Exploring the effects of dietary inulin in rainbow trout fed a high‑starch,100%plant‑based diet

Background High dietary carbohydrates can spare protein in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)but may affect growth and health.Inulin,a prebiotic,could have nutritional and metabolic effects,along with anti-inflammatory properties in teleosts,improving growth and welfare.We tested this hypothesis in rainbow trout by feeding them a 100%plant-based diet,which is a viable alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture feeds.In a two-factor design,we examined the impact of inulin(2%)as well as the variation in the carbohydrates(CHO)/plant protein ratio on rainbow trout.We assessed the influence of these factors on zootechnical parameters,plasma metabolites,gut microbiota,production of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,as well as the expression of free-fatty acid receptor genes in the mid-intestine,intermediary liver metabolism,and immune markers in a 12-week feeding trial.Results The use of 2%inulin did not significantly change the fish intestinal microbiota,but interestingly,the high CHO/protein ratio group showed a change in intestinal microbiota and in particular the beta diversity,with 21 bacterial genera affected,including Ralstonia,Bacillus,and 11 lactic-acid producing bacteria.There were higher levels of butyric,and valeric acid in groups fed with high CHO/protein diet but not with inulin.The high CHO/protein group showed a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines(il1b,il8,and tnfa)in liver and a lower expression of the genes coding for tight-junction proteins in mid-intestine(tjp1a and tjp3).However,the 2%inulin did not modify the expression of plasma immune markers.Finally,inulin induced a negative effect on rainbow trout growth performance irrespective of the dietary carbohydrates.Conclusions With a 100%plant-based diet,inclusion of high levels of carbohydrates could be a promising way for fish nutrition in aquaculture through a protein sparing effect whereas the supplementation of 2%inulin does not appear to improve the use of CHO when combined with a 100%plant-based diet.

Hyper accuracy three-dimensional virtual anatomical rainbow model facilitates surgical planning and safe selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy

ObjectiveTo highlight the role of hyper accuracy three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction in facilitating surgical planning and guiding selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN).MethodsA transperitoneal RAPN was performed in a 62-year-old male patient presenting with a 4 cm right anterior interpolar renal mass(R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score 7A).An abnormal vasculature was observed,with a single renal vein and two right renal arteries originating superiorly to the vein and anterior,when dividing in their segmental branches.According to the hyper accuracy 3D(HA3D^(®))rainbow model(MEDICS Srl,Turin,Italy),one branch belonging to one of the segmental arteries was feeding the tumor.This allowed for an accurate prediction of the area vascularized by each arterial branch.The 3D model was included in the intraoperative console view during the whole procedure,using the TilePro feature.A step-by-step explanation of the procedure is provided in the video attached to the present article.ResultsThe operative time was 90 min with a warm ischemia time on selective clamping of 13 min.Estimated blood loss was 180 mL.No intraoperative complication was encountered and no drain was placed at the end of the procedure.The patient was discharged on postoperative Day 2,without any early postoperative complications.The final pathology report showed a pathological tumor stage 1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins.ConclusionThe present study and the attached video illustrate the value of 3D rainbow model during the planning and execution of a RAPN with selective clamping.It shows how the surgeon can rely on this model to be more efficient by avoiding unnecessary surgical steps,and to safely adopt a“selective”clamping strategy that can translate in minimal functional impact.

Rainbow型压电换能结构的有限元分析与实验

提出了一种换能部分采用新颖的Rainbow型压电结构的多方向振动能量收集装置。为了分析和测试Rainbow型压电换能结构的发电性能,对该装置进行了有限元分析和实验测试。有限元分析表明,金属基片的宽度与厚度、压电薄膜的宽度与长度及换能结构初始曲率半径的增大会引起换能结构输出开路电压的降低;金属基片长度的增大会引起换能结构输出开路电压的增加;压电薄膜厚度的增大会使得换能结构输出开路电压先增加后减小。实验显示,有限元分析与实验结果具有较好的一致性,且都在压电薄膜厚度为0.25mm时换能结构的输出电压最大,得到的结果验证了有限元分析的可靠性。另外,在输出功率测试中,换能结构的输出功率达到了7.75μW。分析及测试结果为Rainbow型压电换能结构的设计、制作提供了指导性意见。

