Preview of the No.1148 Ramsar Site on the Ordos upland of western Inner Mongolia

The Taolimiao-Alashan Nur (T-A Nur), of about 10 km2 a brackish lake located on the Ordos upland of western Inner Mongolia, northern China, used to

Perspectives on Zonation in Ramsar Sites, and Other Protected Areas: Making Sense of the Tower of Babel

Zonation of land or water areas is a tool frequently used to clarify management objectives, assist with monitoring of the effectiveness of those objectives and reconcile user conflicts. The Ramsar Convention has promoted zonation for wetlands as a management tool, but in a rather unstructured way, in contrast to the highly structured three-zone system of UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves. At the same time, over the last 40 years IUCN has been developing a categorisation system for protected areas, currently based on management and monitoring objectives. Research undertaken primarily on wetlands in China, but with desk-top study in other regions has shown that by using these management and monitoring objectives as guiding principles, and building on the Biosphere Reserve zonation system, a new approach is possible for wetland protected or conserved areas. Developing from the three-zone system of Biosphere Reserves this new approach proposes four zones, offering more utility and flexibility for managing, monitoring and comparing wetland conservation sites, both spatially and temporally.

Land Cover Dynamics and Assessment of the Impacts of Agricultural Pressures on Wetlands Based on Earth Observation Data: Case of the Azagny Ramsar Site in Southern Côte d’Ivoire

The Azagny Ramsar site has been the scene of very strong agricultural pressures for several decades. In Côte d’Ivoire, management policies, previously developed and implemented in wetlands, remain very sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes. It is to overcome these environmental management difficulties that this study was carried out to assess the impacts of mainly industrial agricultural activities on the wetland. To achieve this goal, we mapped the land use dynamics of the study area by a series of Landsat imagery from 1988, 2002, 2008, and 2019 and obtained 11 classes. The spatial analysis of the dynamics of land use from these images has shown that the increase in agricultural operations around the protected area has favored the reduction of several ecosystems of natural plant formations (forests, savannas, mangroves) amounting to 36.34% to the benefit of artificial plant formations such as rubber, oil palm and coconut trees (42.73%). However, these losses of natural plant formations are more accentuated outside the Ramsar site (peripheral zone) than in the Ramsar site with the example of mangroves which have lost 3.27% of their area in the Ramsar site against 33.80% in the peripheral zone between 1988 and 2019. These changes are less accentuated in the Ramsar site than on the periphery thanks to the vigilance of the Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserve (OIPR) and natural barriers (watercourses) that surround it.

Eco-toxicity of water, soil, and sediment from agricultural areas of Kilombero Valley Ramsar wetlands, Tanzania

This study was conducted in the KVRS to;evaluate the seasonal eco-toxicity of water,soil and sediment samples;establish the suitability of using temperate biotest batteries in tropical systems;classify the toxicity of samples using Fuzzy Rules to estimate potential ecological risks.143 water,sediment,and soil samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons in plantation areas.Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata,Aliivibrio fischeri and Arthrobacter globiformis bioassays were used to assess the toxicity of the samples.Results were categorized and classified into toxicity classes.Dry season presented a significantly higher mean inhibition of 31%than 5%shown by rainy season samples(p<0.001)in the bacterial bioassays,indicating a lower concentration of contaminants due to flooding and increased surface runoff.A few sediment samples resulted into 100%inhibition of A.globiformis,implying organisms were physiologically inactive upon exposure to contaminants.Seventy-three percent of samples posed little or no toxic potential risk,25%posed critical risk and 1%posed elevated critical risk,implying the KVRS ecosystem might be at risk if the extensive usage of pesticides in the area is not well managed and monitored.The temperate micro-biotests can be used in tropical systems,but with further research on suitable organisms and standardized methods.

