Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a genetic tool used to assess gene function.Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)is a VIGS vector commonly used to induce endogenous gene silencing in plants.However,there is no VIGS system es...Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a genetic tool used to assess gene function.Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)is a VIGS vector commonly used to induce endogenous gene silencing in plants.However,there is no VIGS system established for Centaurea spp.We evaluated the effectiveness of a TRV-based VIGS system using phytoene desaturase(PDS)as a reporter gene in Centaurea cyanus.Three methods including pressure-,vacuum-and apical meristem-infiltrationwere tested to infect C.cyanus seedlings.Photobleached leaveswere only obtained using apicalmeristem-infiltration after a 14 d treatment.The CcPDS transcripts in photobleached leaves were significantly reduced compared with that in green leaves treated with empty TRV.Four C.cyanus cultivars were tested to detect their VIGS responses,and‘Dwarf Tom Pouce Blue’was the most sensitive.The agro-infiltration condition was optimized by screening for the optimal seedling stage as well as the optimum Agrobacterium density for efficient silencing.Seedlings with four true leaves and infiltration with an Agrobacterium density of OD_(600)0.5 were optimal conditions to obtain more photobleached leaves and more intense photobleached phenotype.The results demonstrated the feasibility of TRV-based VIGS for functional analysis of genes in C.cyanus.展开更多
The vehicle seat rattles or, in general, BSR (buzz, squeak, and rattle) noises are one of the major issues, which are directly linked to the NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) quality of the vehicle. Predicting and ...The vehicle seat rattles or, in general, BSR (buzz, squeak, and rattle) noises are one of the major issues, which are directly linked to the NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) quality of the vehicle. Predicting and improving the seat BSR noise in early design phase is still challenging. This is mainly due to the complexity, nonlinearity and uncertainty of the impact mechanism at joints contributed to the rattle. Here, it is shown that there is a strong link between the seat structural dynamics and the seat rattle noise so that the seat rattle noise can be predicted and controlled from the seat structural analysis in early design phase. Accordingly, two experiments are designed for this study. The first experiment is set up to characterize the seat resonant frequencies and its corresponding structural mode-shapes. The second experiment is designed to measure the seat-radiated noise when it goes under vibration excitation. Alternatively, a concept CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) model of the seat is developed and the seat structural dynamics is characterized by using this analytical model. The model is developed to allow designing the seat-structure modifications as well as examining the effects of the modifications on the rattle noise. Comparisons of the results of the simulation and experiment validate the developed CAE model. The results confirm that by changing the seat resonant frequency, the rattle noise and in general BSR noise can be improved or controlled accordingly. Consequently, for the seat system which has an identifiable structural dynamics, the BSR noise can be managed and controlled in early design phase by using the seat CAE model.展开更多
Occurrence of gear rattle in transmission systems can result in severe vibration and noise,which in applications such as automobiles is an important source of user discomfort.As a result,the reduction of the rattling ...Occurrence of gear rattle in transmission systems can result in severe vibration and noise,which in applications such as automobiles is an important source of user discomfort.As a result,the reduction of the rattling noise has attracted lot of concerns.The rattling noise level is affected by several gearbox parameters,an understanding of which is essential to prevent the expensive design modifications at later stages of product development.To develop such understanding at the gearbox design stage,this paper analytically evaluates the gear parameters’effect on the root mean square of the wheel gear acceleration under idling condition,which is known to be linearly correlated to the rattling noise level.Therefore,this evaluation allows for an investigation of the gear parameters’influence on the rattling noise as well.This method is then verified by comparing the analytical results with the simulation results from a dynamic model built in SIMPACK as well as previously published experimental results.Thus,the proposed analytical evaluation method can optimize the gearbox specifications at the design stage to reduce the gear rattle noise level.展开更多
A branched model was established to reproduce the vehicle creeping status and illustrate the mechanism for severe rattle phenomena of a 5-speed manual transmission in this paper.Firstly,a quasi-transient engine model ...A branched model was established to reproduce the vehicle creeping status and illustrate the mechanism for severe rattle phenomena of a 5-speed manual transmission in this paper.Firstly,a quasi-transient engine model was founded and the effective output torque with the crankshaft angle changing was achieved.Then,the time-varying stiffness of loaded gear pairs was obtained,which was calculated by both bending and shearing deformation stiffnesses through finite element result regression analysis and the contact deformation stiffness through the empirical formula.Finally,the branched model of powertrain system considering LuG re tire property and differential characteristics was established to predict the vehicle creeping status and rattle phenomenon of unloaded gear pairs in consideration of detailed drag torque model,and it would make a solid theoretical basis for further research on gear rattle mechanism and vehicle experiments.展开更多
Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens ont...Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens onto their host plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which R. solani effectors regulate rice immunity are not well understood. Through prediction, 78 candidate effector molecules were identified. Using the tobacco rattle virus-host induced gene silencing(TRV-HIGS) system, 45 RNAi constructs of effector genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results revealed that eight of these constructs resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by infection with the AG1-IA strain GD-118. Additionally, stable rice transformants carrying the double-stranded RNA construct for one of the effector genes, AGLIP1, were generated to further verify the function of this gene. The suppression of the AGLIP1 gene increased the resistance of both N. benthamiana and rice against GD-118, and also affected the growth rate of GD-118, indicating that AGLIP1 is a key pathogenic factor. Small RNA sequencing showed that the HIGS vectors were processed into si RNAs within the plants and then translocated to the fungi, leading to the silencing of the target genes. As a result, AGLIP1 might be an excellent candidate for HIGS, thereby enhancing crop resistance against the pathogen and contributing to the control of R. solani infection.展开更多
A method, which compares the angular acceleration and vibration spectrums of shafts and gears with physical characteristics of gearbox as tooth numbers and speed ratios, is proposed to find the source of gear rattle v...A method, which compares the angular acceleration and vibration spectrums of shafts and gears with physical characteristics of gearbox as tooth numbers and speed ratios, is proposed to find the source of gear rattle vibration. A mathematical and multi-body dynamics co-simulation model is built to reproduce the gear rattle phenomenon of one typical type of manual transmission. In the model, multi-body dynamics part is used for rotational motion and engagement simulation of gearbox shafts and gears, while mathematical part for control and data processing. The simulation results show that the sound source of the gear rattle from the first gear to the third gear is similar to the experimental results;different parameters like rotating damping, contact stiffness,contact damping, inertia moment and torque fluctuation making effects on gear rattle vibration strength are researched and simulated. The comparison of the simulation and experimental results shows that this method can provide recommendations for solving practical gear rattle problems.展开更多
In this paper,we describe a modified RATTLE(M-RATTLE)method for rigid body dynamics directly in Cartesian coordinates.The M-RATTLE method introduces a new way of resetting the coordinates to satisfy the constraints at...In this paper,we describe a modified RATTLE(M-RATTLE)method for rigid body dynamics directly in Cartesian coordinates.The M-RATTLE method introduces a new way of resetting the coordinates to satisfy the constraints at each step,which is designed for the rigid body dynamics calculations in the Cartesian coordinates.M-RATTLE is algebraically equivalent to the RATTLE method and the cost of performing rigid body dynamics by M-RATTLE is independent of the number of constraints.The interaction forces between atoms belonging to the same rigid molecule do not need to be computed and explicit expressions of the constraints of internal degrees of freedom are unnecessary.The performance and sampling results of the proposed method are compared with those of the symplectic splitting method for an isolated rigid benz molecule and for a cluster of twenty-seven benz molecules.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000405)the World-Class Discipline Construction and Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for Beijing Forestry University(Grant No.2019XKJS0323),China.
文摘Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a genetic tool used to assess gene function.Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)is a VIGS vector commonly used to induce endogenous gene silencing in plants.However,there is no VIGS system established for Centaurea spp.We evaluated the effectiveness of a TRV-based VIGS system using phytoene desaturase(PDS)as a reporter gene in Centaurea cyanus.Three methods including pressure-,vacuum-and apical meristem-infiltrationwere tested to infect C.cyanus seedlings.Photobleached leaveswere only obtained using apicalmeristem-infiltration after a 14 d treatment.The CcPDS transcripts in photobleached leaves were significantly reduced compared with that in green leaves treated with empty TRV.Four C.cyanus cultivars were tested to detect their VIGS responses,and‘Dwarf Tom Pouce Blue’was the most sensitive.The agro-infiltration condition was optimized by screening for the optimal seedling stage as well as the optimum Agrobacterium density for efficient silencing.Seedlings with four true leaves and infiltration with an Agrobacterium density of OD_(600)0.5 were optimal conditions to obtain more photobleached leaves and more intense photobleached phenotype.The results demonstrated the feasibility of TRV-based VIGS for functional analysis of genes in C.cyanus.
文摘The vehicle seat rattles or, in general, BSR (buzz, squeak, and rattle) noises are one of the major issues, which are directly linked to the NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) quality of the vehicle. Predicting and improving the seat BSR noise in early design phase is still challenging. This is mainly due to the complexity, nonlinearity and uncertainty of the impact mechanism at joints contributed to the rattle. Here, it is shown that there is a strong link between the seat structural dynamics and the seat rattle noise so that the seat rattle noise can be predicted and controlled from the seat structural analysis in early design phase. Accordingly, two experiments are designed for this study. The first experiment is set up to characterize the seat resonant frequencies and its corresponding structural mode-shapes. The second experiment is designed to measure the seat-radiated noise when it goes under vibration excitation. Alternatively, a concept CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) model of the seat is developed and the seat structural dynamics is characterized by using this analytical model. The model is developed to allow designing the seat-structure modifications as well as examining the effects of the modifications on the rattle noise. Comparisons of the results of the simulation and experiment validate the developed CAE model. The results confirm that by changing the seat resonant frequency, the rattle noise and in general BSR noise can be improved or controlled accordingly. Consequently, for the seat system which has an identifiable structural dynamics, the BSR noise can be managed and controlled in early design phase by using the seat CAE model.
