Meta-regression Analysis of the Chinese Labor Reallocation Effect

Meta regression analysis method was applied to study 23 papers about the effect of Chinese labor reallocation on the economic growth. The results showed that both the method of the World Bank (1996) or M.Syrquin(1986) had little impact on the results, while the calculation of the stock of physical capital had a positive impact on the results. The result by using panel data study was bigger than results obtained in the time series data. The time span had little influences on the results. Therefore, it was necessary to measure the exact stock of physical capital in China, so as to evaluate the Chinese labor reallocation

Power Reallocation and Complexity Enhancement for Beyond 4G Systems

Competitiveness in the modern wireless systems’provided services is a key factor in the development,in addition to the adaptation to/harmonization of user demand.Therefore,this paper discussed the quality of services from the point of view of the need for supporting the needed data rates.For this purpose,a benchmark based on Multi-Antenna Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing has been proposed to compatible with Ultra-Wideband systems such as the fifth generation based technologies.In order to enhance the system quality of service,the structure of the ultra-wideband system’s main stage;namely Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing has been modified by imposing a low complexity designed Haar-wavelets stage instead of the fast Fourier transform stage.This is in addition to reallocate the transmitted power in order to reduce the effect of one of the main drawbacks that is found in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing;namely the peak-to-average power ratio problem.A MATLAB simulation has been performed in order to validate the propositions that have been made based on six different performance factors.As a result,the new propositions were achieved our targets by reducing the system’s complexity in terms of mathematical operations and by giving promising results in managing the transmitted powers.Furthermore,the effectiveness of such work has been verified and compared with four different work in the literature。

Component reallocation and system replacement maintenance based on availability and cost in series systems

Component reallocation(CR)is receiving increasing attention in many engineering systems with functionally interchangeable and unbalanced degradation components.This paper studies a CR and system replacement maintenance policy of series repairable systems,which undergoes minimal repairs for each emergency failure of components,and considers constant downtime and cost of minimal repair,CR and system replacement.Two binary mixed integer nonlinear programming models are respectively established to determine the assignment of CR,and the uptime right before CR and system replacement with the objective of minimizing the system average maintenance cost and maximizing the system availability.Further,we derive the optimal uptime right before system replacement with maximization of the system availability,and then give the relationship between the system availability and the component failure rate.Finally,numerical examples show that the CR and system replacement maintenance policy can effectively reduce the system average maintenance cost and improve the system availability,and further give the sensitivity analysis and insights of the CR and system replacement maintenance policy.

Crosstalk Aware Register Reallocation Method for Green Compilation

As nanoscale processing becomes the mainstream in IC manufacturing,the crosstalk problem rises as a serious challenge,not only for energy-efficiency and performance but also for security requirements.In this paper,we propose a register reallocation algorithm called Nearby Access based Register Reallocation(NARR)to reduce the crosstalk between instruction buses.The method includes construction of the software Nearby Access Aware Interference Graph(NAIG),using data flow analysis at assembly level,and reallocation of the registers to the software.Experimental results show that the crosstalk could be dramatically minimized,especially for 4C crosstalk,with a reduction of 80.84%in average,and up to 99.99%at most.

China’s factor reallocation effect considering energy

Decomposing growth rate of total factor productivity(TFP)into internal growth effect and the effect of factor reallocation formed by the flow of capital,labor and energy between sectors,we took 23 subsectors as the research object and adopted the multi-sector growth accounting framework(MSGAF)to verify the‘structural bonus hypothesis’from 2005 to 2017.The study drew the following conclusions:First,internal growth effect represented by sectoral technology progress was still the main contributor to TFP growth of the overall economy,but the contribution rate had decreased.Second,the reallocation effect of capital changed from structural burden to structural bonus.Third,the reallocation effect of labor showed a trend of first rising and then falling,changing from structural bonus to structural burden.Forth,the effect of energy reallocation was gradually emerging,with a shift from structural burden to structural bonus.Based on these research results,we argue that more attention should be paid to the efficiency of factor reallocation in addition to the technology progress.The inefficiency of factor reallocation caused by imperfect market and asymmetric information would partially offset the effect of technology progress and hinder the high-quality economic development.In view of the reallocation of capital,labor and energy,we propose the following suggestions:For capital,macro-control and market mechanism should be comprehensively accounted for.Further,capital must be allocated per the principle of profit maximization to ensure that its elasticity and allocation efficiency will be improved.The reallocation of labor should not only be limited to the 3-sector level.More attention should be paid to the marginal output differences within the secondary sector.For energy,attention should be paid to the elasticity of energy output between sectors to avoid inefficient allocation.It is also necessary to accelerate the phase-out of industries with high energy consumption and high pollution,promote the development of low energy industries to encourage‘energy conservation and emission reduction’as well as‘green development’by increasing the effect of energy reallocation.

