体系组成,可为该地区天然气勘探开发提供指导作用。

忻定盆地金山凸起东缘断裂展布及晚第四纪最新活动特征

通过野外地质地貌调查结合无人机航拍测量、地质雷达勘探及浅层地震勘探综合分析认为,金山凸起东缘断裂整体呈NE向展布,走向40°,北起忻口村一带,向SW经金山铺村西、前淤泥村西延伸至部落村以北,进而向SWS转折进入盆地区。经探槽开挖和年龄测试,该断裂段最新断错晚更新世早期地层。

一种咪唑季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

超声条件下以咪唑、1,4-二溴丁烷、1-溴代十六烷为主要原料合成了一种咪唑季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂。通过FTIR和熔点测量对产物进行了结构分析,采用液体折光率法测定了产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC),对产物的泡沫性能和乳化性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:产物的产率为82.7%,CMC为2.5×10^(-3)mol/L,泡沫稳定性高,起泡能力强,乳化能力好,是一种性能良好的O/W型乳化剂,可应用于日用化工、皮革造纸、纺织印染、石油化工等领域。

单相缓速酸酸蚀裂缝导流规律

低渗碳酸盐岩酸压成功的关键在于酸压后形成可在地层闭合压力下保持高导流能力的酸蚀裂缝。单相缓速酸是一种具有纳米结构、低伤害、低摩阻及高缓速性能的新型酸液体系,应用潜力大,但其酸蚀裂缝导流规律尚不明确。以光滑岩板和粗糙岩板为实验对象,以盐酸、胶凝酸和乳化酸为对比,利用酸液刻蚀和酸蚀裂缝导流实验、表面形貌扫描和连续强度测试仪,研究了酸液类型、交替注入级数、注入速度、黏度比、反应时间、岩板类型对导流能力的影响。结果表明:单相缓速酸相对于盐酸、胶凝酸和乳化酸,可形成强沟道型刻蚀形貌,差异化溶蚀程度高,岩板强度损伤减缓,在高闭合压力下可保持较高的导流能力。提高酸液交替注入级数(≥3级)、注入速度、黏度比(黏度差≥50 mPa·s)及岩板初始表面粗糙度,有助于形成优势酸液流通通道。单相缓速酸实现高导流酸蚀裂缝机理为:(1)黏性指进形成差异化刻蚀沟道;(2)主蚓孔滤失形态及“虹吸”效应减缓裂缝表面强度损伤。

冻土地区矿井水来源的水化学及环境同位素分析

冻土层季节性冻融过程会对地下水的渗流量、渗流方向和速度产生重要影响,进而导致冻土地区具有独特的地下水运移理论和机制。为了研究五九煤田胜利煤矿冻土地区矿井涌水来源及补给特征,采用水化学分析及^(13)C、^(14)C、^(18)O、D 4种环境同位素相结合的方法,分析矿井水的水化学特征及同位素分布特征,明确矿井涌水来源。通过对7组水样的试验研究发现:第四系水、第四系永冻层消融水、矿井水、基岩水均起源于大气降水,地表水、第四系水接受大气降水补给较快,基岩裂隙水、第四系永冻层消融水接受浅层第四系水的微量补给;采空区内黄铁矿氧化量较大,存在溶解少量瓦斯中CO_(2)的可能性,导致采空区积水中13C富集;矿井水中地表水和第四系水入渗量较小,表明第四系永冻层隔水性能良好。研究结果与实际情况相符,不仅为胜利矿水害防治提供依据,还为冻土地区类似矿井水源判别提供借鉴。

氯化胆碱改性聚酰胺纳滤膜的制备与分离性能

为了提高传统聚酰胺纳滤膜的分离性能,利用酰氯与羟基之间的酯化反应将带有正电荷的季铵盐氯化胆碱(CC)引入聚酰胺纳滤膜表面,制备在中性条件下具有近中性荷电性的氯化胆碱/聚酰胺纳滤膜,通过对无机盐的分离测试考察了CC质量分数对薄膜复合(TFC)膜性能的影响。结果表明,当CC质量分数达0.10%时,改性效果最佳,TFC膜对Na_(2)SO_(4)、MgSO_(4)和MgCl_(2)均具有较高的截留率,具有改善的Mg^(2+)/Li^(+)分离能力,渗透通量提升了315%。

Dawson型磷钨酸季铵盐对亚甲基蓝废水的光催化降解

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新的Dawson型磷钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵盐[C_(15)H_(34)N]_(6)P_(2)W_(18)O_(62)·2H_(2)O,通过红外光谱、热重分析、EDS能谱和扫描电镜对其组成、结构及形貌进行了表征,采用BET氮气吸附测定了比表面积。以亚甲基蓝为模拟染料废水,研究其光催化性能和降解亚甲基蓝的动力学行为,研究结果表明:14 mg/L的50 mL亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水在pH为4的条件下,加入20 mg催化剂,35 W紫外灯光照2 h,亚甲基蓝降解率达到95.0%,光催化降解反应符合一级动力学模型,动力学方程为:lnρ0/ρt=0.051 7t,降解速率常数为0.051 7 min-1,半衰期为13.4 min,表明Dawson型磷钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵对亚甲基蓝的降解具有高效的光催化活性,且重复使用催化性能好,循环5次后的降解率达到94.53%。

壳聚糖季铵盐对O/W乳状液的破乳性能评价

以壳聚糖季铵盐作为破乳剂,使用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪实验研究了破乳剂浓度及处理温度对水包油(O/W)型乳状液破乳效果的影响。实验结果表明:在25~55℃的处理温度范围内,破乳剂最佳使用浓度约0.4%(体积分数),破乳剂浓度超过1.0%后,无破乳效果。在操作温度为25℃、破乳剂加药浓度为0.4%时,所测得的背散射光ΔBS曲线显示出良好的油水分层现象,相应的TSI曲线值达到最大,油滴粒径增大7倍,破乳过程在10 min之内基本完成。在25~55℃的处理温度范围内,破乳效果随温度升高而改善,最佳破乳温度为55℃。此研究对油田采出液破乳方法的选择具有指导借鉴意义。

