The Effects of Radix Ginseng Rubra on cAMP of Experimental Ischemic Myocardium in Rats

The model of SD rats ligated at the proximate left anterior descend (LAD) of coronary was used. The number and dissociation constant of β receptor were studied by using receptor autoradiography to observe the changes in β receptor and the effects of Radix Ginseng Rubra on cAMP in experimental ischemic myocardium. The result showed that the number of binding site in simple ligation group (B max =0.279) was obviously higher than that in sham operation group (B max =0.093) and the dissociation constant of simple ligation group (Kd=12.431) was higher than that of sham operation group (k d=1.319). There was a significant difference between the two groups ( P <0.05). It proved that the number of β receptor was increased and the activity was elevated in myocardial cell membranes after ligation of LAD. The myocardial cAMP level in simple ligation group (1293.96±519.36)×10 -3 nmol/g was much higher than that in sham operation group (774.44±210.55)×10 -3 nmol/g ; but the level of cAMP in ligation group after receiving Radix Ginseng Rubra treatment (805.02±362.48 pm/g) was obviously lower than that in simple ligation group ( P <0.01), which was close to the result of sham operation. The results indicated that Radix Ginseng Rubra could decrease the cAMP level in ischemic myocardium.

Effect of Extracts from Radix Ginseng,Radix Notoginseng and Rhizoma Chuanxiong on Delaying Aging of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Aged Rats

Objective： To observe the effect of extracts from Radix Ginseng, Radix Notoginseng and Rhizoma Chuanxiong （EXT） on delaying vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） aging in aged rats. Methods： VSMCs were obtained by the modified tissue explants technique and were shown to be positive for smooth muscle α-actin （SM-α-actin） by immunohistochemistry staining. VSMCs obtained from the young rats were served as the young control group; VSMCs obtained from the old rats were treated with no drug （the old group）, with low dose extracts （20 mg/L, the EXT low-concentration group） and high dose extracts （40 mg/L, the EXT highconcentration group）, and with Probucal （106 mol/L, the Probucal group） as a positive control. All groups were cultured for 24 h in the medium with 10% serum for 24 h followed by another 24 h in the serum-free medium. At the end of the 48-h culture, the following analyses were performed including determination of senescenceassociated β-galactosidase （SA β-Gal） activity, flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） analyses of p16, Cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 （CDK4） and retinoblastoma （Rb） mRNA expression, and Western blotting analyses of p16, cyclin D1, CDK4 and phosphoretinoblastoma （pRb） protein expressions. Results： （1） In comparison to the younger rats, VSMCs from aged rats had significantly more SA β-Gal positive cells （P〈0.01） and more cells in S phase （P〈0.05）. VSMCs from the all treated groups showed a significant decrease in both SA β-Gal positive cells （P〈0.05） and S phase （P〈0.05） compared to the old rats. （2） Compared with the young group, VSMCs in the old group had a significant decrease in p16 and Rb mRNA expression and a significant increase in Cyclin D1 and CDK4 mRNA expression. Compared with the old group, VSMCs in the treated groups had a significant increase in p16 and Rb mRNA expression and a significant decrease in Cyclin D1 and CDK4 mRNA expression （P〈0.05）. （3） Compared with the young group, VSMCs in the old group had a significant decrease in p16 protein expression and a significant increase in Cyclin D1, CDK4 and pRb protein expressions （P〈0.05）. Compared with the old group, VSMCs in the treated groups had a significant increase in p16 protein expression and a significant decrease in cyclinD1, CDK4 and pRb protein expressions （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： VSMCs obtained from old rats showed typical signs of cellular senescence and vascular aging. EXT had an effect on delaying senescence of VSMCs in vitro by altering the p16-cyclinD/CDK-Rb pathway.

