Difference of Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Conventional Indica Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Grain Output

[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.

Secure Computation Efficiency Resource Allocation for Massive MIMO-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing Networks

In this article,the secure computation efficiency(SCE)problem is studied in a massive multipleinput multiple-output(mMIMO)-assisted mobile edge computing(MEC)network.We first derive the secure transmission rate based on the mMIMO under imperfect channel state information.Based on this,the SCE maximization problem is formulated by jointly optimizing the local computation frequency,the offloading time,the downloading time,the users and the base station transmit power.Due to its difficulty to directly solve the formulated problem,we first transform the fractional objective function into the subtractive form one via the dinkelbach method.Next,the original problem is transformed into a convex one by applying the successive convex approximation technique,and an iteration algorithm is proposed to obtain the solutions.Finally,the stimulations are conducted to show that the performance of the proposed schemes is superior to that of the other schemes.

Prediction of efficient outputs based on GM(1,N) model and weak DEA efficiency

This paper expresses the efficient outputs of decisionmaking unit（DMU） as the sum of ＂average outputs＂ forecasted by a GM（1,N） model and ＂increased outputs＂ which reflect the difficulty to realize efficient outputs.The increased outputs are solved by linear programming using data envelopment analysis efficiency theories,wherein a new sample is introduced whose inputs are equal to the budget in the issue No.n ＋ 1 and outputs are forecasted by the GM（1,N） model.The shortcoming in the existing methods that the forecasted efficient outputs may be less than the possible actual outputs according to developing trends of input-output rate in the periods of pre-n is overcome.The new prediction method provides decision-makers with more decisionmaking information,and the initial conditions are easy to be given.

Promoting Balance in Output Efficiencies for Cross-Efficiency Evaluation in Data Envelopment Analysis

Cross-efficiency evaluation is recognized as an effective way of efficiency assessment for a set of decision making units (DMUs) in the framework of data envelopment analysis (DEA). It has been generally suggested that secondary goals be introduced for cross-efficiency evaluation owing to the non-uniqueness of optimal solutions in self-evaluation. This paper develops a variety of secondary goals in the spirit of promoting balance in the output efficiencies of the DMU under evaluation. The proposed models attempt to make each output contribute as equally as possible to the self-evaluated efficiency. In this way, the weight flexibility can for one thing be reduced by the introduced secondary goals with selections from alternate optimal solutions, in addition to counting on the dilution of flexibility in the subsequent peer-evaluation. The proposed approach might be applicable to evaluation problems in which multiple outputs are considered important and balance is encouraged to put all dimensions into sufficient use. The effectiveness of the proposed approach and its comparisons with some relevant secondary goals are illustrated empirically using numerical examples.

Assessing Asian Economies Renewable Energy Consumption Efficiency Using DEA with Undesirable Output

Along with vast non-fossil potential and significant expertise,there is a question of whether Asian nations are attaining efficient consumption and exploitation of renewable resources.From this perspective,the paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of 14 potential Asia countries in renewable energy consumption during the six-year periods(2014-2019).In analyzing the performance of the renewable energy sector,the data envelopment analysis(DEA)with an undesirable output model approach has been widely utilized to measure the efficiency of peer units compared with the best practice frontier.We consider four inputs and two outputs to a DEA-based efficiency model.Labor force,total energy consumption,share of renewable energy,and total renewable energy capacity are inputs.The outputs consist of CO_(2)emissions as an undesirable output and gross domestic product as a desirable output.The results show that United Arab Emirates,Saudi Arabia,Japan,and South Korea consistently outperform in the evaluation,achieving perfect efficiency scores during the research period.Uzbekistan is found to have the lowest average efficiency of renewable energy utilization.

