Damage response of conventionally reinforced two-way spanning concrete slab under eccentric impacting drop weight loading

Reinforced concrete(RC)structures are generally designed to carry quasi-static gravity loads through almost indispensable components namely slab,however,it may be subjected to high intense loads induced from the impact of projectiles generated by the tornado,falling construction equipment,and also from accidental explosions during their construction and service lifespan.Impacts due to rock/boulder falls do occur on the structures located especially in hilly areas.Such loadings are not predictable but may cause severe damage to the slab/structure.It stimulates structural engineers and researchers to investigate and understand the dynamic response of RC structures under such impulsive loading.This research work first investigates the performance of 1000×1000×75 mm^(3)conventionally reinforced two-way spanning normal strength concrete slab with only tension reinforcement(0.88%)under the concentric impact load(1035 N)using the finite element method based computer code,ABAQUS/Explicit-v.6.15.The impact load is delivered to the centroid of the slab using a solid-steel cylindroconical impactor(drop weight)with a flat nose of diameter 40 mm,having a total mass of 105 kg released from a fixed height of 2500 mm.Two popular concrete constitutive models in ABAQUS namely;Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)and Concrete Damage Plasticity(CDP),with strain rate effects as per fib MODEL CODE 2010,are used to model the concrete material behavior to impact loading and to simulate the damage to the slab.The slab response using these two models is analyzed and compared with the impact test results.The strain rate effect on the reinforcing steel bars has been incorporated in the analysis using the Malvar and Crawford(1998)approach.A classical elastoplastic kinematic idealization is considered to model the steel impactor and support system.Results reveal that the HJC model gives a little overestimation of peak displacement,maximum acceleration,and damage of the slab while the predictions given by the CDP model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental test results/observations available in the open literature.Following the validation of the numerical model,analyses have been extended to further investigate the damage response of the slab under eccentric impact loadings.In addition to the concentric location(P1)of the impacting device,five locations on a quarter of the slab i.e.,two along the diagonal(P2&P3),the other two along the mid-span(P4&P5),and the last one(P6)between P3 and P5,covering the entire slab,are considered.Computational results have been discussed and compared,and the evaluation of the most damaging location(s)of the impact is investigated.It has been found that the most critical location of the impact is not the centroid of the slab but the eccentric one with the eccentricity of 1/6th of the span from the centroid along the mid-span section.

Dynamic response of cylindrical cavity to anti-plane impact load by using analytical approach

The transient response of an unlimited cylindrical cavity buried in the infinite elastic soil subjected to an anti-plane impact load along the cavern axis direction was studied.Using Laplace transform combining with contour integral of the Laplace inverse transform specifically,the general analytical expressions of the soil displacement and stress are obtained in the time domain,respectively.And the numerical solutions of the problem computed by analytical expressions are presented.In the time domain,the dynamic responses of the infinite elastic soil are analyzed,and the calculation results are compared with those from numerical inversion proposed by Durbin and the static results.One observes good agreement between analytical and numerical inversion results,lending the further support to the method presented.Finally,some valuable shear wave propagation laws are gained: the displacement of the soil remains zero before the wave arrival,and after the shear wave arrival,the stress and the displacement at this point increase abruptly,then reduce and tend to the static value gradually at last.The wave attenuates along the radial,therefore the farther the wave is from the source,the smaller the stress and the displacement are,and the stress and the displacement are just functions of the radial distance from the axis.

Experimental investigation on dynamic response and damage models of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions

Reinforced concrete(RC) columns are widely used as supporting structures for high-piled wharfs.The study of damage model of a RC column due to underwater explosion is a critical issue to assess the wharfs antiknock security.In this study,the dynamic response and damage model of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions were investigated by means of scaled-down experiment models.Experiments were carried out in a 10.0 m diameter tank with the water depth of 2.25 m,under different explosive quantities(0.025 kg-1.6 kg),stand-off distances(0.0 m-7.0 m),and detonation depths(0.25 m-2.0 m).The shock wave load and dynamic response of experiment models were measured by configuring sensors of pressure,acceleration,strain,and displacement.Then,the load distribution characteristics,time history of test data,and damage models related to present conditions were obtained and discussed.Three damage models,including bending failure,bending-shear failure and punching failure,were identified.In addition,the experie nce model of shock wave loads on the surface of a RC column was proposed for engineering application.