Efficacy of Renshen(Radix Ginseng) plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata) on myocardial infarction by enhancing autophagy in rats

OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the protective effects of Renshen(Radix Ginseng)and Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)on myocardial infarction(MI)through regulating myocardial autophagy.METHODS:Thirty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups(n=6 or 7 for each).After treatment for 3 weeks,electrocardiogram(ECG)and cardiac function were recorded.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was used to detect pathological changes in the heart.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect serum B-type brain natriuretic peptide(BNP),cardiac troponin T(c Tn T),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and serum inflammatory cytokines.Metabolomic analysis was used to identify differential biomarkers of MI in rats.Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect BNP,cTnT,TNF-α,LC3B,Beclin-1,p62,and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase(AMPK)expression in cardiac tissue.RESULTS:Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)alone or Renshen(Radix Ginseng)plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)markedly ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and abnormal ECGs,demonstrated by decreases in the heart weight/body weight ratio,BNP,and c Tn T.Pro-inflammation cytokine interleukin(IL)-1αsignificantly decreased and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 significantly increased in Renshen(Radix Ginseng)single or Renshen(Radix Ginseng)plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)groups compared with the control group.HE results suggested that co-treatment produced a greater reduction in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area than Renshen(Radix Ginseng)or Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)alone.Renshen(Radix Ginseng)plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)reversed these changes to different degrees in MI rats.Furthermore,Renshen(Radix Ginseng)plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)down-regulated LC3 B,Beclin-1,and AMPK expression in cardiac tissue and upregulated p62 expression.CONCLUSIONS:Renshen(Radix Ginseng)plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)may have a greater effect on heart injury induced by MI in rats than Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)treatment alone,and the underlying mechanism may be associated with the regulation of myocardial autophagy and anti-inflammation effects.These results provide fresh insight into the mechanism of co-treatment with Renshen(Radix Ginseng)and Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)for MI.

Simultaneous Determination of Saponins in Radix Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

To establish a method for determining five saponins(notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate) in Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng, the high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector(HPLC-DAD) method was applied to an Inertsil ODS-SP column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid in a gradient elution manner. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelengths were 203 nm and 237 nm, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.700,0—7.000,0 μg for R1(r=1.000,0), 0.751,1— 7.511,4 μg for Rg1(r=1.000,0), 0.677,2—6.771,6 μg for Re(r=1.000,0), 0.733,9—7.339,1 μg for Rb1(r= 1.000,0), and 0.540,0—5.399,8 μg for ammonium glycyrrhizinate(r=0.999,9), respectively. In addition, their average recoveries were 100.28%, 105.83%, 104.09%, 99.36% and 98.54%, respectively. The relative standard deviations(RSDs) of precision, reproducibility and recovery were all less than 1.5%. The results indicate that the method is simple, accurate and reproducible so that it can be used for the simultaneous determination of the five saponins in Chinese patent medicines containing the three kinds of herbs.

Effects of Radix Ginseng on microbial infections: a narrative review

OBJECTIVE: To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases.METHODS: PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results.RESULTS: In this review, recent studies on the bene-ficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The importance and significance of Radix Ginseng's beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial,fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible underlying mechanisms are summarized.CONCLUSION: Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Protective Effect of Radix Ginseng on Peroxidation Injury in Myocardium and Erythrocytes of Streptozocin－Induced Diabetic Rats

The authors have investigated the effect ot Radix Ginseng on peroxidation injury in my-ocardium and erythrocytes of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. In the ginseng administered group (gin-seng solution 0. 2 g/200 g body weight once daily lasting 15-16 days) . there was a significant decreasein the level of fasting blood glucose and lipid peroxide in myocardium and erythrocytes, in comparison withthose of the model group (P<0. 05) . The superoxide dismutase activities in myocardium and erythrocytesof the ginseng group were increased (P<0. 05) . compared with those of the model group and the vitaminE treated group (vitamin E 10 mg/200 g.body weight once daily, lasting 15-16 days) . The results sug-gest that the mechanisms of antiperoxidation injury of ginseng might include the following: (1) loweringthe level of fasting blood glucose, decreasing monosaccharide autooxidation and partially protecting theproduction of free radicals; (2) elevating the activity of enzymatic free radical scavenger in cells, such assuperoxide dismutase, and (3) directly eliminating the superfluous free radicals.