Input and output efficiency of urban agglomerations in China using DEA multi-stage model

In this study, we apply the data envelopment analysis(DEA) model to quantitatively measure the input and output efficiency of 19 urban agglomerations in China from 2011 to 2016. The results show that the input and output efficiency of urban agglomerations is relatively not high, only a small number of that reach the optimal DEA efficiency. It is clearly revealed that there are the regions from the east that presents the better performance, followed by regions from the central and the west. The peer counts show that Zhusanjiao is taken into account 12 times which shows the importance here of the Zhusanjiao model.Considering the values for radial movements and the slack movements, respective urban agglomeration has their improving orientation towards the capital slack, the labor slack or the land slack. It offers a scientific decision-making of for healthy urbanization and high quality development.

A Study on Input-Output Efficiency of Citrus in Jiangxi Province

This paper analyzes the citrus input-output efficiency by using the DEA-Malmquist productivity index methods based on the data of six counties in Jiangxi Province from 2010 to 2013.The result shows that TFP of Jiangxi citrus is at low level overall,but the development is rapid.Technological progress is the driving force to promote productivity growth.Based on the static analysis study of six counties in 2013,it is found that the available input factors on the whole are in an ideal condition,and the citrus input factors in a few counties are redundant.Therefore,according to the results,the following policy recommendations are proposed:speeding up the intensive production of citrus in Jiangxi Province,to maximize the scale effect;adjusting the input ratio of various factors of production,so as to improve the citrus input-output efficiency.

Determining the Technical Efficiency of Specialty Ophthalmology Hospital Using SFA and DEA: 2009-2011

Introduction: During the last decade, the health sector of many countries in general has been faced significantly with the increase of health care costs and in particular with the growth in hospital costs, that a significant part of it is due to the inefficient use of resources. The present study has been calculated the technical efficiency of the Specialty Ophthalmology Hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences by the comprehensive data analysis methods and stochastic frontier analysis. Methods: In this article, the technical efficiency of the Specialty Ophthalmology Hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences has been calculated by the years of 2009 to 2011, by the comprehensive data analysis methods and stochastic frontier analysis. For this purpose, the form of input-oriented data envelopment analysis approach was used by assuming the variable Productivity to scale and stochastic frontier analysis method and from the five output, the occupied bed days, outpatient admissions, inpatient admissions, inpatient days and bed occupancy factor, and from the six output, it means active beds, number of doctors, nurses, and other personnel, budget and equipment costs were used for the study. For data analyzing, Deap software, edit 1/2 and Frontier edit 1/4, was used. Result: The results of a comprehensive data analysis method showed: 1) The capacity of improving technical efficiency in the studied sector is 34% (average technical efficiency is 0.663 parts);and 2) some of the sectors are met the excess inputs (factors of production). Technical efficiency using stochastic frontier analysis was equal to 0.937. In fact, the stochastic frontier analysis showed the inefficiency is less than the actual value. Conclusion: Reducing excess capacity factors (factors of production) should be conducted in the form of a comprehensive plan and by considering all regarded aspects, that this reduction plays a major role in the hospital and health sector costs reduction.

On the Efficiency for Non-Endoreversible Stirling and Ericsson Cycles

An analysis of the Stirling and Ericsson cycles from the point of view of the finite time thermodynamics is made by assuming the existence of internal irreversibilities in an engine modeled by these cycles, and the ideal gas as working substance is considered. Expressions of efficiency in both regimes maximum power output and maximum ecological function are also shown. Appropriate variables are introduced so that the objective functions, namely power output, ecological function and efficiency can be functions of the reservoirs temperatures ratio and certain “measurable” parameters as a thermal conductance, the general constant of gases and the compression ratio of the cycle. Several results from the finite time thermodynamics literature are used, so that the developed methodology leads directly to appropriate expressions of the objective functions in order to simplify the optimization process.

