An Empirical Test of Optimism Bias in Capital Budgeting Decisions

Behavioral finance is a field that is scrutinizing the adequacy of traditional financial theories using insights from the disciplines of psychology and sociology. Many studies within its realm test the stock market behaviors, and behavioral phenomena are still to be tested in the area of corporate finance. This study aims to contribute to the behavioral corporate finance literature by a research in one of the psychological phenomena affecting the decision makers＇ abilities to reach conclusions rationally. In this study, it is aimed to investigate one of the biases, namely, the optimism bias in corporate capital budgeting decisions. Optimism in decision making can be associated with estimating lower costs and higher revenues. Thus, by assessing the forecasts of decision makers, the existence of optimism in their decisions is tried to be seen. This study aims at contributing to the literature in that it is conducted in an emerging country like Turkey.

The future of competitive advantage in Oman: Integrating green product innovation, Al, and intellectual capital in business strategies

This study delves into the dynamics of green product innovation,artificial intelligence(Al)adaption,and intellectual capital,investigating their impact on the competitiveness of firms in Oman.It emphasizes the crucial role of government intervention and R&D investments in this process.Based on the responses of 214 top managers in Oman,the research employs structural equation modeling to analyze the intricate relationships between these factors.The findings underscore a significant positive correlation between green innovation,Al implementation,and intellectual capital,with government involvement and R&D investments as vital moderators.This study provides a novel perspective on the synergy of technology,innovation,and intellectual capital in developing economies.It offers essential insights for business leaders,policymakers,and scholars,highlighting the necessity of integrating advanced technologies and sustainable practices in business strategies to achieve competitive advantage.The research adds to the existing body of knowledge on innovation and competitiveness.It offers practical implications for enhancing firm performance in Oman and similar emerging markets.

Promoting the Real Economy by the Integration of Digital Technology and the Real Economy:On the Influence to Biased Technical Change

The deep integration of digital technology and the real economy is a vital engine for boosting high-quality growth of the real economy.As a result,it is necessary to investigate the effects of this integration on the real economy.This paper develops a two-sector model that incorporates the production sector and the technology research and development sector,taking into account both the factor attribute and the technical attribute of digital technology.Digital capital,general capital,skilled labor,and unskilled labor are considered as intermediate inputs in the model.Furthermore,this paper examines the effects of two integration modes,i.e.,factor-based integration and technology-based integration,on the development of the real economy and the biased technical change from a theoretical perspective.Empirical tests are conducted to support the analysis.The findings indicate that both factor-based integration and technology-based integration contribute positively to the development of the real economy,although technology-based integration exhibits diminishing marginal effects.Heterogeneity analysis reveals that factor-based integration plays a more significant role in promoting the development of the real economy in regions with geographical advantages,low levels of human resources,high marketization levels,or low market segmentation.On the other hand,technology-based integration assumes a greater role in facilitating the development of the real economy in regions with geographical disadvantages,low costs on human resources,low marketization levels,or high market segmentation.Further analysis demonstrates that the integration of digital technology and the real economy leads to digital capital-biased technical change and skilled labor-biased technical change.Therefore,it is imperative for the public sector to encourage the expansion of both factor-based integration and technology-based integration in the real economy.Additionally,it is also important to develop a reasonable industry layout plan and enhance the skill level of workers to address the rising demand for relevant factors resulting from changes in the biased technical change.

数字经济如何影响技能工资差距——基于偏向型技术进步的视角

文章基于偏向型技术进步的视角,选取中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据及相关省级面板数据,对数字经济发展和技能工资差距之间的因果关系及其中的作用机制进行了实证检验。结果表明:数字经济发展显著扩大了技能工资差距;数字经济发展主要通过促进资本偏向型技术进步、技能偏向型技术进步和提升资本-技能互补性扩大技能工资差距;在数字基础设施较为完善的地区和技能劳动密集型行业中,数字经济发展对扩大技能工资差距的作用更明显。