Effects of extracts from Renshen(Radix Ginseng), Sanqi(Radix Notoginseng), and Chuanxiong(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) on F-actin in senescent microvascular endothelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of extracts from Renshen(Radix Ginseng), Sanqi(Radix Notoginseng), and Chuanxiong(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) on the endothelial actin cytoskeleton in senescent human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells(HCMECs), and to propose the possible mechanism underlying the actions.METHODS: Lentiviral mediated RNA interference was applied to a replicative senescent HCMEC model by knocking down heat shock protein 27(HSP27)gene. Cells were treated with extracts from Renshen(Radix Ginseng), Sanqi(Radix Notoginseng), and Chuanxiong(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) at final concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively and with 10 μM resveratrol for 48 h. Untreated cells were used as controls. Senescence was detected by senescence β-galactosidase staining and cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assays.Secreted nitric oxide levels were detected by nitrate reductase. Morphological changes of F-actin and G-actin were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Protein and gene expression of Factin and HSP27 was detected by western blotting.RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the proportion of senescent HSP27 shRNA cells treated with the extracts was decreased and their proliferation was increased. In the extract intervention group, F-actin around the cell periphery became irregular and jagged fractures formed gradually and then dissipated. Moreover, some dynamic actin stress fiber filaments appeared. The G-actin stretched to the cell periphery and punctate staining was scattered in the cytoplasm. In addition, the mean optical density value of F/G-actin was decreased significantly and the protein expression of F-actin was downregulated.CONCLUSION: The extracts delayed microvascular endothelial cell senescence by downregulating the expression of F-actin through HSP27.

Anti-fatigue effect from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma:a suggestive and promising treatment for long COVID

Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID(LC),persistent symptoms,and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms.Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms,leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma—known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine—has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects.In this review,we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds,with a special focus on anti-viral,immune remodeling,endocrine system regulation,and metabolism,suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC,especially regarding targeting fatigue.

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中11种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中拟人参皂苷F_(11)及人参皂苷Rf、Rg_(1)、Re、Rb_(1)、Rb_(2)、Rb_(3)、Rg_(2)、Rg_(3)、Rc、Rd的含量。方法分析采用Phenomenex Kinetex F_(5)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm);流动相乙腈-2 mmol/L甲酸铵,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.3 mL/min;柱温40℃;电喷雾离子源;负离子扫描;多反应监测模式。结果11种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.9900),平均加样回收率97.40%~103.74%,RSD 1.76%~3.48%。结论该方法灵敏实用,重复性好,可用于妇康片中人参的质量控制。

基于网络药理学与动物实验探究人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病的作用机制

目的 应用网络药理学的研究方法筛选人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病的作用靶点及相关信号通路,通过动物实验明确其疗效与作用机制。方法 运用Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)数据库检索获取人参—黄连—三七的主要化学成分以及相关作用靶点;使用DisGeNET筛选胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病肾病的相关靶标基因;通过Venn软件筛选出药物与疾病的共同作用靶点;构建出疾病—靶点—成分—药物网络;使用STRING数据库完成蛋白质—蛋白质相互作用网络(protein-protein interaction networks, PPI)的构建;通过基因本体(gene ontology, GO)富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)通路富集分析对有效作用靶点进行分析。以db/db小鼠作为动物模型,于给药第4、第8周后留取各组小鼠8小时尿液,检测各组小鼠尿微量白蛋白排泄水平;采用蛋白免疫印迹法法对网络药理学的研究预测的关键通路及靶点进行进一步的实验验证。结果 本研究共筛选得到人参—黄连—三七药串的人参皂苷Rh2、人参皂苷F2、槲皮素、小檗碱等39种有效成分;获得人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病潜在靶点18个,其中PTEN、CCL2、IL6、TNF、HIF1A等11个与其他靶点相互作用较强,可能在网络中起到关键作用;通过GO分析和KEGG分析分别获得2595个条目和107条信号通路,其中包括磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶丝氨酸/苏氨酸特异性蛋白激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路、晚期糖基化终末产物—晚期糖基化终末产物受体信号通路、低氧诱导因子-1信号通路、细胞迁移的正调控、细胞因子活性、细胞因子受体结合、血小板α颗粒等。动物实验显示,在给药第4周及第8周后,中药组小鼠尿微量白蛋白排泄水平均较模型组下降(P<0.05)。对于PI3K/Akt信号通路的相关蛋白检测结果表明,中药组小鼠肾脏PI3K、p-Akt表达水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),磷酸酶张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, PTEN)水平较模型组升高(P<0.05)。结论 人参—黄连—三七药串能够有效改善db/db小鼠糖尿病肾病引起的蛋白尿,其作用机制可能与激活PTEN抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。

