目的以肺泡巨噬细胞为研究对象,观察脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激下RBD-2(大鼠β防御素-2,Rat-βdefensins-2)在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞表达的变化。方法以健康雄性SD大鼠制备糖尿病模型。32只大鼠随机分为四组:正常...目的以肺泡巨噬细胞为研究对象,观察脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激下RBD-2(大鼠β防御素-2,Rat-βdefensins-2)在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞表达的变化。方法以健康雄性SD大鼠制备糖尿病模型。32只大鼠随机分为四组:正常对照组(A组)、糖尿病组(B组)、LPS组(C组)和糖尿病+LPS组(D组),每组均为8只。分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,通过RT-PCR以及Western blotting分别检测RBD-2的RNA及蛋白质表达水平,同时通过Real Time PCR检测大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的TLR-2以及TLR-4的mRNA的表达。结果大鼠糖尿病模型构建成功。RT-PCR以及Western blotting结果显示,与正常组相比,糖尿病组、正常组+LPS组、糖尿病+脂多糖组的RBD-2 mRNA以及蛋白质表达水平依次增加,差异显著(P<0.05)。Real Time PCR结果显示,与正常组相比,糖尿病组、正常组+LPS组、糖尿病+脂多糖组的TLR-4 mRNA的表达水平依次增加,差异显著(P<0.05),而TLR-2差异则不明显。结论 LPS刺激后糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞RBD-2表达增加较糖尿病组更为显著,说明RBD-2变化对于增强糖尿病机体的非特异性免疫能力具有明显的帮助,同时糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞RBD-2表达较正常组增高,说明处于糖尿病时期的大鼠机体处于炎症状态,并且这一通路的表达受体主要是TLR-4受体。展开更多
Background: Omicron JN.1 has become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in recent months. JN.1 has the highest number of amino acid mutations in its receptor binding domain (RBD) and has acquired a hallmark L455S mutation...Background: Omicron JN.1 has become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in recent months. JN.1 has the highest number of amino acid mutations in its receptor binding domain (RBD) and has acquired a hallmark L455S mutation. The immune evasion capability of JN.1 is a subject of scientific investigation. The US CDC used SGTF of TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit RT-qPCR as proxy indicator of JN.1 infections for evaluation of the effectiveness of updated monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against JN.1 and recommended that all persons aged ≥ 6 months should receive an updated COVID-19 vaccine dose. Objective: Recommend Sanger sequencing instead of proxy indicator to diagnose JN.1 infections to generate the data based on which guidelines are made to direct vaccination policies. Methods: The RNA in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients with clinical respiratory infection was subjected to nested RT-PCR, targeting a 398-base segment of the N-gene and a 445-base segment of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 for amplification. The nested PCR amplicons were sequenced. The DNA sequences were analyzed for amino acid mutations. Results: The N-gene sequence showed R203K, G204R and Q229K, the 3 mutations associated with Omicron BA.2.86 (+JN.1). The RBD sequence showed 24 of the 26 known amino acid mutations, including the hallmark L455S mutation for JN.1 and the V483del for BA.2.86 lineage. Conclusions: Sanger sequencing of a 445-base segment of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD is useful for accurate determination of emerging variants. The CDC may consider using Sanger sequencing of the RBD to diagnose JN.1 infections for statistical analysis in making vaccination policies.展开更多
Virtual screening is a computational technique widely used for identifying small molecules which are most likely to bind to a protein target. In the present work, a molecular docking study is carried out to propose po...Virtual screening is a computational technique widely used for identifying small molecules which are most likely to bind to a protein target. In the present work, a molecular docking study is carried out to propose potential candidates for preventing the RBD/ACE2 attachment. These candidates are sixteen different flavonoids present in the peppermint leaf. Results showed that Luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside is the peppermint flavonoid with a higher binding affinity regarding the RBD/ACE2 complex (about -9.18 Kcal/mol). On the other hand, Sakuranetin presented the lowest affinity (about -6.38 Kcal/mol). Binding affinities of the other peppermint flavonoids ranged from -6.44 Kcal/mol up to -9.05 Kcal/mol. The binding site surface analysis showed pocket-like regions on the RBD/ACE2 complex that yield several interactions (mostly hydrogen bonds) between the flavonoid and the amino acid residues of the proteins. This study can open channels for the understanding of the roles of flavonoids against COVID-19 infection.展开更多
