Seismic fragility analysis of three-tower cable-stayed bridges with different connection configurations

Seismic fragility analysis of three-tower cable-stayed bridges with three different structural systems,including rigid system(RS),floating system(FS),and passive energy dissipation system(PEDS),is conducted to study the effects of connection configurations on seismic responses and fragilities.Finite element models of bridges are established using OpenSees.A new ground motion screening method based on the statistical characteristic of the predominant period is proposed to avoid irregular behavior in the selection process of ground motions,and incremental dynamic analysis(IDA)is performed to develop components and systems fragility curves.The effects of damper failure on calculated results for PEDS are examined in terms of seismic response and fragility analysis.The results show that the bridge tower is the most affected component by different structural systems.For RS,the fragility of the middle tower is significantly higher than other components,and the bridge failure starts from the middle tower,exhibiting a characteristic of local failure.For FS and PEDS,the fragility of the edge tower is higher than the middle tower.The system fragility of RS is higher than FS and PEDS.Taking the failure of dampers into account is necessary to obtain reliable seismic capacity of cable-stayed bridges.

Dynamic Response of Sea-Crossing Rail-cum-Road Cable-Stayed Bridge Influenced by Random Wind–Wave–Undercurrent Coupling

Sea-crossing bridges are affected by random wind–wave–undercurrent coupling loads, due to the complex marine environment. The dynamic response of long-span Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridges is particularly severe under their influence, potentially leading to safety problems. In this paper, a fluid–structure separation solution method is implemented using Ansys–Midas co-simulation, in order to solve the above issues effectively while using less computational resources. The feasibility of the method is verified by comparing the tower top displacement response with relevant experimental data. From time and frequency domain perspectives, the displacement and acceleration responses of the sea-crossing Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridge influenced by wave-only, wind–wave, and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are comparatively studied. The results indicate that the displacement and acceleration of the front bearing platform top are more significant than those of the rear bearing platform. The dominant frequency under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is close to the natural vibration frequencies of several bridge modes,such that wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is more likely to cause a resonance effect in the bridge. Compared with the wave-only and wind–wave coupling, wind–wave–undercurrent coupling can excite bridges to produce larger displacement and acceleration responses: at the middle of the main girder span, compared with the wave-only case, the maximum displacement in the transverse bridge direction increases by 23.58% and 46.95% in the wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling cases, respectively;at the tower top, the variation in the amplitude of the displacement and acceleration responses of wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are larger than those in the wave-only case, where the acceleration change amplitude of the tower top is from-0.93 to 0.86 m/s^(2) in the waveonly case, from-2.2 to 2.1 m/s^(2) under wind–wave coupling effect, and from-2.6 to 2.65 m/s^(2) under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling effect, indicating that the tower top is mainly affected by wind loads, but wave and undercurrent loads cannot be neglected.

Energy-based damage assessment of continuous-span reinforced concrete highway bridges

This paper conducts a comparative study on seismic damage to reinforced concrete(RC)bridges,using three damage models:Park and Ang,Hindi and Sexsmith,and input energy-based damage(IEBD)indices,and presents a global cumulative damage model based on the IEBD index to establish a practical damage assessment of an overall bridge system.A series of RC bridges are studied under seismic loadings,and to compare the efficiency and reliability of the damage indices,damage curves of RC piers are developed,and damage levels of piers are calculated at design basis earthquake(DBE)and maximum considered earthquake(MCE)levels.The global cumulative damage index is calculated for bridge models regarding damage values of components.The results indicate that the IEBD index shows a gradual progression of damage and provides reasonable values for different damage levels of piers compared to two other damage indices.Moreover,the global cumulative damage index shows the impact of induced damage to a certain component regarding the damage level of the overall bridge system.Moreover,this new approach is a relatively simple and practical tool for seismic damage assessment of RC bridge systems,which can be implemented in finite element models,particularly in the absence of experimental data.