技能偏向型技术进步与中国制造业全要素生产率的提升

基于技能偏向型技术进步的定义,同时考虑“资本—技能互补”假说,根据非技能劳动、技能劳动和资本三要素双层嵌套型CES生产函数,构建出技术进步技能偏向性指数与要素配置技能偏向性指数,并推导出TFP增长率函数及其各分解效应。在理论层面揭示了技术进步技能偏向性、要素配置技能偏向性、要素效率增长率与投入增长率之间的协同效应对TFP增长率的影响机制,丰富了技能偏向型技术进步理论下对TFP增长率变动的机理认识。进一步,利用2000—2019年中国制造业相关数据分析发现,生产要素效率水平的提升是推动制造业TFP增长率提升的基本力量,而在未来同时提升技能劳动效率水平与投入规模,对于提升制造业TFP增长率,进而推动中国经济实现高质量发展将具有积极且关键的作用。

Reliability of R&D capitalization: Evidence from ex post impairment in China

Unlike prior studies that investigate research and development(R&D)accounting as a dichotomous choice between capitalizing vs.expensing, this study identifies low-reliability R&D capitalization by the occurrence of ex post impairment of capitalized R&D costs.I find that low-reliability capitalization is associated with higher discretionary accruals but fails to signal future innovation, whereas normal capitalization without subsequent impairment lacks earnings aggressiveness and predicts future innovation positively, compared to expensing firms.Next, this study shows that Big 4 and industry specialist auditors improve reliability by notably decreasing the likelihood of lowreliability R&D capitalization.The results remain robust after controlling for R&D investment intensity and potential endogeneity in the capitalization decision.Additional tests show that managers strategically time the recognition of impairment for big-bath and earnings-smoothing purposes, and that analyst coverage does not help differentiate between low-reliability and normal R&D capitalization.Collectively, this paper increases our understanding of R&D accounting and auditing and contributes to the debate on the reliability of R&D capitalization.

The Impact of R&D Capitalization on Macroeconomic Variables: From the Perspective of the Adjustment of NIPAS in USA

Based on the results of the 14 thcomprehensive adjustment of NIPAS published by BEA in July of 2013,this paper employs the national economic accounting principles to analyze the impact of R&D capitalization on Macroeconomic Variables from both the theoretical and empirical aspects. The results show that R&D capitalization will produce impact on many macroeconomic variables. Although some changes of the indexes are very small in amount, the implementation of capitalized accounting on R&D is the requirement of SNA 2008 and an inevitable trend of international accounting changes. China must further improve the statistical content of R&D, revise the accounting caliber and classification standards for R&D, explore the accounting models for R&D satellite accounts, improve the quality of R&D accounting data, strengthen the understanding of the essence of SNA 2008, so as to promote the integration of Chinese national economic accounting system with SNA 2008 as soon as possible.

有偏技术进步抑制中国劳动就业了吗?

技术进步对劳动就业的影响历来备受争议。利用超越对数生产函数对中国1978-2014年的数据加以检验后发现,中国的技术进步呈现为希克斯资本偏向型,并且资本偏向型技术进步能够促进中国劳动就业总量的扩大,其根本原因在于资本偏向型技术进步有利于加速资本积累。但是,在短期,资本偏向型技术进步仍然不利于低技能劳动就业,为此,宏观经济政策应该以促进劳动就业为核心,积极发挥已有劳动密集型产业的就业"稳定器"功能,在此基础上有序推进技术进步和产业升级。

剩余劳动力转移与农业技术进步——基于拉—费模型的理论机制与西部地区八个样本村的微观证据

借助于对拉尼斯—费景汉模型的扩展,本文分析了剩余劳动力转移对农业部门技术进步的作用机制和长短期影响。本文认为剩余劳动力的转移会通过资金、劳动间的替代效应,引起渐进累积的资本偏向型技术创新,在短期增加农业产出,在长期形成农业生产的资本深化过程。运用西部地区八个样本村的农户微观调查数据,随机前沿生产函数的估计结果较好地反映了这一机制。

技术进步偏向、政府税收与中国劳动收入份额

以技术进步偏向影响要素收入份额为主线,在原有厂商理论基础上考虑政府税收因素,将劳动收入份额的变化率分解为乘数效应、资本深化速度、资本偏向型技术进步和税收的变化率,并选取1990—2011年数据进行实证分析,结果发现:资本深化对劳动收入份额具有正向拉动作用,但乘数效应减弱了这一作用;技术进步的资本偏向和生产税率的提高,对中国劳动收入份额产生负向作用。其中,资本偏向型技术进步是劳动收入份额下降的最主要原因。