Dynamic Responses of Cellular Metal-Filled Steel Beam-Column Joint Under Impact Loading

Taking the excellent energy absorption performances of cellular structures into consideration,three beam-column steel joints are proposed to analyze the effect of cellular metallic fillers on impact mechanical responses of beam-column joints.Based on the existing experimental results,the finite element models of the associated joints are established by using finite element method software.The deformation mode,the bearing capacity and energy absorption performance of various joints subjected to impact loadings with the loading velocities from 10 to 100 m/s are analyzed,respectively.The dynamic responses of cellular metal-filled beamcolumn joints are quantitatively analyzed by means of displacements of central region,nominal impacting stress and energy absorption efficiency.The results can be concluded that the filling of cellular filler weakens the stress concentration on joints,alleviates the occurrence of tearing in connection region among column and beam,and reduces the displacement caused by impact loading.Energy absorption efficiency of filled joints subjected to impact loading increases as the impacting velocity increases,and the cellular metallic filler improves their impact resistance of beam-column joints.The energy absorption efficiency of fully filled joints is superior to that of others.This study can provide a reference for steel structural design and post-disaster repair under extreme working conditions.

Dynamic response analysis of blocks-combined dam under impact load

In order to reduce the damage of ordinary gravity dam impacted by boulders in debris flow,a blocks-combined dam based practical project is proposed.The dynamic response of the proposed dam under impact load is investigated by using ABAQUS finite element software.Considering the impact velocity and impact height,the anti-impact performance of blocks-combined dam is discussed in terms of deformation,displacement,impact force,acceleration,and energy,and is compared with that of ordinary dam.Results show that the displacement,impact force and acceleration of dam increase with the increase of impact velocity and height.The impact energy of blocks-combined dam is mainly absorbed and consumed by the friction between the component interfaces,which is related to the location of impact point.Compared with the ordinary gravity dam,the blocks-combined dam has better impact resistance to boulders in debris flow.

Numerical study of RC beams under various loading rates with LS-DYNA

Having an accurate understanding of concrete behavior under effects of high strain rate loading with the aim of reducing incurred damages is of great importance. Due to complexities and high costs of experimental research, numerical studies can be an appropriate alternative for experimental methods. Therefore, in this research capability of the finite element method for predicting concrete behavior at various loading conditions is evaluated by LS-DYNA software. First, the proposed method is presented and then is validated in three stages under different conditions. Results of load-lnidspan displacement showed good agreement between experimental and finite element results. Capability of finite element method in analyses of beams under various rates of loading was also validated by low error of the results. In addition, the proposed method has reasonable ability to evaluate reinforced concrete beams under various loading rates and different conditions.

Dynamic Analysis of Structural Columns Subjected to Impulsive Loading

For a building structure subjected to impulsive loading, particularly shock and impact loading , the response of the critical columns is crucial to the behaviour of the entire system during and after the blast loading phase. Therefore, an appropriate evaluation of the column response and damage under short-duration impulsive loading is important in a comprehensive assessment of the performance of a building system. This paper reports a dynamic analysis approach for the response of RC columns subjected to impulsive loading. Considering that the dynamic response of a column in a frame structure can also be affected by the floor movement which relates to the global vibration of the frame system, a generic column-mass model is used, in which a concentrated mass is attached to the column top to simulate the effect of a global vibration. To take into account the high shear effect under impulsive load, the model is formulated using Timoshenko beam theory, and three main nonlinear mechanisms are considered. Two typical scenarios, one under a direct air blast loading, and another under a blast-induced ground excitation, are analyzed and the primary response features are highlighted.