Galactosylation of rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅱ for cell wall pectin biosynthesis is critical for root apoplastic iron reallocation in Arabidopsis

Apoplastic iron(Fe)in roots represents an essential Fe storage pool.Reallocation of apoplastic Fe is of great importance to plants experiencing Fe deprivation,but how this reallocation process is regulated remains elusive,likely because of the highly complex cell wall structure and the limited knowledge about cell wall biosynthesis and modulation.Here,we present genetic and biochemical evidence to demonstrate that the Cdi-mediated galactosylation of rhamnogalacturonan-II(RG-II)is required for apoplastic Fe reallocation.Cdi is expressed in roots and up-regulated in response to Fe deficiency.It encodes a putative glycosyltransferase localized to the Golgi apparatus.Biochemical and mass spectrometry assays showed that Cdi catalyzes the transfer of GDP-L-galactose to the terminus of side chain A on RG-II.Disruption of Cdi essentially decreased RG-II dimerization and hence disrupted cell wall formation,as well as the reallocation of apoplastic Fe from roots to shoots.Further transcriptomic,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and Fe desorption kinetic analyses coincidently suggested that Cdi mediates apoplastic Fe reallocation through extensive modulation of cell wall components and consequently the Fe adsorption capacity of the cell wall.Our study provides direct evidence demonstrating a link between cell wall biosynthesis and apoplastic Fe reallocation,thus indicating that the structure of the cell wall is important for efficient usage of the cell wall Fe pool.

The Effect of Land Reallocation on Off-Farm Employments in Rural China

Could land reallocation partially explain the decision of off-farm employment of farmers in rural China? Using an individual-level survey data,we find that there is no effect of land reallocation on the individuals' decision on off-farm employments.However,there is a robust negative effect of land reallocation on the amount of time that villagers devote to off-farm work.The first result is attributed to the large earnings difference between farm and nonfarm work;the second result is attributed to the fact that village leaders reallocate land from households short of farm labor to households that farm intensively.

Study on Cleaner Production Subsidies, Income Distribution Imbalance and Carbon Emissions Permit Reallocation Mechanism

The allocation mechanism for carbon emissions permit(CEP)is an institutional guarantee for advancing the development of China’s unified carbon trading market.The initial allocation of carbon quotas fails to solve new inequalities stemming from subsidizing cleaner production.This paper constructs a theoretical framework that describes China’s progressive decline in carbon intensity,calculates the equilibrium solution on the neoclassical saddle point path using the shooting method,and studies the income distribution imbalance caused by cleaner production subsidies and the reallocation mechanism of carbon emissions permit The main conclusion is that the incremental cleaner production subsidy policy meets the goal of maximizing welfare on the saddle point path,but it may lead to over-investment in the clean sector,thus causing the income distribution imbalance among entities.Further research suggests that the amount of carbon emissions permit acquired by the clean sector should be higher than the actual emissions in the trading market and that,as the cleaner support increases,the share of carbon emissions permit acquired by the sector should be constantly increased through reallocation mechanism.This helps achieve the Pareto improvement in all parties’economic benefi ts.