要素替代增长模式下的收入分配效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的经验分析

劳动收入份额的稳定性是宏观经济模型的关键基础,同样也是个人收入分配格局的根本决定因素。在中国经济发展进入"新常态"的现实背景下,探寻劳动收入份额持续下降的动因对现阶段规避"中等收入陷阱"具有重要意义。基于有偏技术进步的视角,我们提出了资本-劳动替代弹性影响劳动收入份额的假说,并采用中国2000—2012年省际地区面板数据进行了经验检验。研究结果表明,尽管要素替代增长效应显著,但资本-劳动替代弹性的提高使技术进步越来越偏向资本,进而显著降低了劳动收入份额,进一步恶化了要素收入分配格局,最终对步入高等收入国家产生阻力。上述结论在进行了变量内生性问题和滞后效应、异常样本等稳健性检验后,回归结果依然稳健。因此,我们认为未来中国应进一步通过制度设计、政策制定等途径构建有效的驱动组合,尽快实现由要素驱动型向效率驱动型增长方式的转变。

资本—技能互补、技能偏态型技术进步与中国大学教育溢价

利用我国1996年~2014年的省级面板数据,借鉴并改进总量生产函数构建规模报酬可变的二级CES生产函数,采用空间计量研究方法实证检验我国资本—技能和技能偏态型技术进步下的大学教育溢价。结果表明:经济增长对资本的依存度较强,人力资本与教育人力资本对经济增长的贡献值不足,但具备大学教育程度的高阶人力资本较非大学教育的低阶人力资本有着更强的不可替代性;高、低阶人力资本在样本期内能显著提高技术效率,技术效率的取值区间为[0.005 653 1,0.516 883 4]。高—低阶人力资本在地理空间上的自相关性较强,通过空间杜宾模型分析发现:资本—技能互补为正向机制;高阶人力资本的空间增长效应大于资本投入的弹性产出;技能偏态型技术进步使高校扩招政策并未降低大学教育溢价。

外商直接投资、资本偏向型技术进步与劳动收入份额

基于中国1998—2013年30个省际面板数据,本文考察了外商直接投资(FDI)通过资本偏向型技术进步对劳动收入份额的影响。实证结果显示:FDI加强了中国技术进步方向偏向资本的程度,且通过资本偏向型技术进步抑制了劳动收入份额的提高,其抑制作用大小依东、西、中部地区的次序递减;进一步地,FDI质量通过资本偏向型技术进步对劳动收入份额的增加具有抑制作用,但其偏效应未能减少劳动收入份额。本文结论对于中国现阶段合理"选资",减轻FDI导致的收入差距具有重要借鉴意义。

技能溢价与工资不平等理论研究进展

尽管技能偏向性技术进步假说为理解技能溢价和工资不平等提供了一个较好的分析框架,但依然存在不一致的研究结果。争议主要集中在资本与技能之间的互补关系、劳动力市场制度变迁以及技术和贸易哪一个是造成收入差距拉大的主要原因等几个方面。未来的研究将会建立一个统一的理论框架,分析各因素在解释工资不均衡程度增加时的相互作用。

资本深化、要素技术效率与产业升级--基于1998-2019年中国35个工业行业的实证分析

生产资料的不断积累和更新带来经济系统中各产业的资本深化,资本深化又带来资本体现式技术进步,有偏技术进步则使不同要素的技术效率发生不同的变化,影响各要素的投入结构和产出效率,进而推动产业升级。采用1998—2019年中国35个工业行业的面板数据,运用标准化供给面系统方程估计要素替代弹性,并测算各行业的劳动技术效率和资本技术效率,结果表明,多数行业的劳动技术效率高于资本技术效率,且劳动技术效率呈现上升趋势,而资本技术效率先上升后下降。进一步采用中介效应模型分析发现,要素技术效率在资本深化促进产业升级中具有显著的部分中介效应:资本深化、劳动技术效率提高和资本技术效率提高均可促进产业升级,资本深化可以通过提高劳动技术效率促进产业升级,但也可能通过降低资本技术效率抑制产业升级。因此,要加快技术进步,提高人力资本水平,适度推进资本深化,优化要素配置,充分发挥要素技术效率提高对产业转型升级的促进作用,进而通过产业升级推动经济高质量发展。

