How R&D investment promotes green technology innovation in the context of digitalization?-An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data

Green technology innovation is an important driving force and source to promote my country’s high-quality development,and it is the core path to achieve sustainable development.This paper uses my country’s provincial panel data from 2016 to 2019 to study the impact mechanism of R&D investment on green technology innovation,and introduces the level of digitization,using the panel threshold model to discuss its role in the impact mechanism of R&D investment on green technology innovation.The study found that when the level of digitalization in a region is low,increasing R&D investment does not necessarily improve the ability of green technology innovation;when the level of digitalization is relatively high,R&D investment has a positive role in promoting green technology innovation.Therefore,it is necessary to improve policies to encourage enterprises to increase investment in research and development;at the same time,it is necessary to promote the coordinated development of digital foundation,digital investment,digital literacy,digital economy and digital application,and promote the deep integration of digitalization and green technology innovation.

Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation

The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation.

Research on the Threshold Effect of China’s Pharmaceutical Export Trade on Internal and External R&D Investment

Objective To study the threshold effect of export trade on internal and external R&D investment in China’s pharmaceutical industry,and to provide reference for some pharmaceutical enterprises to improve the investment.Methods The panel data of pharmaceutical industry in 25 provinces and cities in China from 2009 to 2019 were selected to conduct empirical analysis by establishing a threshold regression model,and a better export trade interval was obtained.Results and Conclusion There is a threshold value for the effect of new product export on both internal and external R&D expenditures,and the threshold values are 845.2788 million yuan and 318.4198 million yuan,respectively.There is a single threshold effect of export trade on both internal and external R&D investment in China’s pharmaceutical industry,and the effect of export trade on internal and external R&D investment changes from negative to positive as the export trade develops from low to high.

增加R&D投入一定会促进城市经济高质量发展吗?——来自中国280个地级城市的经验证据

如何促进城市经济高质量发展是目前社会各界关注的重要议题,R&D投入和科技创新一直是经济发展需要考虑的两个重要影响因素。利用2017—2019年280个地级及以上城市的相关数据,实证分析R&D投入对经济发展质量的影响。研究发现,R&D投入和经济发展质量之间存在倒“U”型关系,即一定数量的R&D投入可以促进经济发展质量的提升;但R&D投入超过一定阈值后,更多数量的R&D投入则会给经济发展质量带来负面影响;科技创新是R&D投入影响经济发展质量的一个重要传导渠道;在大中城市中,科技创新在R&D投入和经济发展质量之间的中介作用会更加明显;在小城市中,R&D投入和经济发展质量之间的倒“U”型关系更加显著。因此,通过加大R&D投入来提升科技创新水平进而提升经济发展质量是一条切实可行的路径,但R&D投入并不是越多越好,而是只有将R&D投入有效地转化为科技创新产出,才能更好地实现经济高质量发展。

Socio-economic and energy-environmental impacts of technological change on China's agricultural development under the carbon neutrality strategy

Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncertainty of agricultural development.Therefore,applying a computable general equilibrium(CGE)model,this study characterises the agricultural sector in detail,introducing endogenous technological change proxied by research and development(R&D)to assess the impact of different technological change scenarios on agricultural development under the carbon neutrality target.The results show that allocating carbon revenue for R&D inputs can mitigate the significant negative impact of achieving carbon neutrality on knowledge capital and production in agricultural sectors.Overall,using carbon revenue only for R&D input in crop sectors has the optimal effect on increasing the agricultural sectors'knowledge capital,improving crop production and profit,reducing crop external dependence and promoting the synergistic reduction of carbon and pollutant emissions.However,this scenario has the largest negative impact on macro-economics and household welfare.In contrast,allocating carbon revenue to promote technological change in broader non-energy sectors or both crops and non-energy sectors can effectively mitigate negative socio-economic impacts,but the positive impact on agricultural development is minimal.These findings provide practical insights for the rational use of carbon revenue to expand agricultural R&D investment and ensure balanced agricultural and economic development under the carbon neutrality target.