国际湿地保护政策及形式的演变研究

湿地丧失与退化已被公认为全球性的生态环境和社会问题。本文在综述相关文献的基础上,将国际湿地政策的演变划分为三个阶段:20世纪60年代以前的湿地开发期,20世纪60年代至90年代间的政策转型期以及20世纪90年代至今的湿地全面保护期。湿地被围垦、转换为农地是湿地开发期最主要的特质,是导致湿地大量丧失与退化的主要肇因;《湿地公约》的签署标志着国际湿地政策进入转型期阶段,倡导湿地保护与合理利用;而美国政府于上个世纪90年代初期提出的湿地"零净损失"政策目标,成为继《湿地公约》签署后推动全球湿地政策发生深刻改变的最主要驱动力之一,标志着国际湿地政策进入全面保护期阶段。

国际湿地保护策略及模式

没有湿地就没有水,湿地是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,因此引起世界各国的普遍重视和保护。根据国外湿地保护的经验教训,热带雨林的保护,国际生态环境保护策略模式,提出因地制宜的适合本国国情的保护措施和保护策略,以及制定有关的、系统性的法律、法规,以便操作掌握。探讨了我国湿地的现状,为保护湿地,挽救生态环境危机的紧迫而有效的措施和制定有关政策、规划;提出了保护湿地的原则意见。

我国《湿地公约》履约对策研究

文章介绍了美国、日本、澳大利亚《湿地公约》履约的信息、对策,我国履约的状况,分析了我国《湿地公约》履约存在的问题,提出了我国《湿地公约》履约的对策。

Identification of coastal wetlands of international importance for waterbirds:a review of China Coastal Waterbird Surveys 2005–2013

Background:China's coastal wetlands belong to some of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide.The loss and degradation of these wetlands seriously threaten waterbirds that depend on wetlands.Methods:The China Coastal Waterbird Census was organized by volunteer birdwatchers in China's coastal region.Waterbirds were surveyed synchronously once every month at 14 sites,as well as irregularly at a further 18 sites,between September 2005 and December 2013.Results:A total of 75 species of waterbirds met the 1 % population level Ramsar listing criterion at least once at one site.The number of birds of the following species accounted for over 20 % of the total flyway populations at a single site:Mute Swan(Cygnus olor),Siberia Crane(Grus leucogeranus),Far Eastern Oystercatcher(Haematopus osculans),Bar-tailed Godwit(Limosa lapponica),Spotted Greenshank(Tringa guttifer),Great Knot(Calidris tenuirostris),Spoon-billed Sandpiper(Calidris pygmeus),Saunders' s Gull(Larus saundersi),Relict Gull(Larus relictus),Great Cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo),Eurasian Spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia),Black-faced Spoonbill(Platalea minor) and Dalmatian Pelican(Pelecanus crispus).A total of 26 sites supported at least one species of which their number met the1 % criterion.Forty-two species met the 1 % criterion in the Yellow River Delta,Shandong;29 at the Cangzhou coast,Hebei and 26 species at the Lianyungang coast,Jiangsu.Conclusions:The results highlight the international importance of China's coastal wetlands for waterbirds.This study also demonstrates that participation of local birdwatchers in waterbird surveys results in data that are invaluable not only for understanding the current status of waterbirds in China's coastal regions but also for waterbird conservation and management.

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve,a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.

初论内蒙古泊江海子矿持续补水对桃—阿海子生境恢复之效益

桃力庙—阿拉善湾海子是内蒙古西部鄂尔多斯高原上一个水面曾为10 km2的荒漠咸水湖泊,因其在20世纪90年代承载了遗鸥最大繁殖群和大量迁徙过往水禽,于2002年被认定为全球第1148号国际重要湿地。随后,干旱少雨加之严重人为干扰使桃—阿海子趋于干涸,遗鸥繁殖群于2004年放弃该地点迁居他地,当地水鸟群落于2005年彻底消失。经历数年全然干涸之后,桃—阿海子干涸湖底发育起碱蓬群落。蓑羽鹤自2011年起在其间营巢繁殖,数量逐年增多,并有蓑羽鹤非繁殖群停歇与栖居。2014年秋,内蒙古银宏能源开发有限公司下属之泊江海子矿,开始将经沉淀净化处理后的矿井水通过引渠排入桃—阿海子以襄助其湿地生境之恢复。至2017年5月,桃—阿海子东半部沿旧河道生成芦苇沼泽型湿地,其面积已达2 km2,西半部低洼处出现明水面,当年桃—阿海子鼎盛时期的鸟种大部分再现,一些种类再度营巢繁殖;9月中旬,30余种水鸟聚集桃—阿海子,总量近万只,包括苍鹭、普通鸬鹚、鹗等该区域内湿地生境条件下的顶级消费者;至10月下旬,在桃—阿海子停歇的迁徙水鸟总量达2.2万~2.3万只。至此,泊江海子矿经3年之补水努力,使桃—阿海子初步恢复其作为水禽重要栖息地的生态功能。