IMMUNE FUNCTION OF IMMATURE RAINBOW TROUT ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) RELATED WITH PHOTOPERIOD

Radioimmunoassay,enzyme linked immunospot assay and enzyme immunoassay were used for the determinations of plasma steroid hormone's level,antibody producing cell's counting and IgM level in this study.The decreased number of antibody producing cells and low IgM levels were observed in sexual immature rainbow trout during the spawning season.These fish were reared under almost constant water temperature and natural photoperiod.Moreover,low IgM level was also observed in immature rainbow trout,which were reared under short photoperiod,and IgM level was not changed by treatment of testosterone.The results suggest that photoperoid may cause the changes in immune competence.It is possible that circadian rhythm accompanied with photoperiod may influence physiological function of fish,so that immune competence is changed.

低氧胁迫对虹鳟心脏生化指标和低氧相关基因表达的影响

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)是一种低氧敏感性鱼类,低氧胁迫下其生长、行为、代谢和免疫等均会受到影响。为了解低氧胁迫对虹鳟心脏生化指标和低氧相关基因表达的影响,本研究用酶活性测定和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法,分析中度低氧[(4.5±0.1)mg/L]和重度低氧[(3.0±0.1)mg/L]胁迫4、8、12、24 h、中度低氧1个月(TMM)、重度低氧1个月(TMS)及复氧[(8.5±0.1)mg/L]12 h和24 h后虹鳟心脏中生化指标变化以及低氧相关基因的表达情况。结果显示,在中度低氧胁迫下,虹鳟心脏中丙酮酸激酶(PK)、总胆固醇(TC)、乳酸(LD)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)水平在8 h时升高,24 h时降低,复氧后仍显著高于对照水平(P<0.05)。在重度低氧胁迫下,琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性随低氧胁迫时间延长逐渐升高,在8 h时达到峰值(P<0.05),24 h和复氧后均与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05)。三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、脂肪酶(LPS)、TC、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和GPT水平在12 h时降低,复氧后均恢复至正常水平(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,TMM组和TMS组中PK、TC、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和GPT水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。在中度低氧胁迫下,sdh、fih1和hif-1α基因表达量在8 h显著升高(P<0.05),复氧后均恢复至正常水平。在重度低氧胁迫下,ldh、pk、sdh、hif-1α、egln-1和vhl基因表达量在24 h时显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,TMM和TMS组中ldh、pk、sdh、fih1、egln-1和vhl基因表达量在中度低氧胁迫下降低但无显著性差异(P>0.05),重度低氧胁迫下pk、sdh和vhl基因表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明,低氧胁迫使虹鳟心脏发生代谢紊乱,影响体内正常的代谢水平,并对虹鳟心脏造成一定损伤。本研究可为进一步阐明虹鳟低氧胁迫的调控机制提供基础资料。

激励环境下rainbow型压电换能器发电性能分析

为提高有限体积rainbow型压电换能器的能量收集能力,针对外力和外界位移两种激励环境,通过数值模拟分析了换能器输出电压与结构参数及材料特性的影响关系。结果表明,在外力激励环境中,随着宽度及初始曲率半径的增加,换能器的输出电压单调减小;随着长度和弹性模量比的增加,换能器的输出电压不断升高;随着厚度比的增加,换能器的输出电压将呈现-最大值。在外界位移激励环境中,随着厚度比、长度和弹性模量比的增加,换能器的输出电压不断降低;随着初始曲率半径的增加,换能器的输出电压不断升高;而宽度对换能器输出电压的影响可基本忽略。另外,不论在何种激励环境中,换能器内侧压电薄膜的输出电压都要大于外侧压电薄膜的输出电压。

具有大位移驱动能力的RAINBOW压电陶瓷研究进展

RAINBOW(ReducedAndInternallyBiasedOxideWafer)压电陶瓷具有内部应力偏移 ,兼有还原层和未还原化层 ,并有特殊的拱形结构。在电场作用下 ,可以产生很高的轴向位移 ,能承受比一般压电陶瓷更大的应力载荷 ,是一种具有广阔应用前景的驱动材料。本文综述了RAINBOW压电陶瓷的力学分析方法、还原机制、微观组织结构、驱动特性 ,并指出了RAINBOW压电陶瓷的发展趋势。