Process Monitoring and Terminal Verification of Cable-Stayed Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs under Contruction

In this paper,the construction process of a cable-stayed bridge with corrugated steel webs was monitored.Moreover,the end performance of the bridge was verified by load test.Owing to the consideration of the bridge structure safety,it is necessary to monitor the main girder deflection,stress,construction error and safety state during construction.Furthermore,to verify whether the bridge can meet the design requirements,the static and dynamic load tests are carried out after the completion of the bridge.The results of construction monitoring show that the stress state of the structure during construction is basically consistent with the theoretical calculation and design requirements,and both meet the design and specification requirements.The final measured stress state of the structure is within the allowable range of the cable-stayed bridge,and the stress state of the structure is normal and meets the specification requirements.The results of load tests show that the measured deflection values of the mid-span section of the main girder are less than the theoretical calculation values.The maximum deflection of the girder is−20.90 mm,which is less than−22.00 mm of the theoretical value,indicating that the girder has sufficient structural stiffness.The maximum impact coefficient under dynamic load test is 1.08,which is greater than 1.05 of theoretical value,indicating that the impact effect of heavy-duty truck on this type of bridge is larger.This study can provide important reference value for construction and maintenance of similar corrugated steel web cable-stayed bridges.

Longitudinal forces of continuously welded track on high-speed railway cable-stayed bridge considering impact of adjacent bridges

A proven beam-track contact model was used to analyze the track-structure interaction of CWR (continuously welded track) on bridge. Considering the impact of adjacent bridges, the tower-cable-track-beam-pier-pile finite element model of the cable-stayed bridge was established. Taking a bridge group including 40-32m simply-supported beam and (32+80+112)m single-tower cable-stayed bridge and 17-32m simply-supported beam on the Kunming-Shanghai high-speed railway as an example, the characteristics of CWR longitudinal force on the cable-stayed bridge were studied. It is shown that adjacent bridges must be considered in the calculation of the track expansion force and bending force on cable-stayed bridge. When the span amount of adjacent bridges is too numerous, it can be simplified as six spans; the fixed bearing of adjacent simply-supported beams should be placed on the side near the cable-stayed bridge; the track expansion device should be set at the bridge tower to reduce the track force near the bridge abutment.

Research review on steel–concrete composite joint of railway hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges

Purpose–This study aims to research the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the investigation and analysis of the development history,structure form,structural parameters,stress characteristics,shear connector stress state,force transmission mechanism,and fatigue performance,aiming at the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge,the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems are expounded.Findings–The shear-compression composite joint has become the main form in practice,featuring shortened length and simplified structure.The length of composite joints between 1.5 and 3.0 m has no significant effect on the stress and force transmission laws of the main girder.The reasonable thickness of the bearing plate is 40–70 mm.The calculation theory and simplified calculation formula of the overall bearing capacity,the nonuniformity and distribution laws of the shear connector,the force transferring ratio of steel and concrete components,the fatigue failure mechanism and structural parameters effects are the focus of the research study.Originality/value–This study puts forward some suggestions and prospects for the structural design and theoretical research of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.

Research development of digital maintenance and management system for long-span cable-stayed bridges

Digital cable-stayed bridge maintenance and management system （DCBMS） was developed for the need of maintenance and management of long-span cable-stayed bridges. In this paper, the major functions and theoretical application of eight modules were systematically stated with the background of Harbin Songhua River cable-stayed bridge, which include data management module, inspection and measurement module, assessment module, finite dement analysis module, disease diagnosis and prediction module, maintenance module, query module and help module. By analyzing and calculating the data from manual inspection database, basic database and health monitoring subsystem, DCBMS can accomplish the functions like life prediction, disease diagnosis, comprehensive assessment, maintenance and management of bridges. Therefore, the maintenance and management of long-span cable-stayed bridges can be made digital, professional and scientific. By running this system, a real-time and specific technical guidance can be provided for the maintainers and managers of long- span cable-stayed bridges.