Effect prediction of stiffened-ring cylindrical shells subjected to drop mass impact

This study focuses on the effect of lateral mass impact on ring-stiffened thin-walled cylindrical shell.Cylindrical shells were fabricated to validate the numerical modeling and analytical techniques,and drop tests were performed using a rigid spherical indenter.Next,stiffened-ring cylindrical shells with various structural size parameters were simulated using ABAQUS software.The relationships between the impact force,deformation displacement,and rebound velocity were established,on the basis of impact mechanics theory and simulation results.It derived fitting functions to analyse the relationship between the maximum load and maximum displacement of ring-stiffened cylindrical shell under dynamic mass impact.Based on the validation of the simulation model,the fitting function data were compared with the simulation results,and the functions showed a good accuracy.Besides,the parameters,mass ratio and stiffened-ring mass ratio were used to reflect the effect of the mass change in the ring-stiffened cylindrical shell.Furthermore,parametric studies on ring-stiffened cylindrical shell models were conducted to analyse the progressive impact responses.

Effect of flight helmet mass characteristics and neck stress postures on pilot neck impact injury

Pilots'ability is significantly improved by using night vision goggles and other equipment built on the flight helmets.Still,excessive helmet mass and centroid deviation caused by the integration of external equipment may increase the risk of neck injury of pilots during takeoff and landing.To reduce the risk of pilots'neck injuries under impact load,it is urgent to study the law of related factors on pilot's neck injury and provide theoretical support for the design of flight helmets.This paper establishes a finite element model of the pilot-seat-restraint system,and the effects of helmet masses,helmet centroids,and neck stress postures on the pilot's neck injury are systematically studied.The function rules of these factors on the neck load are clarified.This research can provide an essential reference for designing and optimizing flying helmets.

Dynamic analysis of slab track on multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to train loads

The dynamic responses of a slab track on transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to moving train loads are investigated by a semi-analytical approach. The track model is described as an upper Euler beam to simulate the rails and a lower Euler beam to model the slab. Rail pads between the rails and slab are represented by a continuous layer of springs and dashpots. A series of point loads are formulated to describe the moving train loads. The governing equations of track-ground systems are solved using the double Fourier transform, and the dynamic responses in the time domain are obtained by the inverse Fourier transform. The results show that a train load with high velocity will generate a larger response in transversely isotropic saturated soil than the lower velocity load, and special attention should be paid on the pore pressure in the vicinity of the ground surface. The anisotropic parameters of a surface soil layer will have greater influence on the displacement and excess pore water pressure than those of the subsoil layer. The traditional design method taking ground soil as homogeneous isotropic soil is unsafe for the case of RE 〈 1 and RG 〈 1, so a transversely isotropic foundation model is of great significance to the design for high train velocities.

火灾与爆炸耦合作用对RC板力学性能影响研究

为研究火灾下钢筋混凝土(RC)板抗爆性能,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对已有试验进行模拟并验证火灾下RC板高温模型以及RC板常温爆炸模型的有效性。在此基础上,分析了火灾下RC板的爆炸工作机理,研究了受火时间、不同方位角以及不同爆炸位置对RC板在火灾下抗爆性能的影响。结果表明:火灾下的RC板受爆炸荷载作用时,板中部首先发生剪切破坏,随后楼板整体发生受弯破坏;随着受火时长增加,混凝土受高温劣化,钢筋强度下降,RC板的抗爆性能下降严重;在受火时长120 min工况下,板角爆炸相比板边、板中爆炸的峰值位移分别增加了134.4%、150.9%;在受火时长180 min工况下,板角爆炸相比板边、板中爆炸的峰值位移分别增加了138.4%、159.9%;不同位置爆炸对RC板影响较明显,其中板中爆炸对RC板的破坏程度最高,且RC板破坏越严重,其动力响应持续时间越长;在受火时长120 min工况下,爆炸方位角为60°和90°的RC板峰值位移相比爆炸方位角30°的RC板峰值位移分别减小了4.4%、2.4%,不同方位角爆炸对RC板的影响不明显。