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliabilit...Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as useful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases. As a result, several scientists have jumped right into developing Ab-based assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapy agents. Since the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is essential for viral infection and has a known precise structure, it has become a key target for the creation of therapeutic antibodies. The use of Ab cocktails is anticipated to be a key component of an efficient COVID-19 treatment plan since SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, particularly when subjected to the selection pressure of aggressively applied preventive vaccinations and neutralizing Abs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection could provoke an overzealous immune response, leading to a cytokine storm that accelerates the onset of a severe disease. Abs to counteract cytokine storms are also actively being researched as COVID-19 therapies. Abs are now used in SARS-CoV-2 detection assays, including immunoglobulin and antigen tests, in addition to their use as medicines. In order to stop the spread of COVID-19, such Ab-based detection tests are essential surveillance tools. In this article, we’ll go over several important ideas related to mAb-based COVID-19 pandemic detection tests and treatments. Objective: To understand the role of hybridoma technology in therapeutic implications. 1) To study the basic concepts and options in hybridoma technology;2) To study the applications of hybridoma technology;3) To explore how hybridoma technology is applied in diagnostic histopathology. Method: For this method generally there is use of mouse or mammals are transfect with the Ags to find out the formation of antibody afterwards isolate the antibody which has been formed after injecting the antigens for a number of weeks. Following are the steps for mAbs: Step 1: In this step immunization of mouse is done;Step 2: Spleen is used for the isolation of B cells;Step 3: Cultivation of cancerous cells;Step 4: Merging of B cells with Myeloma cells;Step 5: This step cell lines are separated;Step 6: in the next step screening the suitable cell lines;Step 7: observation of multiplication in vitro as well as in vivo;Step 8: Harvesting. Discussion: Now a day there are many diseases which has been cured easily at the mean time it’s very difficult to diagnose and get the treatment. Due to advancement of monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis and treatments such as COVID-19, SARS and SARS COV-2. Therefore important part of the monoclonal antibodies are its used in the diagnosis as well as in the treatment tools.展开更多
文摘目的以肺泡巨噬细胞为研究对象,观察脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激下RBD-2(大鼠β防御素-2,Rat-βdefensins-2)在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞表达的变化。方法以健康雄性SD大鼠制备糖尿病模型。32只大鼠随机分为四组:正常对照组(A组)、糖尿病组(B组)、LPS组(C组)和糖尿病+LPS组(D组),每组均为8只。分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,通过RT-PCR以及Western blotting分别检测RBD-2的RNA及蛋白质表达水平,同时通过Real Time PCR检测大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的TLR-2以及TLR-4的mRNA的表达。结果大鼠糖尿病模型构建成功。RT-PCR以及Western blotting结果显示,与正常组相比,糖尿病组、正常组+LPS组、糖尿病+脂多糖组的RBD-2 mRNA以及蛋白质表达水平依次增加,差异显著(P<0.05)。Real Time PCR结果显示,与正常组相比,糖尿病组、正常组+LPS组、糖尿病+脂多糖组的TLR-4 mRNA的表达水平依次增加,差异显著(P<0.05),而TLR-2差异则不明显。结论 LPS刺激后糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞RBD-2表达增加较糖尿病组更为显著,说明RBD-2变化对于增强糖尿病机体的非特异性免疫能力具有明显的帮助,同时糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞RBD-2表达较正常组增高,说明处于糖尿病时期的大鼠机体处于炎症状态,并且这一通路的表达受体主要是TLR-4受体。
文摘Background: Omicron JN.1 has become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in recent months. JN.1 has the highest number of amino acid mutations in its receptor binding domain (RBD) and has acquired a hallmark L455S mutation. The immune evasion capability of JN.1 is a subject of scientific investigation. The US CDC used SGTF of TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit RT-qPCR as proxy indicator of JN.1 infections for evaluation of the effectiveness of updated monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against JN.1 and recommended that all persons aged ≥ 6 months should receive an updated COVID-19 vaccine dose. Objective: Recommend Sanger sequencing instead of proxy indicator to diagnose JN.1 infections to generate the data based on which guidelines are made to direct vaccination policies. Methods: The RNA in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients with clinical respiratory infection was subjected to nested RT-PCR, targeting a 398-base segment of the N-gene and a 445-base segment of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 for amplification. The nested PCR amplicons were sequenced. The DNA sequences were analyzed for amino acid mutations. Results: The N-gene sequence showed R203K, G204R and Q229K, the 3 mutations associated with Omicron BA.2.86 (+JN.1). The RBD sequence showed 24 of the 26 known amino acid mutations, including the hallmark L455S mutation for JN.1 and the V483del for BA.2.86 lineage. Conclusions: Sanger sequencing of a 445-base segment of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD is useful for accurate determination of emerging variants. The CDC may consider using Sanger sequencing of the RBD to diagnose JN.1 infections for statistical analysis in making vaccination policies.