A Large-Scale Scheduling Method for Multiple Agile Optical Satellites

This study investigates the scheduling problem ofmultiple agile optical satelliteswith large-scale tasks.This problem is difficult to solve owing to the time-dependent characteristic of agile optical satellites,complex constraints,and considerable solution space.To solve the problem,we propose a scheduling method based on an improved sine and cosine algorithm and a task merging approach.We first establish a scheduling model with task merging constraints and observation action constraints to describe the problem.Then,an improved sine and cosine algorithm is proposed to search for the optimal solution with the maximum profit ratio.An adaptive cosine factor and an adaptive greedy factor are adopted to improve the algorithm.Besides,a taskmerging method with a task reallocation mechanism is developed to improve the scheduling efficiency.Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the comparison algorithms.

Distributed Filtering Algorithm Based on Tunable Weights Under Untrustworthy Dynamics

Aiming at effective fusion of a system state estimate of sensor network under attack in an untrustworthy environment, distributed filtering algorithm based on tunable weights is proposed. Considering node location and node influence over the network topology, a distributed filtering algorithm is developed to evaluate the certainty degree firstly. Using the weight reallocation approach, the weights of the attacked nodes are assigned to other intact nodes to update the certainty degree, and then the weight composed by the certainty degree is used to optimize the consensus protocol to update the node estimates. The proposed algorithm not only improves accuracy of the distributed filtering,but also enhances consistency of the node estimates. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Coordinated Expression of Cytosolic and Chloroplastic Glutamine Synthetase During Reproductive Stage and Its Impact in GS1 RNAi Transgenic Rice

To understand the reallocation of organic nitrogen from leaf to the flower head of rice, the role of glutamine synthetase （GS） was investigated by characterizing GS1 RNAi transgenic rice, which revealed a significant reduction in panicle number and number of seeds per panicle. We observed the expression of GS isotypes at transcriptional and protein levels in flag leaves, leaf sheaths and panicles at three different flower development stages. The mRNA expression of GS1;1 was clearly suppressed in flag leaves, especially at the flowering stage. GS1 protein was barely detectable in flag leaves until the flowering stage, while GS1 protein was compromised in the leaf sheath and panicle, with transient expression of GS2 protein at the flowering stage. The glutamine level in transgenic plants was significantly reduced in both flag leaves and panicles, but ammonium was highly accumulated. The level of other amino acids, including aspartate and asparagine, tended to be higher in RNAi transgenic plants than the wild type plants during the reproductive stage. In addition, accumulation of toxic ammonium in panicles with low glutamine level might have caused low seed-setting in the transgenic rice. These results indicated that nitrogen reallocation was critical for panicle development, and that multiple GS isotypes functioned cooperatively to complete the rice life cycle when leaf nitrogen was remobilized to the developing reproductive organs.

Impacts of environmental problems on the innovation of enterprises

Entering an industrial civilized society,environmental problems have become increasingly prominent.Not only have the number of disasters increased,but the types of disasters have also increased,and the overall losses caused by human disasters have increased significantly.Will the increasingly prominent environmental problems affect the innovation of enterprises?To answer this question,this paper analyzes the impact of environmental problems on the innovation of enterprises from two aspects of technological innovation and management innovation,and puts forward the cost reallocation effect,technology innovation effect,reallocation effect of human resource,and management innovation effect.

Regaining China's Resource Reallocative Efficiency to Boost Growth

The structural changes that the Chinese economy has been experiencing since its working-age population began to decline pose challenges for its further growth.First,as it loses its comparative advantage in labor-intensive activities,the share of manufacturing in its GDP has shrunk.Second,unproductive enterprises that are reluctant to exit the market tend to seek policy protection,which leads to the immobility of resource allocation.Third,the reallocation of the labor force from the highly productive manufacturing sector to the low-productivity service sector leads to the degradation of resource allocation.The inadequate exploitation of the potential of resource reallocation implies that the decline in manufacturing is premature.It is therefore important to combine market competition policy,industrial policy,and social protection policy to stabilize the development of manufacturing.