近地端水平冲击作用下RC桥墩的动力响应试验研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土(RC)桥墩在近地端水平冲击作用下的动力响应,采用水平撞击试验设备,对3根圆形截面RC桥墩进行了试验研究。本试验以撞击速度为研究变量,得到了桥墩的撞击力时程曲线、位移时程曲线、变形曲线和最终损伤状态。试验结果表明:桥墩在1.70 m/s、2.68 m/s和3.32 m/s三种撞击速度下呈现出轻微损伤、中等损伤和严重损伤三种破坏形态,桥墩的破坏模式为撞击部位与墩底之间的局部剪切破坏,撞击速度对桥墩冲击动力响应和破坏机制有显著影响。本试验可以为车辆撞击桥墩问题的有限元数值模拟提供数据支撑。

RC梁冲击破坏机理试验研究与残余变形预测方法探讨

进行了3根剪跨比为3.58钢筋混凝土梁的落锤冲击试验和1个静力对比试验,重点研究钢筋混凝土梁在冲击荷载作用下的破坏机理和冲击能量对钢筋混凝土梁残余变形的影响规律.试验结果表明,在静力下发生弯曲破坏的梁在低速冲击下的裂缝形态以弯曲裂缝、弯剪裂缝为主,在高速冲击荷载作用下以腹剪裂缝为主.试验测试了冲击力、支座反力、跨中位移和跨中纵筋应变等动态时程曲线,通过分析其动态时程曲线结果,获得了钢筋混凝土梁的冲击破坏机理,即冲击作用下梁的破坏过程分为局部响应阶段和整体响应阶段.同时,还统计了国内外相关文献冲击试验结果,通过比较分析钢筋混凝土残余变形-冲击能量关系实验数据,探讨了冲击荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁残余变形的经验公式的适用性和存在的问题.

轴力对RC柱在横向冲击荷载作用下动力响应的影响

为研究轴力对横向冲击荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱动力响应的影响,进行了预加轴力的方钢筋混凝土柱边跨冲击试验;利用LS-DYNA软件对不同轴压下的构件冲击过程进行数值模拟,给出不同轴压下构件的挠度时程曲线和冲击力时程曲线;针对轴力对构件动力响应的影响进行机理分析。试验结果表明,构件在冲击荷载作用下发生弯剪破坏。数值模拟结果表明,当轴压比为0.050~0.13时会减小构件的最大挠度,提高构件的抗冲击性能;当轴压比大于0.13时会增大构件的最大挠度,降低构件的抗冲击性能。数值模拟结果的破坏机理分析表明,轴力改变了局部混凝土最大主应力的大小和斜裂缝贯通的速度。当轴压比在0.050~0.13范围内时斜裂缝贯通时刻晚,局部混凝土破坏程度较小;当轴压比大于0.13时构件斜裂缝贯通时刻早,局部混凝土破坏程度严重。

冲击荷载作用下RC深梁动力响应数值模拟研究

钢筋混凝土(RC)深梁的传力机制与一般梁不同。考虑钢筋和混凝土的材料性能以及二者之间黏结强度的应变率效应,借助三维非线性有限元模型对冲击荷载作用下RC深梁的动力响应开展了数值模拟研究,并探讨了跨高比、冲击质量和受拉钢筋配筋率对RC梁破坏模式、跨中挠度、冲击力和支反力的影响。结果表明:冲击荷载作用下,RC深梁主要发生冲剪破坏;随着跨高比增大,破坏模式由剪切为主转变为弯曲为主,跨中挠度与净跨的比值减小;RC梁的跨中挠度、冲击力持续时间和支反力作用时间随冲击质量增大而线性增加;在一定范围内提高受拉钢筋配筋率可减轻RC梁的损伤并减小跨中位移。