冠心生脉丸质量标准提升

目的提升冠心生脉丸质量标准。方法TLC法定性鉴别人参和三七,分析采用硅胶G薄层板,以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水(13∶7∶2)10℃以下放置的下层溶液为展开剂,10%硫酸乙醇溶液为显色剂。HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rd的含量,分析采用Thermo Accucore-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,2.6μm);流动相乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.8 mL/min;柱温20℃;检测波长203 nm。结果TLC斑点清晰,阴性无干扰。4种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(R^(2)≥0.9999),平均加样回收率91.21%~106.86%,RSD 0.68%~1.43%。结论该方法专属性、重复性良好,可为冠心生脉丸质量控制提供参考。

人参、知母调控NR2B-CaMKⅡ-AMPAR1通路防治糖尿病认知功能障碍作用研究

目的 观察人参、知母防治糖尿病认知功能障碍(diabetic cognitive impairment,DCI)的作用,并探讨其机制。方法 采用高脂高糖饲料联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)(70 mg/kg)建立DCI小鼠模型,除空白组,造模成功后随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组(30 mg/kg)、多奈哌齐组(30 mg/kg)、人参组(3.6 g/kg)、知母组(10.8 g/kg)、人参知母组(3.6、7.2 g/kg),每组8只。连续灌胃给药30 d,记录各组小鼠体质量和血糖。给药结束用Moriss水迷宫法进行行为学测试,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测小鼠血清中糖化血红蛋白(GHbA1c);苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察海马组织病理变化,Western blot法检测NR2B、钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)、α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑-丙酸谷氨酸受体1(AMPAR1)蛋白的表达。结果 与模型组相比,人参组(3.6 g/kg)、知母组(10.8 g/kg)、人参知母组(3.6、7.2 g/kg)小鼠体质量增长,血糖下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),逃避潜伏期、探索距离显著缩短(P<0.05,P<0.01),站台穿越次数、目标象限游泳时间显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),GHbA1c降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),小鼠海马CA1区神经细胞更加整齐紧密,脑组织中NR2B、AMPAR1蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01),CaMKⅡ蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01)。结论 人参知母可改善DCI,其机制可能与调控NR2B-CaMKⅡ-AMPAR1通路有关。

人参-五味子药对对PCPA失眠大鼠神经递质及cAMP/Epac/Raf1信号通路的作用机制研究

目的通过观察人参-五味子药对对失眠大鼠下丘脑中神经递质及其cAMP/Epac/Raf1信号通路水平的影响,探讨人参-五味子药对对PCPA失眠大鼠的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、地西泮组、人参-五味子低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组10只。除空白组外,其余5组连续3 d对大鼠进行腹腔注射对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA)复制失眠模型。模型复制成功后,人参-五味子药对低、中、高剂量组给药浓度分别为0.3、0.9、2.7 g/mL,地西泮组给药浓度为0.002 g/mL,模型组、空白组每天生理盐水灌胃,各组每日灌胃2 mL,连续给药14 d。观察记录各组大鼠的行为学变化;采用HE(苏木素-伊红)染色法检测大鼠下丘脑组织病理形态的改变;ELISA(酶联免疫吸附法)测定大鼠下丘脑中甘丙肽(GAL)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、腺苷(Ado)水平;RT-PCR(实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应)检测大鼠下丘脑中Eapc、Raf1mRNA的表达;IHC(免疫组织化学染色法)检测大鼠下丘脑中cAMP蛋白的含量。结果和空白组相比:模型组大鼠下丘脑病理切片损伤明显;GAL、5-HT、Ado含量显著下降(P<0.05),NE含量显著上升(P<0.05),下丘脑Eapc、Raf1 mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05),下丘脑cAMP蛋白表达显著下降(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。与模型组相比:地西泮组、人参-五味子低、中、高剂量组下丘脑病理切片损伤明显改善;地西泮组、人参-五味子中、高剂量组GAL、5-HT、Ado含量显著上升(P<0.05),NE含量显著下降(P<0.05),下丘脑Eapc、Raf1 mRNA表达显著上升(P<0.05),下丘脑cAMP蛋白表达显著上升(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论人参-五味子药对可能通过上调cAMP/Epac/Raf1信号通路,缓解PCPA大鼠失眠症状。

Isolation of Organochlorine Pesticide from Ginseng with Supercritical CO_2

The feasibility of removal of the organochlorine pesticides residues of hexachlorocyclohexane(BHC) from radix ginseng with supercritical CO2 was explored. Some factors, such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and kinds of co-solvents were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to reduce BHC residues in radix ginseng to the level of 0.1 × 10^-6 with supercritical CO2 in the presence of suitable amount of co-solvent, such as water.