基于Quaternary编码的球面三角格网邻近搜索算法

分析了球面Quaternary编码的特点,给出了三角格网方向判断的规则,并对该算法与Bartholdi邻近搜索算法的时间复杂度进行了对比。结果表明,分解算法的平均时间耗时量约是Bartholdi邻近搜索算法的23.66%。

季铵盐阳离子改性剂的合成及其在栀子黄染色棉织物中的应用

为了提升天然植物染料栀子黄在纤维素纤维上的染色性能,设计合成了一系列以3-氯-2-羟丙基为反应基团、季铵盐为阳离子基团的阳离子改性剂,通过亲核加成反应在纤维素纤维上引入季铵基团,提升栀子黄染料对阳离子改性纤维素纤维的染色性能。借助电喷雾电离-串联质谱法(ESI-MS)、核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)对合成的不同烷基链长的季铵盐改性剂分子结构进行表征。通过红外光谱图和X射线光电子能谱图证实季铵盐化合物以醚键形式成功接枝在棉织物上。采用栀子黄染料对改性棉织物染色,比较不同烷基链长改性剂改性棉织物的染色K/S值发现,改性剂烷基链长为12时最佳,上染率为85.46%,K/S值为4.33。进一步研究染色工艺条件对染色织物K/S值、上染百分率以及色牢度的影响,结果表明,在染色温度为80℃,pH值为9,时间为60 min时,经3-氯-2-羟丙基二甲基辛烷氯化铵(CH-12)改性棉织物染色性能最佳,其上染率为88.07%,K/S值为4.71,耐皂洗牢度及耐摩擦色牢度均可达到3级以上。研究结果表明,CH-12改性棉织物可实现无盐染色,且改性织物的上染率、固色率、耐皂洗和耐摩擦牢度均优于未改性织物的传统有盐染色。

滇藏铁路沿线重要活动断裂带晚第四纪活动性初步研究

滇藏铁路位于青藏高原东南缘板块碰撞和构造活跃的地形急变带,沿线活动断裂发育,地震频发,地震烈度强,且地质灾害频繁,其规划施工建设和长期运营面临的地质安全风险问题严峻。滇藏铁路香格里拉—波密段沿线发育了哈巴—玉龙雪山东麓断裂带、中甸—龙蟠断裂带、德钦—中甸—大具断裂带、维西—乔后断裂带、金沙江断裂带、巴塘断裂带、澜沧江断裂带、怒江断裂带、边坝—洛隆断裂带、嘉黎—察隅断裂带等10余条活动断裂带。受断裂黏滑位错、蠕滑变形和引发强震风险的突出影响,迫切需要厘定区域活动断裂带的几何展布和活动性。基于前人资料、遥感解译和野外调查,本文总结分析了沿线10余条活动断裂带的几何展布、运动性质、滑动速率和古地震历史等,以期为滇藏铁路等国家重大工程规划建设与安全运营提供基础资料。

南黄海SYS90-1A孔第四纪沉积物磁性地层学研究

可靠的年代地层框架是开展南黄海地区第四纪环境演变研究的基础。目前南黄海南部地区缺乏可靠年代学控制的长序列钻孔。通过对南黄海南部SYS90-1A孔(孔深90.1 m)沉积物开展详细的磁性地层学研究,并结合AMS14C测年结果及区域已有磁性地层学结果,建立南黄海南部地区第四纪沉积物年代地层框架。结果显示,SYS90-1A孔岩芯记录了从布容(Brunhes)正极性时至松山(Matuyama)负极性时上部,包括Kamikatsura和Santa Rosa地磁漂移事件。早、中更新世界线即布容正极性时与松山负极性时界线(B/M界线)深度位于74.2 m,Kamikatsura和Santa Rosa地磁漂移事件深度分别位于79.75~82.47 m和85.25~87.74 m。根据Kamikatsura和Santa Rosa地磁漂移事件的年代控制点和平均沉积速率,推算钻孔底部年龄为0.96 Ma。南黄海SYS90-1A孔早更新世晚期的沉积速率约为8.66 cm/ka,中更新世以来的沉积速率约为9.5 cm/ka,而全新世以来的沉积速率为12.8 cm/ka,沉积速率自早更新世晚期以来呈增加趋势。这一结果不仅为南黄海南部第四纪沉积物研究提供了有效的年代学约束,而且为南黄海地区第四纪地层划分和对比、沉积环境与气候变化、物源示踪等研究提供了重要的时间标尺。

硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐的合成及性能研究

以硬脂酸、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,制备了一种硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐表面活性剂(EG-18),并通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对其分子结构进行表征。对EG-18的静态表面张力和动态表面张力进行测定,发现EG-18的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.32×10^(-3)mol/L,平衡表面张力(γ_(cmc))为35.68 mN/m,具有较好的表面活性。通过动态接触角的测试数据,发现EG-18溶液随浓度增大,对石蜡膜的润湿性逐渐增强。对比了D1821、EG-18和酯基季铵盐3种物质在浊度、润湿性能、抗静电性能、柔软性能和织物白度方面的差异。浊度的对比发现,EG-18的溶解度高于D1821和酯基季铵盐;润湿性能方面:EG-18可将石蜡膜润湿,但润湿性能弱于D1821和酯基季铵盐;EG-18的抗静电性能优于D1821;3种物质的柔软性能相当,并且EG-18对棉白布的白度影响最小。