Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobaccorelated cancers are well characterized and efective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related...Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobaccorelated cancers are well characterized and efective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy(metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition(subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is "malignant"? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers(ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common(overlapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse efect of obesity on human condition.展开更多
Specific research foci:(1) Mouse models of gamma-herpes virus-68(γHV-68) and polyomavirus(Py V) infections during neonatal versus adult life.(2) For human papilloma virus(HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma(OPC)—(...Specific research foci:(1) Mouse models of gamma-herpes virus-68(γHV-68) and polyomavirus(Py V) infections during neonatal versus adult life.(2) For human papilloma virus(HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma(OPC)—(a) Asking the question: Is oral sex a powerful carcinogen?(b) Examining the evidence for the vertical transmission of HPV infection.(c) Examining the relationship between HPV and Epstein–Barr virus(EBV) infections and nasopharyngeal cancer(NPC) in West European, East European, and East Asian countries.(d) Examining the association between HPVpositive OPC and human leukocyte antigen(HLA).(3) For non-smoking East Asian female lung adenocarcinoma—(a) Examining the incidence trends of HPV-positive OPC and female lung adenocarcinoma according to birth cohorts.(b) Examining the association between female lung adenocarcinoma and HPV.(c) Examining the associations of lung adenocarcinoma with immune modulating factors.(4) For triple-negative breast carcinoma(TNBC) in East Asians—(a) Examining the association between TNBC and HPV.(b) Examining the unique epidemiological characteristics of patients with TNBC. A summary "epidemiological" model tying some of these findings together.展开更多
北京师范大学中国教育创新研究院受世界教育创新峰会(World Innovation Summit for Education,WISE)的委托,梳理与总结全球21世纪核心素养教育的实施经验。该研究围绕4个核心问题展开:提出21世纪核心素养的驱动力,全球主要的素养框架及...北京师范大学中国教育创新研究院受世界教育创新峰会(World Innovation Summit for Education,WISE)的委托,梳理与总结全球21世纪核心素养教育的实施经验。该研究围绕4个核心问题展开:提出21世纪核心素养的驱动力,全球主要的素养框架及其要素分析,在课程、教与学、评价等方面的实践案例,政府及社会各界所应建立的支持体系。考虑框架制订者的地域广泛性以及文化与收入水平的多样性等要求,选取了5个国际组织和24个经济体为研究对象。经历研究问题确定、文献检索及分报告撰写、驱动力和素养框架的比较研究、实施经验的案例梳理、反思和提出政策建议等研究过程,完成《面向未来:21世纪核心素养教育的全球经验》研究报告。本刊刊载的4篇文章分别从上述4个研究问题出发整理而成。展开更多
凝炼地球科学研究的重大科学问题,对推动地球科学基础研究的发展具有重要意义。美国国家研究理事会(National Research Council)2008年3月发布的研究报告《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》提出了21世纪固体地球科学研究的10个重...凝炼地球科学研究的重大科学问题,对推动地球科学基础研究的发展具有重要意义。美国国家研究理事会(National Research Council)2008年3月发布的研究报告《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》提出了21世纪固体地球科学研究的10个重大科学问题:地球和其他行星的起源;②地球早期的演化历史;③生命的起源;④地球内部的运动及其对地表的影响;⑤地球的板块构造与大陆;⑥地球的物质特性对地球过程的控制;⑦气候变化的原因与幅度;⑧地球-生命的相互作用;⑨地震、火山喷发等灾害及其后果的预测;⑩地球内外流体运动对人类环境的影响。这些重大科学问题对我国的地学发展战略研究及地球科学基础研究均将具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。主要依据NRC的《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》报告,对这些重大科学问题进行了解读和分析。展开更多
文摘Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobaccorelated cancers are well characterized and efective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy(metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition(subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is "malignant"? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers(ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common(overlapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse efect of obesity on human condition.
文摘Specific research foci:(1) Mouse models of gamma-herpes virus-68(γHV-68) and polyomavirus(Py V) infections during neonatal versus adult life.(2) For human papilloma virus(HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma(OPC)—(a) Asking the question: Is oral sex a powerful carcinogen?(b) Examining the evidence for the vertical transmission of HPV infection.(c) Examining the relationship between HPV and Epstein–Barr virus(EBV) infections and nasopharyngeal cancer(NPC) in West European, East European, and East Asian countries.(d) Examining the association between HPVpositive OPC and human leukocyte antigen(HLA).(3) For non-smoking East Asian female lung adenocarcinoma—(a) Examining the incidence trends of HPV-positive OPC and female lung adenocarcinoma according to birth cohorts.(b) Examining the association between female lung adenocarcinoma and HPV.(c) Examining the associations of lung adenocarcinoma with immune modulating factors.(4) For triple-negative breast carcinoma(TNBC) in East Asians—(a) Examining the association between TNBC and HPV.(b) Examining the unique epidemiological characteristics of patients with TNBC. A summary "epidemiological" model tying some of these findings together.
文摘北京师范大学中国教育创新研究院受世界教育创新峰会(World Innovation Summit for Education,WISE)的委托,梳理与总结全球21世纪核心素养教育的实施经验。该研究围绕4个核心问题展开:提出21世纪核心素养的驱动力,全球主要的素养框架及其要素分析,在课程、教与学、评价等方面的实践案例,政府及社会各界所应建立的支持体系。考虑框架制订者的地域广泛性以及文化与收入水平的多样性等要求,选取了5个国际组织和24个经济体为研究对象。经历研究问题确定、文献检索及分报告撰写、驱动力和素养框架的比较研究、实施经验的案例梳理、反思和提出政策建议等研究过程,完成《面向未来:21世纪核心素养教育的全球经验》研究报告。本刊刊载的4篇文章分别从上述4个研究问题出发整理而成。
文摘凝炼地球科学研究的重大科学问题,对推动地球科学基础研究的发展具有重要意义。美国国家研究理事会(National Research Council)2008年3月发布的研究报告《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》提出了21世纪固体地球科学研究的10个重大科学问题:地球和其他行星的起源;②地球早期的演化历史;③生命的起源;④地球内部的运动及其对地表的影响;⑤地球的板块构造与大陆;⑥地球的物质特性对地球过程的控制;⑦气候变化的原因与幅度;⑧地球-生命的相互作用;⑨地震、火山喷发等灾害及其后果的预测;⑩地球内外流体运动对人类环境的影响。这些重大科学问题对我国的地学发展战略研究及地球科学基础研究均将具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。主要依据NRC的《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》报告,对这些重大科学问题进行了解读和分析。