Assessing Chinese Commercial Bank Technical Efficiency with a Parametric Hyperbolic Distance Function

This paper contributes to the literatures about Chinese commercial banks technical efficiency. In order to eliminate the deviation of efficiency scores caused by an undesirable output that is represented by banks’ non-performing loans, the estimation is based on an enhanced parametric hyperbolic distance function which considers not only desirable outputs but also undesirable outputs. Furthermore, we extend the model to divide the factors that affecting technical efficiency into direct factors and indirect factors and exclude the influence of the latter when analyzing the determiners of banks technical efficiency. The validity of this model is examined by a panel of bank data from 2004-2010.

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China:1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just Studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China＇s economic： growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China＇s relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy, efficiency. After that, a regression model of China＇s real output to capital, labor and energy e lficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy efficiency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency; of China.

Toward the Energy Efficiency of Resource Allocation Algorithms for OFDMA Downlink MIMO Systems

The problem of the simultaneous multi-user resource allocation algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA)based systems has recently attracted significant interest.However,most studies focus on maximizing the system throughput and spectral efficiency.As the green radio is essential in 5G and future networks,the energy efficiency becomes the major concern.In this paper,we develop four resource allocation schemes in the downlink OFDMA network and the main focus is on analyzing the energy efficiency of these schemes.Specifically,we employ the advanced multi-antenna technology in a multiple input-multiple output(MIMO)system.The first scheme is based on transmit spatial diversity(TSD),in which the vector channel with the highest gain between the base station(BTS)and specific antenna at the remote terminal(RT)is chosen for transmission.The second scheme further employs spatial multiplexing on the MIMO system to enhance the throughput.The space-division multiple-access(SDMA)scheme assigns single subcarrier simultaneously to RTs with pairwise“nearly orthogonal”spatial signatures.In the fourth scheme,we propose to design the transmit beamformers based on the zero-forcing(ZF)criterion such that the multi-user interference(MUI)is completely removed.We analyze the tradeoff between the throughput and power consumption and compare the performance of these schemes in terms of the energy efficiency.

Study on the Regional Distribution of Energy Efficiency from the Point of Pollutant Emissions

In this paper, the author uses super-efficiency DEA model to measure the national and regional energy efficiency in China; using spatial econometric model and from the perspective of geo-spatial spillover, the author interprets the spatial characteristies of energy efficiency and extracts the main factors that influ- ence the regional energy efficiency. The analysis results show that： （1） the national and regional energy efficiency is consistent with inverted U-shaped curve, and the nationwide energy efficiency gap is increasing; （2） energy efficiency has the obvious effect of the spatial external effect, and when the government makes energy saving strategies, inter-regional energy cooperation and the prolif- eration of advanced production technology should be given more priority; （3） energy efficiency has significant negative correlation with government intervention, industrial structure, ownership structure, the energy consumption structure, and resource endowments, and has positive correlation with the degree of opening-up and energy price.

Near is more:learning efficiency in research and development innovation among interlocking firms

Research question/issue:This study examines whether geographic proximity produces a proximity preference as interlocking firms observe each other and learn innovative behaviors through information transmission among interlocking directors.Research findings/insights:We study the performance of A-share-listed companies in China from 2007 to 2017 on the basis of resource dependence theory,agglomeration effect theory,and Porter’s competitive theory.When target firms learn about research and development–related innovation behaviors from interlocking firms closer to them,they experience more efficient learning effects and have improved convergent traits.Moreover,this proximity advantage increases the willingness of the target firm to communicate with and learn from interlocking firms closer to them.Highly developed areas and research and development–intensive industries positively affect the learning efficiency of interlocking firms.Theoretical/academic implications:Our conclusion is consistent with resource dependence theory;target firms in highly developed areas are more willing to imitate and study nearby interlocking firms to maintain their peer relations,innovation potential,and competitiveness.Our conclusion is also consistent with competition theory,which states that the exchange of information between target firms in highly research and development–intensive industries and distant interlocking firms increases innovation differentiation,innovation potential,and competitiveness,even when such exchange has a high cost.Practitioner/policy implications:The results support resource dependence theory and peers’effects.The information obtained by interlocking directorates through external social relations guides firm decision-making,and closer distances reveal more obvious effects.