康寿丸质量标准提升研究

目的提升康寿丸的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对康寿丸中的人参、地骨皮、何首乌进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(简称二苯乙烯苷)的含量,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,4µm),流动相为乙腈-水(19∶81,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为320 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为10µL。测定2家生产厂家各10批样品中二苯乙烯苷的含量,并制订其含量限度。结果人参、地骨皮和何首乌的薄层色谱图主斑点清晰,分离度良好,且阴性对照无干扰。二苯乙烯苷的进样量在30.094~3761.7 ng范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=1.000,n=11);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率为102.88%,RSD为0.59%(n=8)。10批样品中二苯乙烯苷含量介于1.14~3.32 mg/g。结论所建立的方法专属性强、重复性好、准确度高,可用于康寿丸的质量控制。暂订每1 g寿康丸含何首乌以二苯乙烯苷计不得少于0.90 mg。

热风干燥和冷冻干燥对西洋参外观、显微特征和人参皂苷含量影响的比较研究

目的:比较热风干燥的西洋参和冷冻干燥的西洋参之间的差异,并提供改进西洋参质量的更好干燥方法。方法:在本研究中,我们使用CR-410色差计和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)比较了热风干燥的西洋参和冷冻干燥的西洋参的外观特征。此外,使用UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS/MS和高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)对热风干燥的西洋参和冷冻干燥的西洋参中的人参皂苷进行定性和定量测定。结果:研究结果表明,与热风干燥方法相比,冷冻干燥不仅在外观上具有明显优势,而且具有更高的生物活性成分。结论:冷冻干燥有利于保留西洋参中的人参皂苷,并有助于保持这种功能性食品的生物活性效果。

红参的生物活性及综合利用研究概况

红参是人参的炮制品,具有大补元气、复脉固脱、益气摄血的功效。其主要生物活性成分为人参皂苷、多糖、挥发油等,具有抗癌、抗氧化、延缓衰老、抗中枢神经系统退行性病变、抗过敏、抗炎等多种药理作用。近年来国内外对红参及其残渣的综合利用展开了大量的研究。通过对红参的生物活性以及其产品和副产品的开发应用进行系统整理和综述,以期为红参及相关产品的开发提供参考。

A Survey of the History and Applications of American Ginseng(西洋参)

American ginseng(Panax Quinquefolium L),also known as Xi Yang Shen(西洋参 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii),is indigenous to the United States and Canada.Its discovery in the 1700s paved the way for international trade,which boosted the economy of the New World and helped build commercial ties between the US and China.Due to its therapeutic effects,the demand for American ginseng grew steadily,eventually causing the volume of wild ginseng to dwindle.As a result,laws and regulations were introduced requiring farmers and exporters to engage in harvesting practices that would preserve wild American ginseng.Nowadays,wild American ginseng is considered an endangered and protected species.This article discusses the history,properties,and applications of American ginseng to optimize its use and protection.

人参、五灵脂同方配伍功用初探

人参具有大补元气、复脉固脱、补脾益肺、生津、安神益智之功效,广泛用于治疗劳伤虚损、反胃吐食、虚咳喘促、小儿慢惊、崩漏等一切气血津液不足之证。五灵脂具有活血止痛、化瘀止血之功效,主要用于治疗心腹血气诸痛、闭经、产后瘀血作痛等病证。人参、五灵脂为十九畏中临床应用较多的一对配伍,一补一通,补中寓通,补而不滞,通而不伤正,治疗病证之病机主要是病久气虚,痰瘀交结,浊气壅塞,宿食不化所致的气虚血瘀之虚实夹杂之证,多用于胸痹心痛、妇科疾病、脾胃疾病、肺系疾病、癥瘕积聚、鼓胀及中风等疾病。

牛黄-人参药对发展源流与配伍特征探析

自《神农本草经》首次提出“牛黄,人参为使”以来,历代医家对牛黄-人参配伍多有应用与发挥,内外妇儿各科均能找到应用痕迹。但关于牛黄-人参药对的发展源流及配伍特征尚待梳理与明确。通过对历代医籍相关记载的梳理,分析和总结牛黄-人参药对的历史沿革、配伍特征和临床应用,以期为更好地发挥其临床价值和现代开发提供文献参考。