Sustainability of China＇s Growth Model A Productivity Perspective

In the present paper, the debate on China＇s growth sustainability is first revisited by highlighting the importance of total factor productivity （TFP）. China ＂s TFP performance is then assessed by applying the Jorgensonian aggregate production possibility frontier framework to the latest version of the China lndustry Productivity （CIP） database. We find that of China＇s 8.9-percent annual GDP growth over the period 1980-2012, 7. 0 percentage points （ppts） could be attributed to the growth of labor productivity and 1.9 ppts to the increase in hours worked. Nevertheless, the labor productivity growth is found to be heavily dependent on capital deepening （5.7） rather than TFP growth （0.8）. Notably, the TFP growth turned negative over 2007-2012, which brings into question the sustainability of China＇s growth. Besides, industries that are less prone to state intervention show faster TFP growth than those controlled by the state. Incorporating the Domar aggregation scheme into our model, we further reveal that two-thirds of the TFP growth originates from within industries and the remainder is attributed to a net factor reallocation effect in which labor plays a positive role, whereas capital appears to behave irrationally. Finally, using a revised Maddison-Wu approach to address the potential flaws in official statistics, we arrive at an annual growth rate of 7.2 percent, or 1.7-ppts slower than the 8.9percent obtained based on the CIP data reconstructed using the official national accounts.

The Stagnant Export Upgrading in Northeast China:Evidence from Value-added Tax Reform

China's 2004 value-added tax(VAT)pilot reform in the Northeast region,which changed the VAT from production type to consumption type,introduced a sizable tax credit for fixed investment in manufacturing industries,leading to more investment and higher productivity at firm level.This paper,however,uses difference-in-difference estimation and finds a negative structural effect;that is,the VAT pilot reform leads to a reduction in the export sophistication of Northeast cities relative to other cities in China,and the results hold for a battery of robustness checks.It is found that resources are reallocated towards less-sophisticated industries.As the products with higher export sophistication are more skill and research and development(R&D)intensive,the shortfalls of skilled labor and R&D spending hinder the upgrading process.With a new round of revitalization plans in the Northeast,policymakers should be cautious with similar structural effects and focus on increasing skilled labor supply and R&D investment.

FIDER: A Force-Balance-Based Interconnect Delay Driven Re-Synthesis Algorithm for Data-Path Optimization After Floorplan

As the feature size of integrated circuits is reduced to the deep sub-micron level or the nanometer level, the interconnect delay is becoming more and more important in determining the total delay of a circuit. Re-synthesis after floorplan is expected to be very helpful for reducing the interconnect delay of a circuit. In this paper, a force-balance-based re-synthesis algorithm for interconnect delay optimization after floorplan is proposed. The algorithm optimizes the interconnect delay by changing the operation scheduling and the functional unit allocation and binding. With this method the number and positions of all functional units are not changed, but some operations are allocated or bound to different units. Preliminary experimental results show that the interconnect wire delays are reduced efficiently without destroying the floorplan performance.

Estimation of China’s Industry-Level TFP and Analysis of Growth Drivers

By examining how China’s total factor productivity(TFP)evolved over time on the industry level,we can help determine where China should head for in a new era featured by a shift from old to new growth drivers and promote high-quality economic development.Based on consistent and comparable data of input and output,this paper measures total factor productivity on the industry level through growth accounting method and then estimate the overall productivity of the entire economy with aggregate production possibility frontier(APPF)and cross-industry direct aggregation.On this basis,China’s growth drivers are analyzed.Results show that from 1985 to 2015,capital input was the top contributor to China’s economic growth and TFP also played an important role.Up to 70 percent of the aggregate TFP growth could be attributed to increases in industrial TFP,while the remaining 30 percent came from improved cross-industrial resource allocation.

TWO-WAY ROAD NETWORK DESIGN PROBLEM WITH VARIABLE LANES

This paper studies a new form of transportation network design problem. In urban transportation network, unreasonable phenomenon can occur in certain traffic period （e.g. on/off duty period）, which demonstrates that the flows of opposite directions on a two-way road are seriously asymmetric; one traffic link of a two-way road congest heavily but the other is hardly used. In order to reduce transportation congestion and make full use of the existing road resources, we propose a lane reallocating approach in peak period, and establish a discrete hi-level programming model for the decision-making. Then, based on particle swarm optimization （PSO） technique, a heuristic solution algorithm for the hi-level model is designed. Finally, the lane reallocating approach is demonstrated through a simple transportation network.