论湿地研究与中国水利——迎 1999 年“世界湿地日”

经过沼泽学者的长期系统研究和近３０年野生生物学者及其世界性组织的努力，湿地研究进入一个多学科协作的全球生态环境系统的研究新阶段．水科学技术与湿地的水因素、水条件的控导息息相关．本文就湿地的界定和描述、分类和编目、勘查和统计、试验和监控、开发和利用、保育的管理、规划和评价、经济和立法等８个方面讨论这一新的学科分支的发展前景．

滨海湿地保护:日本的经验

滨海湿地,在日本,一般被称为"干潟",对日本社会可持续发展意义重大。鉴于日本滨海湿地消失速度极快,日本十分重视保护滨海湿地。以《拉姆萨尔公约》为依据,日本出台了一系列有关干潟、浅海域的决议及劝告书。近几年日本国内正热烈讨论制定"湿地保全法"。

国际重要湿地生态特征描述及其监测指标研究

根据国际《湿地公约》有关大会决议及相关指南,结合国家湿地保护与管理的需要,分析理想的湿地生态特征描述与我国现行的国际重要湿地监测技术规程和重要湿地监测指标国家标准,提出国际重要湿地的监测指标体系,包括湿地的生态组分、生态过程与生态系统服务指标监测清单。这一指标体系可以直接为国家履行《湿地公约》、开展国际合作与交流提供技术支撑。通过对国际重要湿地生态特征的描述,确定湿地的生态组分、生态过程与生态系统服务的关键指标,为各地开展国际重要湿地监测以及为国家正在开展的湿地保护与管理相关政策的制订与实施提供技术指导。

南洞庭湖湿地生态系统结构、功能与可持续研究

洞庭湖是我国著名的淡水湖泊湿地,也是世界上唯一的由3个国际重要湿地组成的湖泊。文章分析了南洞庭湖湿地的形成原因及演替规律,研究了其生态系统结构特征,评价了动物栖息地、植物基因库、生态改善、湿地生产、科教基地、旅游度假等湿地功能,指出其面临的主要问题是湖泊面积缩小、湿地功能衰退、动物种群衰减、资源利用率低、环境污染加剧,提出扩大湖泊面积、重视湿地资源保护、加强自然保护区建设、发展湿地生态农业、加快湿地污染治理的南洞庭湖湿地生态系统可持续发展途径。

初论引黄工程对桃-阿海子湿地生境恢复的作用与影响——兼谈泊江海子采矿区地表沉降成塘的例示

桃力庙-阿拉善湾海子(桃-阿海子)是鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家级保护区核心区暨全球第1148号国际重要湿地,干涸10余年后,在各方的协调努力下,引黄济湖工程于2018年5月中旬正式开通放水。至8月下旬,在桃-阿海子栖居的水鸟总量近1万只,其中白鹭和普通翠鸟为桃-阿海子的鸟种新纪录,灰雁、赤嘴潜鸭、白骨顶为繁殖新纪录,秋季桃-阿海子栖居的水鸟总量逾2万只。补水使冬季上冻前桃-阿海子拥有面积超过5km^2的明水水面和大于2km^2且发育良好的芦苇沼泽。另外,在桃-阿海子天然注入河上游附近,由于采矿区地表沉降,出现一处面积约0.6km^2的水塘,夏季吸引了20余种水鸟栖居,其中7种水鸟有见繁殖。

初谈引黄工程持续补水下桃-阿海子湿地鸟类群落的复苏与变化

至2019年5月底,桃力庙━阿拉善湾海子(桃━阿海子,全球第1148号国际重要湿地)引黄济湖工程已开展一年,其湿地面积稳定维持在7 km2左右。至11下旬海子水面封冻,期间6个月在桃-阿海子栖居的水鸟总量在各个季节均接近并间或超过2万只。鸟种组成较以往出现一些变化,大、中型涉禽数量增多,有白琵鹭60余只,蓑羽鹤近50只,苍鹭和大白鹭亦为常见鸟。白骨顶成为优势种,在该地大量繁殖,且无论在繁殖期、繁殖期过后、还是迁徙季节,其数量均超过其他鸟类数量之总和。桃━阿海子正由其以往半荒漠咸水湖泊下的水鸟群落向半干旱地带淡水-微咸水湖泊之水鸟群落转化和发展。