Analysis on Evaluating Comprehensive Efficiency of Enterprise Leaders＇ Performance Based on Scientific Development Outlook

In former researches there are primary theoretical studies and qualitative analyses on enterprise leaders＇ effectiveness and performance, and there are a few studies on quantitative analyses which mostly relies on the method of comparing differences and ratio of divergence to evaluate leaders＇ performance by stage statistics. This paper illustrates how to evaluate Comprehensive Efficiency （CE） based on Scientific Development Outlook, which reflects overall development of enterprise leaders＇ performance, depends on measuring Output Efficiency Index （OEI） and Cost Efficiency Index （CEI） of enterprise leaders＇ performance, and adopts the C^2R model in Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA）.

Optimization of energy efficiency for the full-duplex massive MIMO systems

The energy efficiency（EE） for the full-duplex massive multi-input multi-output（MIMO） system is investigated. Given the transmit powers of both the uplink and the downlink, the closed-form solutions of the optimal number of antennas and the maximum EE are achieved in the high regime of the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）. It is shown that the optimal number of antennas and the maximum EE gets larger with the increase in user numbers. To further improve the EE, an optimization algorithm with low complexity is proposed to jointly determine the number of antennas and the transmit powers of both the uplink and the downlink. It is shown that, the proposed algorithm can achieve the system performance very close to the exhaustive search.

A 1.8 GHz Power Amplifier Class-E with Good Average Power Added Efficiency

This paper presents a 1.8 GHz class-E controlled power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with two-stage architecture. The main advantage of the proposed technique for output control power is a high 37 dB output power dynamic range with good average power adding efficiency. The measurement results show that the PA achieves a high power gain of 23 dBm and power added efficiency (PAE) by 38%. The circuit was post layout simulated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology.

Dual Mode-Multiple Output SEPIC Converter Integrated with Passive Ripple Cancelling Circuit for Standalone PV Energy Harvesting System

This document addresses an exhaustive standalone Photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting system considering two crucial issues: system efficiency and cost effectiveness. It contributes a compact resolution with a combined feature of Dual Mode-Multiple Output (DMMO) associated with input ripple reduction technique. Control strategy incorporates with aspect of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and output voltage levels regulation. A theoretical analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of ripple current on PV power. Proposed dual mode converter achieves efficiency of 98.36% and 97.76% respectively for mode-1 and mode-2 operation. However, simulation is performed applying MATLAB/SIMULINK tools to analyze the feasibility of the recommended system.

Co-integration Analysis of the Relationship between New Product Output and R&D Investment in China’s Pharmaceutical Industry

Objective To study the possible relationship between the output of new products in China’s pharmaceutical industry and the investment in research and development(R&D),and to provide a theoretical basis for the decision-making of relevant enterprises and institutions.Methods The econometric software Stata 14 was used to perform unit root test on the relevant data.Then,a co-integration regression equation was established after stabilization,which was analyzed through co-integration test(E-G two-step method).Results and Conclusion There is a long-term equilibrium and short-term error correction relationship between the output of new products and the investment of R&D funds in China’s pharmaceutical industry.During the lagging periods from 1 to 6,R&D investment is the Granger reason for the output of new products.The investment of R&D funds has a positive effect on the output of new products and the effect is significant.Therefore,more investment should be made in R&D to enhance the output of new products.

基于改进DEA的地域R&D相对效率评价

对我国地域R&D效率进行分析.在定性分析的基础上,利用统计工具定量地建立了评价指标体系;基于产出与投入在时间上的滞后关系的实际情况,建立了R&D产出相对R&D投入滞后的地域R&D相对效率的DEA评价模型.利用此模型,对我国各地区R&D资源利用效率进行测算.结果表明,许多地区的R&D资源的利用效率较低.基于分析结果,就我国地域R&D资源系统高效利用,提出了一些对策.