文摘Virtual screening is a computational technique widely used for identifying small molecules which are most likely to bind to a protein target. In the present work, a molecular docking study is carried out to propose potential candidates for preventing the RBD/ACE2 attachment. These candidates are sixteen different flavonoids present in the peppermint leaf. Results showed that Luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside is the peppermint flavonoid with a higher binding affinity regarding the RBD/ACE2 complex (about -9.18 Kcal/mol). On the other hand, Sakuranetin presented the lowest affinity (about -6.38 Kcal/mol). Binding affinities of the other peppermint flavonoids ranged from -6.44 Kcal/mol up to -9.05 Kcal/mol. The binding site surface analysis showed pocket-like regions on the RBD/ACE2 complex that yield several interactions (mostly hydrogen bonds) between the flavonoid and the amino acid residues of the proteins. This study can open channels for the understanding of the roles of flavonoids against COVID-19 infection.
文摘Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a distinct public health issue that calls for the quick development of novel treatments and viral detection. Due to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as useful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases. As a result, several scientists have jumped right into developing Ab-based assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapy agents. Since the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is essential for viral infection and has a known precise structure, it has become a key target for the creation of therapeutic antibodies. The use of Ab cocktails is anticipated to be a key component of an efficient COVID-19 treatment plan since SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, particularly when subjected to the selection pressure of aggressively applied preventive vaccinations and neutralizing Abs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection could provoke an overzealous immune response, leading to a cytokine storm that accelerates the onset of a severe disease. Abs to counteract cytokine storms are also actively being researched as COVID-19 therapies. Abs are now used in SARS-CoV-2 detection assays, including immunoglobulin and antigen tests, in addition to their use as medicines. In order to stop the spread of COVID-19, such Ab-based detection tests are essential surveillance tools. In this article, we’ll go over several important ideas related to mAb-based COVID-19 pandemic detection tests and treatments. Objective: To understand the role of hybridoma technology in therapeutic implications. 1) To study the basic concepts and options in hybridoma technology;2) To study the applications of hybridoma technology;3) To explore how hybridoma technology is applied in diagnostic histopathology. Method: For this method generally there is use of mouse or mammals are transfect with the Ags to find out the formation of antibody afterwards isolate the antibody which has been formed after injecting the antigens for a number of weeks. Following are the steps for mAbs: Step 1: In this step immunization of mouse is done;Step 2: Spleen is used for the isolation of B cells;Step 3: Cultivation of cancerous cells;Step 4: Merging of B cells with Myeloma cells;Step 5: This step cell lines are separated;Step 6: in the next step screening the suitable cell lines;Step 7: observation of multiplication in vitro as well as in vivo;Step 8: Harvesting. Discussion: Now a day there are many diseases which has been cured easily at the mean time it’s very difficult to diagnose and get the treatment. Due to advancement of monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis and treatments such as COVID-19, SARS and SARS COV-2. Therefore important part of the monoclonal antibodies are its used in the diagnosis as well as in the treatment tools.