基于RAINBOW结构的反铁电陶瓷研究

还原制备了基于RAINBOW结构的反铁电陶瓷,给出了试样还原层微观结构及其还原规律;测试了试样的驱动性能并讨论了影响因素。研究结果表明:反铁电陶瓷还原性能较好,理想的还原条件为870℃保温2～3h;RAINBOW试样在相对较低的电场强度下即可发生反铁电 铁电相变,并得到很大的轴向位移(约190μm);承载方向对试样的驱动性能具有决定性的影响。

Rainbow压电陶瓷的制备及其结构

Rainbow压电陶瓷具有内部应力偏移 ,兼有氧化层和还原层 ,并具有特殊的拱形结构。它在电场作用下具有很好的驱动特性 ,如特别大的轴向位移 ,并能承受比普通压电陶瓷更高的应力 ,是一种很有应用前景的驱动材料。通过实验研究 ,并结合理论探讨 ,详细论述了它的制备工艺及其组织结构。

Rainbow型反铁电驱动器的制备及特性

Rainbow型驱动器是一种具有内部应力偏移 ,含有还原层 ,并有特殊拱形结构的新型大位移驱动器。文章对其制备工艺进行了探索和研究 ,成功制备了基于 Pb(Sn,Zr,Ti) O3反铁电陶瓷的 Rainbow型驱动器。在电场作用下 ,伴随铁电相变 Rainbow驱动器能产生很大的位移 ,并能承受较大的应力载荷 ,显示出广阔的应用前景。此外 ,文章还研究了驱动器的基本驱动性能及其影响因素 ,讨论了它的特殊结构 。

Rainbow型反铁电驱动器的研究

Rainbow型驱动器是一种具有内部应力偏移 ,兼有氧化层和还原层 ,并有特殊拱形结构的新型驱动器。在电场作用下 ,能产生较高的轴向位移 ,承受更大的应力载荷。已经显示出广阔的应用前景。本文研究了 PSZT反铁电陶瓷制备 Rainbow驱动器的过程和其基本性能。

RAINBOW压电陶瓷与形状记忆合金的集成

采用物理气相沉积法在RAINBOW压电陶瓷上沉积了形状记忆合金膜,分析了不同制备工艺对膜层的影响,优化了工艺参数。划痕试验结果、XRD图谱以及电镜照片表明,膜层质量较好,而且与RAINBOW压电陶瓷还原层能形成良好的结合界面,为今后形状记忆合金(SMA)与RAINBOW压电陶瓷的进一步集成设计提供了可靠的依据。

17α,20β-DIHYDROXY-4-PREGNENE-3-ONE SUPPRESSES PLASMA IgM LEVELS IN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The relationships between 17α,20β dihydroxy 4 pregnene 3 one (17α,20β DP) and plasma IgM and total protein levels were investigated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss .IgM and total protein levels decreased in both sexes of mature rainbow trout when 17α,20β DP levels increased during the spawning season,while the elevated 17α,20β DP suppressed IgM levels and reversibly enhanced total protein concentrations in immature trout.This represents the first report of the effect of 17α,20β DP on fish immunity.These data suggest that the increase of 17α,20β DP in spawning season may be related to infectious skin diseases.

一种新型驱动材料——RAINBOW型功能陶瓷

Rainbow功能陶瓷是一种具有内部应力偏移、兼有氧化层和还原层、并具有特殊拱形结构的铁电类陶瓷,在电场作用下,可以产生很高的轴向位移,能承受比一般铁电陶瓷更大的应力,是一种具有广阔应用前景的驱动材料。讨论了Rainbow功能陶瓷的制备方法、结构特点和驱动机理,并指出了Rainbow功能陶瓷的发展趋势。

一种侧信道攻击Rainbow签名的算法

Rainbow是一种数字签名方案,它基于多元多项式结构构造,属于多变量密码体系。相比现有的签名方案,如RSA和ECC方案,Rainbow的特点是能够抵御量子计算机攻击,被认为是下一代签名方案的重要候选。基于Rainbow的重要性,该文对Rainbow的硬件安全进行了分析,提出了一种基于差分能量分析和故障分析的侧信道分析算法,将Rainbow作为目标,实施侧信道攻击。实现了Rainbow签名电路,并进行功耗采集,对采集的2 000条功耗曲线进行分析和计算,获取了Rainbow所有的密钥。