起波配筋RC梁抗爆作用机理及抗力动力系数的理论计算方法

针对钢筋混凝土(RC)梁,提出了一种通过对抗拉纵筋进行局部弯折,形成钢筋起波,从而提高RC梁抗爆能力的高效新方法。结合已有的实验结果和有限元模型计算,分析了起波配筋RC梁的受荷破坏全过程,揭示了其抗爆作用机理。分析结果表明,在RC梁底部适当位置设置纵筋起波,能增大RC梁在爆炸荷载作用下的允许变形,有效吸收爆炸能量,大幅度提高RC梁的抗爆性能。基于能量法,建立了起波配筋RC梁在爆炸荷载作用下的理论计算模型,给出了抗力动力系数的显示计算公式;讨论了平屈抗力比、平弹变形比以及屈弹变形比3个关键设计参数对起波配筋RC梁抗爆性能的影响规律,以便为进一步工程应用提供理论依据。

Experimental Research of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Struck by Debris Flow in Mountain Areas of Western China

It＇s very important to simulate impact load of debris flow effectively and to investigate dynamic response of architectures under dynamic impact of debris flow, which are necessary to design disaster mitigation construction. Firstly, reinforced concrete domestic architectures in mountain areas of western China had been chosen as main architecture style. The bearing load style and the destructed shape of reinforced flamed construction impacted by discontinuous viscous debris flow were studied systematically. Secondly, Jiangjia Ravine debris flow valley in Yunnan Province, China had been chosen as research region. Utilizing based data from fieldwork and practical survey, the authors simulated and calculated theoretically impact force of discontinuous viscous debris flow. Thirdly, an impact data collecting system （IMHE IDCS） was designed and developed to fulfill designed simulation experiments. Finally, a series of impact test of researched structure models had been fulfilled. During experiment, the destructed shape and course of models were observed and the dynamic displacement data and main natural frequency data of models were collected and analyzed.

混凝土强度等级改变下不锈钢钢筋等截面替代RC桥墩动态响应数值分析

为探究不锈钢钢筋与普通钢筋混凝土桥墩在冲击荷载下的力学行为,建立了考虑材料率效应的钢筋混凝土桥墩水平冲击数值模型,并与试验对比,验证了模型的准确性。同时,研究了当混凝土强度等级改变时,普通钢筋混凝土桥墩与等截面纵筋替代的不锈钢钢筋混凝土桥墩冲击力、位移及破坏损伤的变化规律。结果表明:混凝土强度等级影响桥墩的破坏模式,冲击力及位移响应;与普通钢筋混凝土桥墩相比,不锈钢替代后的桥墩延缓弯曲破坏的发生、减缓局部阶段刚度的退化,增强桥墩的抗冲击性能。

爆炸荷载作用下RC梁-板子结构抗连续倒塌动力效应研究

为研究爆炸荷载作用下建筑结构的抗连续倒塌性能。通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)梁-板子结构的抗连续倒塌动力效应进行研究,并对混凝土强度、钢筋配筋率和跨高比等参数进行拓展分析。研究结果表明,通过瞬间去柱模拟爆炸去柱会造成结构残余承载力和结构局部损伤程度偏保守或者偏高的后果。混凝土强度对结构的动力效应影响显著,当混凝土强度大于C40时,结构的压膜及压拱机制已足够阻止连续倒塌的发生。配筋率的提高对压拱机制抗力影响不大,但能显著提高悬链线机制的抗力。跨高比对结构抗力机制的发展有着显著的影响,降低跨高比可以提高结构压拱和压膜机制抗力,但是对悬链线机制抗力影响不大。

爆炸荷载下RC框架结构的破坏形态与其结构构件的动力响应

利用LS-DYNA软件建立了典型RC框架有限元模型,研究其在不同比例距离爆炸荷载作用下的破坏形态,对组成RC框架结构的框架柱、框架梁与楼板在最大爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应进行分析。结果表明:爆炸荷载作用下,柱第一层破坏比第二层更加严重,柱第一层破坏最严重的位置为第一排中间柱(KZ1)与第二排边柱(KZ4);梁第二层破坏比第一层更加严重,梁支座处钢筋发生屈服甚至被拉断,考虑应变率效应的钢筋应力约为其屈服应力的1.7~1.8倍;楼板第二层破坏比第一层更严重,楼板最大位移出现在距离楼板边缘1/4处而非中部,最小位移出现在楼板边缘处。