On Some Dispersed Cordaitean Cuticles from Cathaysian Flora in the Permian of China and Their Significance

Although the research on Cordaites of the Cathaysian Flora in China started early in 1883, the study of the cordaitean cuticles began late in 1991. Up to now, four types of cordaitean cuticles in situ and three types of dispersed ones have been reported from the Cathaysian Flora in China. However compared with the Euramerican Flora, the research work on cordaitean cuticles from the Cathaysian Flora in China is much more insufficient. In this paper, three kinds of dispersed cordaitean cuticles are described in detail from the Permian coal-bearing strata in China. Among these cuticles two kinds are collected from the roof shale of Coal Seam No. A(1) in Shanxi Formation (Lower Permian) in Xinzhuangzhi Coal Mine of Huainan, Anhui Province, southern border of North China Subprovince of the Cathaysian Flora in China. The third one was collected from Coal Seam No. 11 in the top of Longtan Formation (lower Upper Permian) in Dahebian Coal Mine of Shuicheng Mining District, Guizhou Province, South China Subprovince of the Cathaysian Flora in China. Comparison of these three kinds of cordaitean cuticles with the known ones from the Cathaysian Flora in China and from the Euramerican Flora is made. The authors consider that they are all new types of cordaitean cuticles. The significance they bear on palaeobotany is discussed.

Autism and Mental Retardation of Young Children in China

To understand the prevalence and rehabilitation status of autism and mental retardation in China. Methods Screening test and clinical assessment were conducted for the diagnosis of autism and mental retardation. The assessment included investigation of the histories of medical conditions and development of these two disorders, utilization and needs for the rehabilitation service, and related intellectual and behavioral appraisal. Results Among the 7345 children investigated, the prevalence of autism disorder was 1.10 cases per 1000 children aged 2-6 years （95% CI=0.34 to 2.54）, and the prevalence of mental retardation was 10.76 cases per 1000 children （95% CI=8.40 to 13.12）. All the children suffering from autistic disorder were intellectually disabled, whereas 31.0% of the non-autism mental retardates had other disabilities. The medical conditions prior to birth and perinatal period were important potential factors for autism. Half of the autistic children and 84% of the children with non-autism mental retardation had never received any rehabilitative service. Conclusions The prevalence of autistic disorder in children aged 2-6 years in Tianjin is rather high. It is urgent to improve the status of the autistic and intelligently disabled young children in China. In order to upgrade the level of early diagnostic and improve the intervention to autism and mental retardation, public awareness and training courses should be heightened.

Seasonal abundance and distribution of pelagic tunicates (Chordata: Thaliacea) in the central South China Sea

A total of 168 macro-zooplankton samples from 42 stations in the central South China Sea （12° ～20° N, 111°～118°E, an area of about 64 × 10^4 km^2 ） were collected in September 1983 （autumn） , April 1984 （spring） , August 1984 （summer） and December 1984 （winter）. Twenty-three species and subspecies of tunicates were found, of which Thalia democratica complex （including T. d. orientalis and T. d. echinata） and Doliolum denticulatum were the dominant species, and accounted for 95.7% , 90. 0%, 91.8% and 90. 5% of the total tunicates found in autumn, winter, spring and summer, respectively. The highest abundance （with a mean of 2.37 ind./m^3 ） occurred in autumn. There are strong correlations between the abundances of the tunicates and those of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration. However, tunicates also aggregate in areas with low primary production in the autumn survey, probably due to the water circulation pattern.

Case study on the first immigration of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda invading into China

The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most damaging crop pests,and it has become major threat to the food security of many countries.In order to monitor possible invasion of this pest into China,a searchlight trap was established in March 2018 in western Yunnan Province,China,where it has served as the"first station"for many pests that have migrated from Myanmar to China.A number of suspected FAW moths were captured and identified by DNA sequencing.The results showed that the FAW moth was first captured on December 11 and formed its first immigration peak in mid-December 2018.DNA detection revealed that the early invading FAW population was the"corn-strain".The field survey indicated that the pest mainly colonized corn in Pu’er,Dehong and Baoshan areas.Migration trajectory simulation implied that the moths might have mainly come from the eastern area in the mid-latitude region of Myanmar(20-25°N,94-100°E).This case study confirmed the first immigration of FAW into China,and will be helpful for guiding monitoring and management work to control this pest.