基金the funding from Shandong Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2016EEM20).
文摘Occurrence of gear rattle in transmission systems can result in severe vibration and noise,which in applications such as automobiles is an important source of user discomfort.As a result,the reduction of the rattling noise has attracted lot of concerns.The rattling noise level is affected by several gearbox parameters,an understanding of which is essential to prevent the expensive design modifications at later stages of product development.To develop such understanding at the gearbox design stage,this paper analytically evaluates the gear parameters’effect on the root mean square of the wheel gear acceleration under idling condition,which is known to be linearly correlated to the rattling noise level.Therefore,this evaluation allows for an investigation of the gear parameters’influence on the rattling noise as well.This method is then verified by comparing the analytical results with the simulation results from a dynamic model built in SIMPACK as well as previously published experimental results.Thus,the proposed analytical evaluation method can optimize the gearbox specifications at the design stage to reduce the gear rattle noise level.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.51175379,51575393)
文摘A branched model was established to reproduce the vehicle creeping status and illustrate the mechanism for severe rattle phenomena of a 5-speed manual transmission in this paper.Firstly,a quasi-transient engine model was founded and the effective output torque with the crankshaft angle changing was achieved.Then,the time-varying stiffness of loaded gear pairs was obtained,which was calculated by both bending and shearing deformation stiffnesses through finite element result regression analysis and the contact deformation stiffness through the empirical formula.Finally,the branched model of powertrain system considering LuG re tire property and differential characteristics was established to predict the vehicle creeping status and rattle phenomenon of unloaded gear pairs in consideration of detailed drag torque model,and it would make a solid theoretical basis for further research on gear rattle mechanism and vehicle experiments.
基金supported by the Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project, China (Grant No. 242102110232)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31801677)the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research, China (Grant No. 2019B030302006)。
文摘Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens onto their host plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which R. solani effectors regulate rice immunity are not well understood. Through prediction, 78 candidate effector molecules were identified. Using the tobacco rattle virus-host induced gene silencing(TRV-HIGS) system, 45 RNAi constructs of effector genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results revealed that eight of these constructs resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by infection with the AG1-IA strain GD-118. Additionally, stable rice transformants carrying the double-stranded RNA construct for one of the effector genes, AGLIP1, were generated to further verify the function of this gene. The suppression of the AGLIP1 gene increased the resistance of both N. benthamiana and rice against GD-118, and also affected the growth rate of GD-118, indicating that AGLIP1 is a key pathogenic factor. Small RNA sequencing showed that the HIGS vectors were processed into si RNAs within the plants and then translocated to the fungi, leading to the silencing of the target genes. As a result, AGLIP1 might be an excellent candidate for HIGS, thereby enhancing crop resistance against the pathogen and contributing to the control of R. solani infection.
文摘A method, which compares the angular acceleration and vibration spectrums of shafts and gears with physical characteristics of gearbox as tooth numbers and speed ratios, is proposed to find the source of gear rattle vibration. A mathematical and multi-body dynamics co-simulation model is built to reproduce the gear rattle phenomenon of one typical type of manual transmission. In the model, multi-body dynamics part is used for rotational motion and engagement simulation of gearbox shafts and gears, while mathematical part for control and data processing. The simulation results show that the sound source of the gear rattle from the first gear to the third gear is similar to the experimental results;different parameters like rotating damping, contact stiffness,contact damping, inertia moment and torque fluctuation making effects on gear rattle vibration strength are researched and simulated. The comparison of the simulation and experimental results shows that this method can provide recommendations for solving practical gear rattle problems.
文摘In this paper,we describe a modified RATTLE(M-RATTLE)method for rigid body dynamics directly in Cartesian coordinates.The M-RATTLE method introduces a new way of resetting the coordinates to satisfy the constraints at each step,which is designed for the rigid body dynamics calculations in the Cartesian coordinates.M-RATTLE is algebraically equivalent to the RATTLE method and the cost of performing rigid body dynamics by M-RATTLE is independent of the number of constraints.The interaction forces between atoms belonging to the same rigid molecule do not need to be computed and explicit expressions of the constraints of internal degrees of freedom are unnecessary.The performance and sampling results of the proposed method are compared with those of the symplectic splitting method for an isolated rigid benz molecule and for a cluster of twenty-seven benz molecules.