Analysis of Key Factors in Cable Force Calculation for Cable-Stayed Bridges

Three methods for calculating cable force （analytic method, fitting method and finite element method） are analyzed and compared. The effects of boundary condition, spectrum resolution, sampling time, and number of sampling points on the precision of cable force identification are discussed, and error analysis is conducted. The results of three methods applied to a practical project are significantly less than the design value. Comparatively, the result of finite element method is the closest to the design value. Moreover, their computational precision and error are compared and analyzed. The precision of frequency identification of cables, long cables in particular, is strongly affected by frequency resolution. If the frequency resolution is included in calculating the cable force, the identification error can be reduced greatly.

Probability evaluation method for cable safety of long-span cable-stayed bridges

A method of cable safety analysis is proposed for safety evaluation of long-span cable-stayed bridges. The Daniels＇ effect and the probability of broken wires in the cable are introduced to develop the cable strength model and the reliability assessment technique for long-span cable-stayed bridges based on the safety factors analysis of stay cables in service. As an application of the proposed model, the cable safety reliability of the cable No. 25 of Zhaobaoshan cable-stayed bridge in China is calculated. The effects of various parameters on the estimated cable safety reliability are investigated. The results indicate that the proposed method can be used to assess the safety level of stay cables in cable-stayed bridges effectively. The Daniels＇ effect should be taken into account for assessment, and the probability of broken wires can be used to simulate the deterioration of stay cables in service.

Mechanical performance evaluation of a new type of cable-stayed beam-arch combination bridge based on field tests

In order to study the mechanical performance of a new type of cable-stayed beam-arch combination bridge, the results of field static and dynamic load tests are comparatively analyzed with numerical results based on the Jingyi bridge straddling the Daxi River in Yixing. First, the test scheme, tasks, the corresponding measure method, as well as the relevant codes are described. Secondly, two sets of three- dimensional finite element models are established. One is Ansys which uses the solid element and the other is Midas which adopts the beam element. Finally, the experimental and analytical results are comparatively analyzed, and they show an agreement with each other. The results show that the bridge possesses adequate load-carrying capacity under all static load cases, but the capacity of dissipating external input energy is insufficient due to the relatively smaller damping ratio. The study results can provide a reference for further study and optimization of this type of bridge. Calibrated finite-element models that reflect the real conditions can be used as a baseline for future maintenance of the bridge.

Application of uncertain type of AHP to condition assessment of cable-stayed bridges

In order to guarantee the safety service and life-span of long-span cable-stayed bridges, the uncertain type of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method is adopted to access the bridge condition. The correlative theory and applied objects of uncertain type of AHP are introduced, and then the optimal transitive matrix method is chosen to calculate the interval number judgment matrix, which makes the weights of indices more reliable and accurate. Finally, with Harbin Songhua River Cable-Stayed Bridge as an example, an index system and an assessment model are proposed for the condition assessment of this bridge, and by using uncertain type of AHP, the weights of assessment indices are fixed and the final assessment results of the bridge are calculated, which proves the feasibility and practicability of this method. The application of this assessment method can provide the scientific basis for maintenance and management of long-span cable-stayed bridges.

基于新的改进Bouc-Wen模型的预制RC桥墩滞回模型研究

Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori(BWBN)模型是改进的Bouc-Wen模型。BWBN模型可以较好地描述钢筋混凝土结构在强震作用下的捏缩效应,但由于BWBN模型中“捏缩效应”函数复杂且参数较多,其计算效率较低。针对该问题,该文基于近似狄拉克δ函数构建更简单、高效的“捏缩效应”函数,进而提出了新的改进Bouc-Wen(MBW)模型,它可以用更少的参数来实现捏缩效应。基于预制RC桥墩的拟静力试验数据来验证MBW模型的有效性,利用MATLAB遗传算法工具箱对BWBN模型和MBW模型进行参数识别,结果表明,该文提出的MBW模型具有更高的计算精度。