Insecticide resistance monitoring for the invasive populations of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Fall armyworm has invaded China and colonized its populations in tropical and sub-tropical regions of South China since December 2018.Chemical spray has been widely used to control the pest,which shall lead to resistance evolution.In this research,we collected five populations of the pest from Yunnan,Hainan,Tibet,and Fujian of China,and tested their susceptibilities to pyrethroid,organophosphorus,oxadiazine,diamide,antibiotics and other types of insecticides(14 insecticides totally)in the laboratory.Based on the susceptible baseline published from the previous studies,the resistance ratio was 615-1068-fold to chlorpyrifos,60-388-fold to spinosad,26-317-fold to lambda-cyhalothrin,13-29-fold to malathion,9-33-fold to fenvalerate,8-20-fold to deltamethrin,3-8-fold to emamectin benzoate and 1-2-fold to chlorantraniliprole,respectively.The median lethal concentration(LC_(50))of other six insecticides without the susceptible baselines was 148.27-220.96μgmL^(-1) for beta-cypermethrin,87.03-128.43μgmL^(-1) for chlorfenapyr,16.35-99.67μgmL^(-1) for indoxacarb,10.55-51.01μgmL^(-1) for phoxim,7.08-8.78μgmL^(-1) for M-EBI(the mixed insecticide of emamectin benzoate and indoxcarb)and 1.49-4.64μg mL^(-1) for cyantraniliprole.This study can be helpful for chemical control as well as for resistance monitoring and management of the pest in China.

Cold hardiness of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith,1797),a crop pest native to tropical and subtropical regions of America,has invaded and spread into most regions in China,posing a severe threat to China’s agriculture.The cold hardiness directly determines its geographic distribution through adapting to winter temperatures of different regions.Here,we measured supercooling points and lethal time(LT)at low temperatures of S.frugiperda.The supercooling points for developmental stages in increasing order were:adults(-15.05℃)<pupae(-13.25℃)<prepupae(-10.50℃)<larvae(-9.03℃).Among eggs and 1st to 4th in star larvae,the 99%lethal time(LT_(99))was the highest for 4th in star larvae,with 99%of larvae dying after 18.59 d at 2℃,58.72 d at 7℃,and 66.28 d at 13℃.LT_(99) was the lowest for eggs with LTgg of 5.33 d at 2℃,9.28 d at 7℃,and 12.97 d at 13℃.This study provides mn understanding of overwintering regions of S.frugiperda in China which will be helpful for population forecasting and management.

“Running China in Accordance with the Law” Ensures Development of Human Rights

I. A Review of China＇s Judicial Protection for Human Rights To effectively protect human rights, a country needs to specify in its laws a complete series of basic rights its citizens shall enjoy. Meanwhile, the legal rights for an individual citizen would be meaningless even though such rights are prescribed in laws if, when the person＇s rights are infringed upon, he or she has no access to judicial relief. Administration of justice is the last resort, in fact the most effective, means.

A little-known beetle family in China,Prionoceridae Lacordaire,1857(Coleoptera:Cleroidea)

The main diagnostic characters, taxonomic history and classification of a little-known beetle family, Prionoceridae Lacordaire, 1857 are summarised. A key to the genera is presented. A catalogue of the Chinese species in this group is provided, including literature citations and geographical distribution. New faunistic data are provided for several Chinese species, including new province records for Lobonyx guerryi （Pic, 1920）, Prionocerus bicolor Redtenbacher, 1868, P. coeruleipennis Perry, 1831, ldgia deusta Fairmaire, 1878 and I. flavirostris Pascoe, 1860.