技术进步偏向、资本效率与劳动收入份额变化

本文构建了一个劳动收入份额相对于资本收入份额变化的新古典经济学理论分析框架,并使用中国1990～2010年的数据进行了实证计量分析。分析结果表明,中国劳动与资本之间的要素替代弹性显著大于0,且显著小于1,并且生产过程中的技术进步是偏向于劳动增强型的,表现为劳动效率持续快速提高,而资本效率则持续下滑,正是偏向劳动增强型技术进步的速率高于资本深化的速率直接导致了劳动收入份额相对于资本收入份额的持续下降。进一步的深入分析则表明,导致资本效率下滑引起劳动收入份额也持续下降的深层次原因则主要是中国企业没能随着市场环境的变化而拓展升级其生产价值链,以致没能实现生产经营方式的转型升级。而政府经济政策偏差形成的银行业高利差导致的扭曲性收入转移、城市房地产价格的持续飙升导致的实体经济企业房地租成本上升,以及政府税收的持续快速增长对实体经济企业收益的挤压,则更进一步加剧了这一趋势。

不同类型资本偏向性技术进步对碳排放效率的影响

目前对不同类型资本偏向性技术进步对碳排放效率的影响并不清晰,为从技术进步方向找到影响碳排放效率的关键动力,基于2007—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,从信息通信技术(ICT)资本和人力资本偏向性技术视角,采用数据包络分析法、构建super-SBM模型测算区域碳排放效率,同时通过区分能源富集区和能源贫乏区,利用全局全要素生产率指数对区域碳排放效率动态变化及其构成进行测度,并进一步采用Tobit回归识别不同类型资本偏向性技术进步对碳排放效率影响。研究发现:(1)大多数地区碳排放效率较低,只有北京、上海、广东和新疆处于有效水平,均值最低的是宁夏、波动程度最强的是山东、表现最稳定的是甘肃;(2)总体上碳排放效率呈下降趋势,能源富集区变化趋势与总体变化趋势基本一致,能源贫乏区效率呈先上升后下降趋势;(3)碳排放效率变化主要是由技术进步变化引起的,ICT资本和人力资本偏向性技术进步均显著抑制总体和能源富集区碳排放效率的提升,但均显著促进能源贫乏区碳排放效率的提升。由此,从发挥资本效应、优化人力资本配置、完善产业链和投资政策等五方面提出通过ICT资本和人力资本偏向性技术进步促进碳排放效率提升的对策建议。

偏向性技术进步的测算与分析

本文构建了一套系统测算要素偏向性技术进步的方法,不仅可以计算出每年资本增强型和劳动增强型技术进步各自的速率和技术进步的整体偏向性,而且还深化了全要素生产率的分析。使用这一方法对我国1991-2011年经济增长过程中技术进步偏向性的测算表明,这一时期我国劳动的生产效率逐年提升,而资本的生产效率却在1995年以后逐年下降,技术进步表现为资本使用和劳动节约型;相对于经济增长率,我国1995年以后大部分年份的全要素生产率的增长率都很低,凸显了我国技术创新的能力不足、经济增长主要依靠要素投入推动的特征。

我国人口结构变化、资本偏向型技术进步与劳动收入份额演变--基于1990-2017省际面板数据的研究

在我国老龄化程度加深及出生率下降的背景下,从常数替代弹性(constant elasticity of substitution, CES)生产函数出发,构建理论模型,试图从人口结构、技术进步偏向角度探索我国劳动收入份额的演变机制。并通过我国1990-2017年省级层面数据的研究,表明经济发展要素间是互补的,技术进步偏向资本以及我国人口结构的变化--老年抚养比上升及少儿抚养比下降对我国劳动收入份额产生了负面的影响。同时,技术进步的资本偏向性特征降低了我国劳动收入份额。在控制了其他因素、分区域及剔除异常值进行检验后,结果仍然显著。

利益分配失衡框架下我国劳动收入份额变动的影响因素分析——基于1997年～2008年省际面板数据的检验

笔者从劳资利益分配框架的视角出发,在现有文献的基础上总结了影响要素分配份额的因素,通过建立数理分析模型探讨劳动收入份额变动的影响因素,并利用1997年～2008年的我国29个省级单位面板数据进行实证分析,以检验各因素对劳动报酬份额比例的影响。实证结果表明,我国劳动收入份额下降的主要原因是不断提高的资本产出比、资本增强型的技术进步、工会在保护劳动者权益方面的缺位以及政府长期以来的重视资本忽视劳动的政策取向。