Effects of investment on energy intensity:evidence from China

This article explores the effects of investment upon energy intensity by applying a unique panel data of China's 27 provinces between 2004 and 2013.In addition,it also particularly stuthes other factors,such as energy price,economic structure,and urbanization.The results,based on four econometric regression model results,suggest that in general,the indigenous investment on research and development is a more powerful tool to decrease China's energy intensity regardless of region disparity.The foreign direct investment(FDI) has a prominent but not persistent effect on energy intensity.However,the outward direct investment has not shown its significant impact on energy intensity.At the level of an aggregate economy and China's eastern region,the results demonstrate that FDI improves energy efficiency significantly.For the central and western provinces,FDI does not support the similar conclusion.Based on these analyses,we present the corresponding regional policies for policymakers.

Research on the Relationship between Export Orientation and R&D Investment of China’s Pharmaceutical Industry in Different Regions

Objective To study the relationship between export orientation and research and development(R&D)investment so as to provide suggestions and references for improving the R&D investment level and innovation capabilities of pharmaceutical industry due to the progress of globalization and the continuous development of export trade of China’s pharmaceutical industry.Methods The relevant data of China’s pharmaceutical industry from 2001 to 2016 was selected to establish an error correction model based on the co-integration theory,and then the Granger causality test was conducted to determine the relationship between the export orientation and R&D investment of China’s pharmaceutical industry in different regions.Results and Conclusion It is found that the export orientation of the pharmaceutical industry in different regions has a significant negative impact on the investment of R&D.Among them,the middle region has the greatest impact,followed by the eastern and western regions.The export orientation of the pharmaceutical industry in the middle region has a lag effect on R&D investment,and the lag phase is two years.

Demonstration Analysis of Relationship Between R&D Investment and GDP

To reveal the quantitative relationship between research and development (R&D) investment and gross domestic product (GDP) in China, we have demonstrated and analyzed the relationship between R&D investment and science and technology (S&T) progress, and based on a mount of S&T statistical data, have proceeded demonstration research of the relationship between R&D investment and GDP in China with Solow and vector auto regression (VAR) models. Cubic curve fitting and cross-correlation analysis of them with SPSS have shown that there is a strong synchronic relationship between R&D investment and GDP.

Research on the Impact of Venture Risk Tolerance on R&D investments:Based on Entrepreneur Ability

How do start-ups enhance risk tolerance and core competition through product,technology,and service development?What is the relationship between the core competitiveness of start-ups and R&D investments?Based on the perspective of entrepreneurial ability,222 questionnaires were used to study the factors affecting the risk tolerance of start-ups and analyze the effect of risk tolerance on R&D investments.The research shows that the interactions of entrepreneur ability and start-up funds have a positive effect on the risk tolerance of start-ups,and the risk tolerance can positively promote R&D investment willingness and intensity for new products,technologies,and services.Also,R&D investment willingness plays a partial intermediary role between the risk tolerance of start-ups and the intensity of R&D investments.

Relationship between R&D investment and business performance from the perspective of environmental regulation: Takeing the heavy-polluting industries from 2011 to 2016 as an example

In recent years, China has promulgated many laws and regulations of environmental protection, gradually forming an environmental regulation system, and most enterprises are under the dual pressure of environmental protection and business performance. It would be a significant way that enterprises undertake R&D activities for a change. This paper is based on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed heavy pollution enterprises in 2011-2016, which is based on the review and summary of research results of former researchers, combining with current environmental regulation situation of our country, raising the relevant hypothesis between environmental regulations, R&D investment and business performance against heavy pollution industry. Adopting the method of empirical research, it also built the linear regression model which employs the relevant financial data of heavy-polluting enterprises in China as the statistical research sample. The relationship for heavy-polluting enterprises affected by environmental regulations between environmental protection R&D investment and enterprise business performance was tested. The results show that there is a positive influence on the environmental R&D investment and business performance, and a lag effect upon the R&D investment of enterprises to business performance. Finally, the research results were used to evaluates problems existing in the R&D investment on pollution industry in China as well as business performance and we put forward some suggestions on improving environmental regulation standards and technology innovation consciousness as well as optimizing the structure of R&D investment.