Immune response,stress resistance and bacterial challenge in juvenile rainbow trouts Oncorhynchus mykiss fed diets containing chitosan-oligosaccharides

Effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan-oligosaccharides （COS） on the growth performance, immune response, stress resistance, and disease resistance of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were studied. Four experimental diets containing 0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg COS （COSO, COS20, COS40, and COS60, respectively） were fed to juvenile rainbow trout （initial weight = 5.2 ± 0.3 g） for 8 weeks. By the end of the feeding trial, representative groups of fish from each dietary treatment were challenged with stressor （30 see air exposure） and pathogen exposure （intraperitoneal injection with Aeromonas hydrophila ）. Results showed that supplementation of COS in diets did not affect production performance and body composition of rainbow trout. However, fish fed the COS40 diet demonstrated improved phagocytic activities, respiratory burst activities and decreased serum cortisol level. Additionally, survival following A. hydrophila challenge was significant higher among fish fed the COS-supplemented feeds, although there was no difference based on the level of supplementation. The present study suggests that COS can be used as an immuno-stimulant in rainbow trout feeds

Characterization and Microstructure of PLZT RAINBOW Ceramics

A new type of large-displacement actuating materials called RAINBOW (Reduced and Internally Biased Oxide Wafer) ceramics is fabricated by a chemical reduction of PLZT piezoelectric ceramics. It is found that PLZT is easily reduced and the thickness of reduced layer has a linear relationship with the reduction time. The optimal conditions for producing RAINBOW samples from PLZT are determined to be 950℃ for 1-1.5 hours. SEM micrograph shows that the RAINBOW ceramics are composed of reduced and unreduced layer obviously. And the reduced layer is transgranularly fractured while the unreduced ceramic is intergranularly fractured. Metallic lead and refractor oxides (PbO, ZrO_2, ZrTiO_4, etc.) are found in the reduced layer by XRD analyses, however, the crystal structure of PLZT is not found. The analysis of the reduction mechanism is in good accordance with experimental data.

An initial investigation replacing fish meal with a commercial fermented soybean meal product in the diets of juvenile rainbow trout

The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial involving a subset of the experimental diets continuing for an additional 40 d. Six diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% PSG, with the PSG directly replacing fish meal, were used in the first trial. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the fish meal-based control diet and diets containing up to 30% PSG. However, weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the 40% and 50% PSG diets. No health assessment differences were observed in fish receiving any of the diets, and no evidence of gross gut inflammation was evident. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio among the four dietary treatments ranging from 0% to 30% PSG which were fed for an additional 40 d after the initial 70-d trial (110 days total). Based on these results, juvenile rainbow trout diets can contain up to 30% PSG without any loss of rearing performance, thereby replacing at least 60% of the fish meal.

Effects of full replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal from Tenebrio molitor on rainbow trout gut and skin microbiota

Background:Aquaculture must continue to reduce dependence on fishmeal(FM)and fishoil in feeds to ensure sustainable sector growth.Therefore,the use of novel aquaculture feed ingredients is growing.In this regard,insects can represent a new world of sustainable and protein-rich ingredients for farmed fish feeds.Accordingly,we investigated the effects of full replacement of FM with Tenebrio molitor(TM)larvae meal in the diet of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)on fish gut and skin microbiota.Methods:A feeding trial was conducted with 126 trout of about 80 g mean initial weight that were fed for 22 weeks with two isonitrogenous,isolipidic,and isoenergetic extruded experimental diets.Partially defatted TM meal was included in one of the diets to replace 100%(TM 100)of FM,whereas the other diet(TM 0)was without TM.To analyse the microbial communities,the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and Qiime pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the gut and skin mucosa,and in the diets.Results:The data showed no major effects of full FM substitution with TM meal on bacterial species richness and diversity in both,gut mucosa-and skin mucus-associated microbiome.Skin microbiome was dominated by phylum Proteobacteria and especially by Gammaproteobacteria class that constituted approximately half of the bacterial taxa found.The two dietary fish groups did not display distinctive features,except for a decrease in the relative abundance of Deefgea genus(family Neisseriaceae)in trout fed with insect meal.The metagenomic analysis of the gut mucosa indicated that Tenericutes was the most abundant phylum,regardless of the diet.Specifically,within this phylum,the Mollicutes,mainly represented by Mycoplasmataceae family,were the dominant class.However,we observed only a weak dietary modulation of intestinal bacterial communities.The only changes due to full FM replacement with TM meal were a decreased number of Proteobacteria and a reduced number of taxa assigned to Ruminococcaceae and Neisseriaceae families.Conclusions:The data demonstrated that TM larvae meal is a valid alternative animal protein to replace FM in the aquafeeds.Only slight gut and skin microbiota changes occurred in rainbow trout after total FM replacement with insect meal.The mapping of the trout skin microbiota represents a novel contribution of the present study.Indeed,in contrast to the increasing knowledge on gut microbiota,the skin microbiota of major farmed fish species remains largely unmapped but it deserves thorough consideration.