Balancing medical innovation and affordability in the new healthcare ecosystem in China:Review of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies

The China Basic Medical Insurance Program was created in 1999 with three objectives:equal accessibility,affordability,and quality.Today,it has become the biggest medical insurance program in the world,covering 95%of China's population.Since 2015,China's healthcare ecosystem has been reshaped by increasing innovation,which has in turn been driven by regulatory reform,enhancement of research and development capability,and capital market development.There has also been improved regulatory efficiency to reduce lags in launching drugs.In 2022,nearly 20%of novel active substances launched globally were from China.China has also risen to become the second biggest contributor to innovation in terms of pipelines.Using a“fast-follow”strategy,many locally developed innovative drugs can compete with products from multinational companies in their quality and pricing.However,China's pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry will continue to face challenges in pricing and reimbursement,as well as a shortened product lifecycle with rapid price erosion.The government has already accelerated the timeline for updating the drug reimbursement list and is willing to create a high-quality medical insurance program.However,some obstacles are hard to overcome,including reimbursement for advanced therapies,limited funding and an increasing burden of disease due to an aging population.This article reviews the trajectory of medical innovation in China,including the challenges.Looking forward,balancing affordability and innovation will be critical for China to continue the trajectory of growth.The article also offers some suggestions for future policy reform,including optimizing reimbursement efficiency with a focus on highquality solutions,enhancing the value assessment framework,payer repositioning from“value buyer”to“strategic buyer”,and developing alternative market access pathways for innovative drugs.

Accordant Summit Levels (ASLs) and Their Tectonic Deformation in the Denudational Areas of the North China Rift Zone

The North China rift zone,including the North China Plain rift zone and the middle Shanxi graben-rift zone,is a continental rift;geomorphologically,its most common and important characteristics are the multiple accordant summit levels (ASLs) in the denudational area.In this study three methods based on geomorphic analysis,that is,(1) unified topographic profiles,(2) cyclic knickpoints along longitudinal river profiles,and (3) depth contours of river downcutting,are used to identify the ASLs and analyze their tectonic deformation.The formation time of the ASLs is determined by geological and geomorphological evidence,the correlation with the sedimentary facies in the Plain rift zone,and K-Ar ages of basalts on the ASLs,indicating the rates of tectonic uplift.The North China rift zone has five ASLs,of which the highest and oldest ASL I is the remnant of a fossil peneplain formed before rifting and the other four lower and younger ones are pediplain-typed formed contemporaneously with rifting.Study of

新RDA资源内容与载体类别探析

内容与载体是划分资源类型的重要标准,对于识别资源有着重要意义。RDA十分重视资源内容与载体类别的划分,新RDA在继承原有规则的基础上,强调了RDA内容与载体类型术语的编制依据,对资源的内容和载体类型进行了扩展,增加了“扩展计划”元素,明确了在RDA中提交新的内容和载体类型术语的方法与流程,彰显了RDA的可扩展性。

RDA与BIBFRAME对于丛编处理的分析

RDA和BIBFRAME为处理丛编设置了相关元素和属性,以描述丛编信息和揭示丛编关系。对于丛编信息的描述,RDA元素更丰富,描述粒度更细,RDA在载体表现中作丛编描述,BIBFRAME在丛编作品中作丛编描述;对于丛编关系的揭示,两者都设置了两组作品关系,且基本对应,但理论意义不同,RDA的丛编关系属于启发关系,而BIBFRAME的丛编关系属于部分关系。当前的BIBFRAME词表与转换工具对于丛编的处理存在不协调的问题,预期未来的BIBFRAME丛编处理方法仍将可能发生变化,以更好地适应RDA。

Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Forecasts from ECMWF in Eastern China

This study examines the spatio-temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation forecasts in eastern China from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) using the time-domain version of the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation(MODE-TD). A total of 23 heavy rainfall cases occurring between 2018 and 2021 are selected for analysis. Using Typhoon “Rumbia” as a case study, the paper illustrates how the MODE-TD method assesses the overall simulation capability of models for the life history of precipitation systems. The results of multiple tests with different parameter configurations reveal that the model underestimates the number of objects’ forecasted precipitation tracks, particularly at smaller radii. Additionally, the analysis based on centroid offset and area ratio tests for different classified precipitation objects indicates that the model performs better in predicting large-area, fast-moving, and longlifespan precipitation objects. Conversely, it tends to have less accurate predictions for small-area, slow-moving, and shortlifespan precipitation objects. In terms of temporal characteristics, the model overestimates the forecasted movement speed for precipitation objects with small-area, slow movement, or both long and short lifespans while underestimating it for precipitation with fast movement. In terms of temporal characteristics, the model tends to overestimate the forecasted movement speed for precipitation objects with small-area, slow movement, or both long and short lifespans while underestimating it for precipitation with fast movement. Overall, the model provides more accurate predictions for the duration and dissipation of precipitation objects with large-area or long-lifespan(such as typhoon precipitation) while having large prediction errors for precipitation objects with small-area or short-lifespan. Furthermore, the model’s simulation results regarding the generation of precipitation objects show that it performs relatively well in simulating the generation of large-area and fast-moving precipitation objects. However, there are significant differences in the forecasted generation of small-area and slow-moving precipitation objects after 9 hours.