Research on Correlation between Employees＇ Heterogeneity Characteristics and R＆D Investment

Using all Chinese firms listed on the stock exchanges during 2007-2012, we examined the influence of employees＇ heterogeneity characteristics on R＆D investment. The empirical result showed that employees＇ educational level and R＆D investment is a significant positive correlation. We also proved the number of technical employee has a positive effect on R＆D.

Research on the Relationship between Salary Incentives for R&D Personnel and R&D Investment in China’s Pharmaceutical Industry

Objective To explore the relationship between salary incentives for R&D personnel and R&D investment in China’s pharmaceutical industry through an empirical analysis so as to propose suggestions for increasing more R&D investment from the perspective of stimulating R&D personnel.Methods Based on the relevant data of the China’s pharmaceutical industry in the“China High-tech Industry Statistical Yearbook”and other data from the National Bureau of Statistics from 1995 to 2018,co-integration tests was used to construct error correction models and Granger causality tests to explore the relationship between R&D personnel salary incentives and R&D investment.Results and Conclusion There is a long-term balanced relationship between the salary level of R&D personnel in China’s pharmaceutical industry and the investment of R&D.For the per capita salary of R&D personnel increases by 1 unit,the internal expenditure of R&D investment will increase by 2.2451 units.In the short term,the per capita salary of R&D personnel has a slight negative impact on the internal expenditure of R&D investment.In addition,the salary incentives for R&D personnel have the most significant role in promoting R&D investment after five years of implementation.

Research on the Relationship between the Profitability and R&D Investment of Enterprises of Different Scales in China’s Pharmaceutical Industry

Objective To analyze the relationship between the profitability of pharmaceutical enterprises of different scales and their R&D investment.Methods The data of China’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry from 1995 to 2016 were selected to establish a vector auto-regression mode,and then an impulse response function and variance decomposition were used to analyze the data.Results and Conclusion For large-scale pharmaceutical enterprises,1%increase in R&D input will lead to 0.792%increase of their main business profit.For medium-sized enterprises,if their main business profit increases by 1%,their R&D input will increase by 0.965%.Therefore,if their R&D input increases by 1%,their main business profit will increase by 1.036%.The improvement of the profitability of large-scale pharmaceutical enterprises cannot promote the increase of R&D capital investment.But the increase of profitability from medium-sized enterprises can promote the increase of R&D capital investment.As a result,the increase of R&D capital investment of large and medium-sized enterprises can improve corporate profitability.

R&D投入水平影响IPO抑价吗——基于创业板上市公司的研究

研究表明,信息不对称水平影响了IPO抑价,本文研究了一种特定的信息不对称形式——R&D投入水平与IPO抑价之间的关系。以2009年以来在创业板上市的204家公司为研究对象,结果发现在控制了其他相关变量的情况下,当期、滞后一期、两期及三期的R&D投入水平均与IPO抑价水平显著正相关,并且该结果是稳健的。

董事会学历分布与R&D投入:基于制造业上市公司的实证研究

以2004～2007年披露R&D投入的623个制造业上市公司为样本观察值,构建了多元线性回归模型,研究上市公司的董事会学历及其分布与R&D投入的关系。研究结果表明:制造业研发投入与董事会学历正相关,博士董事比例越高,R&D投入越大;资本与知识密集型行业或东部地区的制造业公司董事会学历及其分布对R&D投入的影响程度强于劳动密集型行业或其他地区的公司;董事会学历及其分布不是制造业上市公司R&D投入的主要决定因素。