GFAP expression in the optic nerve and increased Н2S generation in the integration centers of the rainbow trout（Oncorhynchus mykiss） brain after unilateral eye injury

Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is considered as a protective factor against cardiovascular disorders.However,there are few reports on the effects of H2S in the central nervous system during stress or injury.Previous studies on goldfish have shown that astrocytic response occurs in the damaged and contralateral optic nerves.Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)concentration in the optic nerves of rainbow trout has not been measured previously.This study further characterized the astrocytic response in the optic nerve and the brain of a rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)after unilateral eye injury and estimated the amount of H2S-producing enzyme cystathionineβ-synthase(CBS)in the brain of the rainbow trout.Within 1 week after unilateral eye injury,a protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of 50 kDa was identified in the ipsi-and contralateral optic nerves of the rainbow trout.The concentration of GFAP in the injured optic nerve increased compared to the protein concentration on the contralateral side.The results of a quantitative analysis of GFAP+cell distribution in the contralateral optic nerve showed the largest number of GFAP+cells and fibers in the optic nerve head.In the damaged optic nerve,patterns of GFAP+cell migration and large GFAP+bipolar activated astrocytes were detected at 1 week after unilateral eye injury.The study of H2S-producing system after unilateral eye injury in the rainbow trout was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,western blot analysis,and immunohistochemistry of polyclonal antibodies again st CBS in the integrative centers of the brain:telencephalon,optic tectum,and cerebellum.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed a 1.7-fold increase in CBS expression in the rainbow trout brain at 1 week after unilateral eye injury compared with that in intact animals.In the ventricular and subventricular regions of the rainbow trout telencephalon,CBS+radial glia and neuroepithelial cells were identified.After unilateral eye injury,the number of CBS+neuroepithelial cells in the pallial and subpallial periventricular regions of the telencephalon increased.In the optic tectum,unilateral eye injury led to an increase in CBS expression in radial glial cells;simultaneously,the number of CBS+neuroepithelial cells decreased in intact animals.In the cerebellum of the rainbow trout,neuroglial interrelationships were revealed,where H2S was released,apparently,from astrocyte-like cells.The organization of H2S-producing cell complexes suggests that,the amount of glutamate produced in the rainbow trout cerebellum and its reuptake was controlled by astrocyte-like cells,reducing its excitotoxicity.In the dorsal matrix zone and granular eminences of the rainbow trout cerebellum,CBS was expressed in neuroepithelial cells.After unilateral eye injury,the level of CBS activity increased in all parts of the cerebellum.An increase in the number of H2S-producing cells was a response to oxidative stress after unilateral eye injury,and the overproduction of H2S in the cerebellum occurred to neutralize reactive oxygen species,providing the cells of the rainbow trout cerebellum with a protective effect.A structural reorganization in the dorsal matrix zone,associated with the appearance of an additional CBS+apical zone,and a decrease in the enzyme activity in the dorsal matrix zone,was revealed in the zones of constitutive neurogenesis.All experiments were approved by the Commission on Biomedical Ethics,A.V.Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology(NSCMB),Far Eastern Branch,Russian Academy of Science(FEB RAS)(approval No.1)on July 31,2019.