The impact of Internet access on household dietary quality:Evidence from rural China

Over the past few decades,the Internet has rapidly diffused across China.The spread of the Internet has had a profound economic and social impact on Chinese rural areas.Existing research shows that Internet access significantly impacts agricultural production and improves smallholder farmers’income.Beyond these,the Internet can affect other dimensions of social welfare.However,research about the impact of Internet access on dietary quality in rural China remains scarce.This study utilizes multi-period panel data from Fixed Observation Point in rural China from 2009 to 2015 to estimate the impact of Internet access on dietary quality and food consumption of rural households and conducts a causal analysis.Regression models with time and household fixed effects allow robust estimation while reducing potential issues of unobserved heterogeneity.The estimates show that Internet access has significantly increased rural household dietary quality(measured by the Chinese Diet Balance Index).Further research finds that Internet access has increased the consumption of animal products,such as aquatic and dairy products.We also examine the underlying mechanisms.Internet access improves dietary quality and food consumption mainly through increasing household income and food expenditure.These results encourage the promotion of Internet access as a valuable tool for nutritional improvements,especially in rural areas.

Boehmeria nivea var. strigosa (Urticaceae), a new variety from Southwest China

Boehmeria nivea var.strigosa Zeng Y.Wu&Y.Zhao,a new variety of B.nivea(Urticaceae)from Southwest China,is here described based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny.This new variety is mainly characterized by its green abaxial leaf blade,partly connate stipules,and densely patent strigose hairs on stems and potioles.The phylogenetic analysis based on rbc L,nrDNA and rbc L+nrDNA datasets,revealed that all individuals of B.nivea var.strigosa formed a monophyletic group.The conservation status of B.nivea var.strigosa is assessed as“Near Threatened”(NT)according to IUCN evaluation criteria.The discovery of this new variety is not only crucial for the taxonomy of ramie,but also provides reference for the exploration and utilization of ramie.

Impacts of Future Changes in Heavy Precipitation and Extreme Drought on the Economy over South China and Indochina

Heavy precipitation and extreme drought have caused severe economic losses over South China and Indochina(INCSC)in recent decades.Given the areas with large gross domestic product(GDP)in the INCSC region are distributed along the coastline and greatly affected by global warming,understanding the possible economic impacts induced by future changes in the maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation(RX5day)and the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD)is critical for adaptation planning in this region.Based on the latest data released by phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6),future projections of precipitation extremes with bias correction and their impacts on GDP over the INCSC region under the fossil-fueled development Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP5-8.5)are investigated.Results indicate that RX5day will intensify robustly throughout the INCSC region,while CDD will lengthen in most regions under global warming.The changes in climate consistently dominate the effect on GDP over the INCSC region,rather than the change of GDP.If only considering the effect of climate change on GDP,the changes in precipitation extremes bring a larger impact on the economy in the future to the provinces of Hunan,Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong,and Hainan in South China,as well as the Malay Peninsula and southern Cambodia in Indochina.Thus,timely regional adaptation strategies are urgent for these regions.Moreover,from the sub-regional average viewpoint,over two thirds of CMIP6 models agree that maintaining a lower global warming level will reduce the economic impacts from heavy precipitation over the INCSC region.