基于决策者认知水平和完全信息竞争博弈的R&D项目投资决策研究

对物质财富的追求并非所有决策者的基本需求,企业在对R&D项目投资时的决策行为还受到决策者对项目未来机会价值认知水平的影响。本研究在分析R&D项目中的实物期权特征和价值相互作用的基础上,构建了基于决策者认知水平和完全信息竞争博弈模型,研究表明,当企业决策者认知水平一定的情况下,该企业的最优产品执行价格是其他竞争对手最优产品执行价格的线性增函数;在其他竞争对手最优产品执行价格一定的情况下,随着本企业决策者认知水平的提高,该企业的最优产品执行价格减小,反之亦然;企业可获得的最优效用是该企业决策者认知水平的增函数,是本企业最优产品执行价格的二次函数(先增后减),也是其他竞争对手最优产品执行价格的线性函数;另外,仿真结果进一步给出了各阶段投资额对博弈均衡和最优效用的具体影响机理,企业根据该机理可对各阶段的投资额进行优化。以上结论有助于企业更好地进行R&D项目投资决策。

基于因子分析和聚类分析的我国地区R&D投入水平研究

以中国大陆31个省市区的R&D投入水平为研究对象,采用因子分析方法对各地区R&D投入水平进行比较分析,在此基础上,通过聚类分析方法对各地区R&D投入水平进行科学分类和差异分析,得出了体现R&D相对投入水平因子和R&D绝对投入水平因子不同特征的四个梯队,同时指出了我国目前R&D投入水平的国际差距。

山东省区域R&D投入水平差异聚类分析

本文引入R&D投入强度、R&D经费相对规模、R&D人员相对规模等测度指标,根据《2009年山东科技统计年鉴》提供的数据,对山东省各地市R&D投入水平进行比较分析,在此基础上,通过聚类分析R&D投入水平差异,对山东省各地市进行科学分类。

我国负面清单开放水平评估及提升对策——与RCEP、CPTPP的比较研究

我国现行负面清单包括服务业外资准入负面清单与跨境服务贸易负面清单,如何合理评估负面清单开放水平,更好地对接国际高标准经贸规则,推进国内规则、规制方面的制度创新,是我国制度型开放过程中需要重点研究的难题。基于与RCEP、CPTPP主要成员国贸易负面清单比较研究,发现我国自开始探索服务业外资准入与跨境服务贸易负面清单以来,负面清单开放水平不断提升,但与发达国家相比,仍需较大幅度提升。对标以负面清单为代表的国际高标准经贸规则既有利好也有风险,要针对服务贸易分类不一致、法律法规不完善以及“两单分离”等难点,着重从服务贸易统计、法律法规以及负面清单风险防范等方面入手,进一步提升我国负面清单开放水平。

一个新的创新水平衡量指标:R&D投资强度及其衍生测度

为实现“投入”与“产出”双重视角的R&D活动监测,并呼应2008版SNA和2016版CSNA的重大修订和更新,本文提出一个新的创新水平衡量指标--R&D投资强度,继而在厘清其核算基本逻辑及其与R&D投入强度之间内在差异的基础上,对我国的R&D投资强度予以实际测算、动态监测和国际比较。进一步地,运用R&D投资强度及其衍生指标R&D有效投资系数展开全国各省(市)创新表现的定量测度和动态比较。结果显示,改革开放以来,我国R&D投入强度和R&D投资强度的总体趋势“形似而质不同”,两者差距自1995年开始逐步扩大直至2008年形成同步增长态势,而后于2015年呈收缩迹象。基于国际视野,我国的R&D投入强度排名虽不断攀升,但R&D投资强度却远不及大部分OECD国家水平。此外,各省(市)的R&D投资强度增幅明显,但差距依然显著,且R&D有效投资系数均未超过1。综合来看,R&D投资强度的提出有据可依且合乎情理,依托其与R&D投入强度的双重考察,再辅之以两者协同程度的多维度监测,可实现我国创新水平真实脉动的全景式呈现。