粘铝合金板加固RC梁抗弯性能试验及正截面承载力

为了探讨铝合金板厚度与端部U形铝合金箍板构造对RC梁破坏机理及抗弯性能的影响,对16根铝合金板加固RC梁进行了4点弯曲静力加载试验。在试验梁底铝合金板的表面以及试验梁跨中截面的顶面、侧面粘贴应变片,在试验梁底跨中、梁顶两端支座布置百分表。为了推导铝合金板加固RC梁的正截面承载力计算式,基于试验得到的破坏机理,通过引入6个基本假定,分析了5种不同破坏模式的相对受压区高度。建立了各破坏模式下铝合金板加固RC梁的正截面承载力计算式,并将其与引入文献中的试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:试件破坏形态包括适筋破坏、端部铝合金板与结构胶剥离、端部铝合金板与梁剥离及中部铝合金板剥离4种情况;当端部设置U形铝合金箍板时,可有效抑制端部铝合金板发生剥离,使钢筋与铝合金板的材料性能得到充分发挥,试件承载力与延性明显提升;当铝合金板厚度分别为2~6 mm时,试件承载力随铝合金板厚度的增加而提高;端部设置U形铝合金箍板可有效防止端部铝合金板发生剥离,但试件仍可能会出现中部铝合金板剥离现象;当试件出现适筋破坏特征时,试件抗弯承载力的计算值与试验值比值均在1以下。本研究所提计算式具有明显的规律性和适用性,可为工程实际设计提供参考。

变滞回性能阻尼器的抗震性能及其在RC排架墩中的应用

为了实现分级保护主体结构同时减小传统耗能阻尼器在强震作用下的残余变形的目的,提出一种基于形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)板环的新型变滞回性能阻尼器(variable hysteresis performance damper based on shape memory alloy,SMA-VHD)。首先阐明了新型阻尼器的基本构造,揭示了其变滞回性能工作机理和自复位原理。通过对SMA板材进行材性试验确定了SMA板材的关键性能参数,进而建立阻尼器精细化有限元模型,系统研究阻尼器的滞回性能及参数影响规律。最后将新型阻尼器应用于RC排架墩中,通过动力时程分析研究附加阻尼器桥墩结构的分阶段抗震性能。研究结果表明:SMA板材应力应变关系呈“旗帜型”,具有良好的自复位能力;SMA-VHD滞回曲线呈现明显分级平台,随着阻尼器变形的增加,其滞回曲线由饱满的矩形变为具有自复位功能的“旗帜型”,表明该阻尼器具有变滞回性能的特性;将SMA-VHD应用到RC排架墩中,可有效实现结构的分级抗震,提高桥墩结构的抗震性能水平。

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型的弯曲损伤RC/PC桥梁动力学特性研究

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型,通过数值模拟研究了带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁动力学特性的退化情况.首先,提出了适用于RC/PC桥梁非线性振动分析的数值模型构建方法.其次,通过RC简支梁受弯破坏试验,将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,验证了数值模型的准确性.最后,基于厦门快速公交系统中某一联三跨PC连续梁桥建立了三维有限元模型,研究其在不同弯曲损伤程度下前三阶频率和振型的变化情况.结果表明,带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁的动力学特性会随着损伤程度的增加而呈现不同程度的改变.带有混凝土裂缝的桥梁的微幅振动仍然是线性的,然而随着振幅的增大频率开始降低,使振动呈现出非线性.此外,当裂缝闭合时,前三阶自振频率与振型变化不明显,难以用于识别弯曲损伤;当裂缝张开时,前三阶自振频率与振型出现明显变化,可作为损伤检测指标来识别损伤.

Ground motion spatial variability effects on seismic response control of cable-stayed bridges

The spatial variability of input ground motion at supporting foundations plays a key role in the structural response of cable-stayed bridges （CSBs）; therefore, spatial variation effects should be included in the analysis and design of effective vibration control systems. The control of CSBs represents a challenging and unique problem, with many complexities in modeling, control design and implementation, since the control system should be designed not only to mitigate the dynamic component of the structural response but also to counteract the effects of the pseudo-static component of the response. The spatial variability effects on the feasibility and efficiency of seismic control systems for the vibration control of CSBs are investigated in this paper. The assumption of uniform earthquake motion along the entire bridge may result in quantitative and qualitative differences in seismic response as compared with those produced by uniform motion at all supports. A systematic comparison of passive and active system performance in reducing the structural responses is performed, focusing on the effect of the spatially varying earthquake ground motion on the seismic response of a benchmark CSB model with different control strategies, and demonstrates the importance of accounting for the spatial variability of excitations.