Time-lagged Effects of the Spring Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau on Summer Precipitation in Northeast China during 1961–2020:Role of Soil Moisture

The spring atmospheric heat source(AHS)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has been suggested to affect the Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation over South China.However,its influence on the summer precipitation in Northeast China(NEC)remains unknown.The connection between spring TP AHS and subsequent summer precipitation over NEC from 1961 to 2020 is analyzed in this study.Results illustrate that stronger spring TP AHS can enhance subsequent summer NEC precipitation,and higher soil moisture in the Yellow River Valley-North China region(YRVNC)acts as a bridge.During spring,the strong TP AHS could strengthen the transportation of water vapor to East China and lead to excessive rainfall in the YRVNC.Thus,soil moisture increases,which regulates local thermal conditions by decreasing local surface skin temperature and sensible heat.Owing to the memory of soil moisture,the lower spring sensible heat over the YRVNC can last until mid-summer,decrease the land–sea thermal contrast,and weaken the southerly winds over the East Asia–western Pacific region and convective activities over the South China Sea and tropical western Pacific.This modulates the East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern,which leads to a cyclonic anomaly and excessive summer precipitation over NEC.

基于RDA的西文编目实践研究——以福建师范大学图书馆为例

[目的/意义]揭示RDA编目特点,顺应西文编目逐步从AACR2到RDA规则过渡,最终采用RDA规则编目,推进RDA应用在国内的普及和发展。[方法/过程]以福建师范大学图书馆西文编目RDA数据的本地应用和实践为例,实例分析RDA特点,依据RDA编目原则、MARC21标准格式和CALIS联合目录RDA实施声明的相关规定,以用户便利为出发点,按所见形式描述资源,总结RDA较之传统编目的优势。[结果/结论]遵循RDA编目特点,以用户查找、识别、选择、获取所需文献的重要性来确定规范目录的详简级别,准确掌握RDA核心元素和资源描述。

Availability and Affordability of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies After the New Medical Reform in Hubei Province,China

Objective In 2017,China launched a new round of medical reform(NMR)to address the inaccessibility of high-priced drugs for patients with serious diseases.This study explored the impact of the NMR on the accessibility and affordability of high-priced monoclonal antibodies(mAbs),and the effective promotion policies after the NMR.Methods We used a standard method developed by the World Health Organization to conduct two surveys on the availability of mAbs and their prices before and after the NMR in the public hospitals in Hubei province,China.By interviewing hospital pharmacy experts,we identified the potential value of the current NMR in improving the access to therapeutic mAbs.Results The average availability of 13 mAbs increased by 8.1%in the surveyed hospitals of Hubei province after the NMR.The median unit price of 10 mAbs dropped by 34.3%.The average affordability of a treatment cycle of 10 mAbs dropped from 680 days to 298 days of the disposable daily income for a middle-income resident(56.2%reduction).The drug price negotiation of medical insurance inclusion and the promotion of consistent evaluation of generic and original drugs could effectively promote the accessibility of mAbs.However,the zero markup of drug pricing and the limit on the proportion of drug revenues in public hospitals showed certain negative effects on the availability of mAbs.Conclusion Not all current NMR policies play a positive role in promoting the accessibility of mAbs.To further improve the accessibility of mAbs in the future in China,it is therefore critical to increase the investment in independent research and development of high-quality mAbs,establish localized guidelines for the rational use of mAbs in clinical practice,and have a cost-sharing mechanism for high-priced drugs with multiple stakeholders.

Differences in spring precipitation over southern China associated with multiyear La Ni?a events

Composite analyses were performed in this study to reveal the difference in spring precipitation over southern China during multiyear La Ni?a events during 1901 to 2015. It was found that there is significantly below-normal precipitation during the first boreal spring, but above-normal precipitation during the second year. The difference in spring precipitation over southern China is correlative to the variation in western North Pacific anomalous cyclone(WNPC), which can in turn be attributed to the different sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) over the Tropical Pacific. The remote forcing of negative SSTA in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and the local air-sea interaction in the western North Pacific are the usual causes of WNPC formation and maintenance.SSTA in the first spring is stronger than those in the second spring. As a result, the intensity of WNPC in the first year is stronger, which is more likely to reduce the moisture in southern China by changing the moisture transport, leading to prolonged precipitation deficits over southern China. However, the tropical SSTA signals in the second year are too weak to induce the formation and maintenance of WNPC and the below-normal precipitation over southern China. Thus, the variation in tropical SSTA signals between two consecutive springs during multiyear La Ni?a events leads to obvious differences in the spatial pattern of precipitation anomaly in southern China by causing the different WNPC response.