中国履行《湿地公约》的成就与展望

中国于1992年签署《湿地公约》,成为该公约的第67个缔约方。自加入公约以来,中国政府严格履行国际义务,在制订保护和合理利用湿地的法规政策、指定国际重要湿地并建立系统的保护体系,国际重要湿地生态特征总体稳定,开展国际合作等方面取得了显著成效。在履行公约的过程中,极大提升了履约能力,建立了全面的履约机构和科技支撑与社会参与机制,形成了湿地保护主流化。《湿地公约》第十四次缔约方大会将于中国召开,作为这次会议的东道主和今后三年的常委会主席国,中国将在推动公约发展等做出更重要的贡献,同时,夯实湿地保护修复成效,建立更加高效的以国际重要湿地管理为核心的保护体系,实现湿地生态系统的多重效益,为可持续发展做出贡献。

湿润的文明:湿地历史到湿地文化

湿地生态问题引发湿地文化关注。湿地文化是湿地历史凝结成的生存方式,湿地精神文化是最具内在性、最能体现人类湿地文化超越性和创造性的本质特征,现代湿地文化是人类在生态危机背景下的文化焦虑和自发反抗。《湿地公约》是国际层面的湿地文化总动员,为湿地保护提供了世界范围的、持续的智力支持和行动指南;湿地文化与其他类型的生态文化、生态教育交织并进,多层次、多侧面推动了湿地生态实践。

东洞庭湖世界涉危鸟类多样性的分析研究

为了探讨湿地自然保护区综合措施的实施对鸟类多类性的影响,本文分析比较了东洞庭湖自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,在1992-1996年间世界濒危鸟类多样性的动态变化。自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,尽管对洞庭湖湿地及其内栖息的生物采取了诸多保护措施,但仍发现世界濒危鸟类多样性的值并未如人们所期望迅速有所回升,而是呈弱递减趋势。东洞庭湖湿地的世界濒危鸟类多样性大小状况为:1992-1993>1993-1994>1994-1995>1995-1996。因为湿地环境的客观改善勿容质疑,为此得出结论:鸟类多样性的恢复存在滞缓期。并且作者对退化湿地生态系统的恢复途径进行了讨论,提出合理化建议:(1)应该根据湿地演替的规律进行认为辅助演替。(2)保证湿地环境的稳定性,增加净生产力,使鸟类的基础饵料丰富充足。

2020年桃-阿海子水鸟群落状况简述

以往研究结果显示,内蒙古桃力庙-阿拉善湾海子繁殖鸟、夏候鸟种类、数量均低于春秋两季鼎盛时期。2020年夏季,引黄济湖工程实施2 a后,桃-阿海子夏季水鸟群落出现一些明显的变化,具体表现为:(1)繁殖鸟与夏候鸟种类总数至少达41种,为以往所从未出现的高值;(2)繁殖鸟与居留型夏候鸟共处,且整个湖区中夏候鸟个体数量明显多于繁殖鸟;(3)2020年夏季桃-阿海子成为遗鸥与棕头鸥非繁殖群的居所;(4)环境变化并未影响到蓑羽鹤在桃-阿海子湖区的营巢及育幼;(5)鱼苗投放使食鱼鸟类(多种涉禽、普通鸬鹚等)在湖区批量聚集;(6)鸥嘴噪鸥与黑颈鸊鷉繁殖群回归;(7)1个相对稳定的白琵鹭非繁殖群自2月下旬出现于桃-阿海子,一直滞留至10下旬,最大数量达100只。2020年8-10月初桃-阿海子水鸟数量最多,在连续50余天的时间里,桃-阿海子水鸟保有量持续维持在2万只以上,间或超过2.5万只。至10月中旬,水鸟已不足5000只,11月中旬阿海子水面封冻前,水鸟尚有1500只左右。