UHPC-RC节段组合梁的抗弯性能分析

为研究低预应力度条件下,不同节段接缝的超高性能混凝土-钢筋混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete-reinforced concrete,UHPC-RC)组合梁的抗弯性能,文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立UHPC-RC节段组合梁的基准有限元模型,并利用已有的试验数据验证该模型的合理性。节段接缝分别为平面干接缝、平面胶接缝、齿键干接缝和齿键胶接缝,在基准有限元模型的基础上,进一步研究节段接缝类型对组合梁抗弯性能的影响。研究发现,在四点受弯加载方式下,接缝的几何特征(平面或齿键)对组合梁的极限荷载和开裂荷载影响较小,环氧树脂胶的使用对组合梁的抗弯性能影响较大。

Optimization of Dead Load State in Earth-Anchored Cable-Stayed Bridges

In order to determine the reasonable completed dead load state in earth-anchored cable-stayed bridges,a practical method is proposed. The method is based on the rigidly supported continuous beam method and the feasible zone method,emphasizing on the mutual effect between the self-anchored structural parts and the earth-anchored ones. Three cable-stayed bridge models are designed with the main spans of 1 400 m,including a partially earth-anchored cable-stayed bridge,a cable-stayed-suspension bridge and a fully selfanchored cable-stayed bridge,in which the C50 concrete and Q345 steel are adopted. The partially earthanchored cable-stayed bridge and the cable-stayed-suspension bridge secure lower compressive force in the girder than the fully self-anchored cable-stayed bridge by 25 percent at least. The same is for the material consumption of the whole bridge. Furthermore,the anchor volume is more than 20% lower in the partially earthanchored cable-stayed bridge than that in the cable-stayed-suspension bridge. Consequently,the practical span of cable-stayed bridges can be accordingly extended.

Comparative Study on Structural Redundancy of Cable-Stayed and Extradosed Bridges Through Safety Assessment of Their Stay Cables

This study provides new insights into the comparison of cable-stayed and extradosed bridges based on the safety assessment of their stay cables.These bridges are often regarded as identical structures owing to the use of inclined cables;however,the international standards for bridge design stipulate different safety factors for stay cables of both types of bridges.To address this misconception,a comparative study was carried out on the safety factors of stay cables under fatigue and ultimate limit states by considering the effects of various untoward and damaging factors,such as overloading,cable loss,and corrosion.The primary goal of this study is to describe the structural disparities between both types of bridges and evaluate their structural redundancies by employing deterministic and nondeterministic methods.To achieve this goal,three-dimensional finite-element models of both bridges were developed based on the current design guidelines for stay cables in Japan.After the balanced states of the bridge models were achieved,static analyses were performed for different safety factors of stay cables in a parametric manner.Finally,the first-order reliability method and Monte Carlo method were applied to determine the reliability index of stay cables.The analysis results show that cable-stayed and extradosed bridges exhibit different structural redundancies for different safety factors under the same loading conditions.Moreover,a significant increase in structural redundancy occurs with an incremental increase in the safety factors of stay cables.

A simplified design method for metallic dampers used in the transverse direction of cable-stayed bridges

The aseismic design of cable-stayed bridges in the transverse direction with newly proposed metallic dampers that can accommodate both longitudinal and transverse movement of the deck has recently been considered.This work focuses on developing a simplified method to design an appropriate metallic damper.The seismic performance of cablestayed bridges with different damper stiffness,main span lengths,tower shapes and types of deck in the transverse direction are investigated.The transverse displacement of the deck of a cable-stayed bridge increases significantly with the increment of the damper stiffness,which proves that the design of the damper stiffness is crucial.A simplified model considering the damper stiffness,cable system and tower in the transverse direction is developed to evaluate the period and lateral displacement of a complicated cable-stayed bridge.Based on the simplified model,a design method is proposed and assessed using two cable-stayed bridges as examples.The results show that metallic dampers can be designed with high efficiency,and the optimal ductility of the damper can be selected.