Energy Internet:Redefinition and categories

The concept of‘Energy Internet’(EI)has been widely accepted by both academic and industry experts after more than a decade of development.Since it was proposed,EI has been discussed and applied to many technical works in power and energy areas.Some specific definitions were proposed for EI by those who have applied it to respective fields of engineering,but a comprehensive and widely accepted definition of EI is still being debated.In this paper,we propose the redefinition of EI,based on a comprehensive literature review,some latest trends and driving forces in the global energy industry,as well as its development in the past decade.In addition,we summarise the EI framework and features for future applications,where EI is categorised by its scale into local‐and wide‐area applications to manifest its effectiveness in power and energy.

Nonlinear finite time attitude control of flexible spacecraft based on a novel output redefinition method

A finite time attitude controller is designed for a flexible spacecraft based on a novel output redefinition method, in this paper. To make the flexible appendages vibration suppression effective, the appendage tip-point is selected as the output. First, a novel output redefinition method is proposed to overcome the non-minimum phase property of the dynamic model. The proposed method not only makes the system model minimum phase but also improves the attitude control system performance. Consequently, the precise attitude pointing and stabilization are achieved.Then, a nonlinear finite time H∞controller is designed based on the backstepping approach. For the situation where the modal variables measurements are not available, a modal observer is also designed. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of the model uncertainties and environmental disturbances.

Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. Furthermore, every equation can also be explained in terms of the Avogadro number and the number of electrons at 1 C. We show that every equation can be described in terms of the Planck constant. Then, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force can be uniquely determined with the assumption of minimum mass. In this report, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Thus, there are no dimension mismatch problems.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease:New nomenclature and approach with hot debate

An international panel recently proposed an update to the terminology and diagnostic criteria for fatty liver disease.The experts proposed a change in the nomenclature from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)to metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).This single-letter change,we believe,heralds the dawn of a new era in clinical practice and in clinical and basic research as well.The new nomenclature with the easily applicable approach has stimulated the enthusiasm of the researchers worldwide,resulting in a large number of publications over the past two years.Several recent studies have provided tremendous evidence of the superiority of the MAFLD criteria over the NAFLD criteria.Many studies in different geographic areas of the world including the United States,Europe,and Asia on a large number of patients proved that the utility of MAFLD criteria was higher than that of the NAFLD criteria in different aspects of fatty liver diseases.Consequently,many societies,physician and nurse groups,health stakeholders,representatives of regulatory sciences,and others endorsed the new nomenclature.Here we highlight the endorsement of the new name by different societies and groups and the outcome of different studies on the new nomenclature in addition to a short discussion of the debate by some experts.

Neural Network Based Feedback Linearization Control of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

This paper presents a flight control design for an unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） using a nonlinear autoregressive moving average （NARMA-L2） neural network based feedback linearization and output redefinition technique. The UAV investigated is non- minimum phase. The output redefinition technique is used in such a way that the resulting system to be inverted is a minimum phase system. The NARMA-L2 neural network is trained off-line for forward dynamics of the UAV model with redefined output and is then inverted to force the real output to approximately track a command input. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches have good performance.

Transition of an acronym from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a global public health concern owing to its substantial contribution to chronic liver diseases.The disease is closely linked to metabolic syndrome(MS),suggesting a common biological pathway and shared disease mechanism for both ailments.Previous studies revealed a close relationship of NAFLD with the components of MS including abdominal obesity,dyslipidemia,hypertension,and hyperglycemia.Hence,a group of experts recently renamed NAFLD as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)in order to encompass a more appropriate pathogenesis of the disease.NAFLD was first named to describe a condition similar to alcoholic hepatitis in absence of significant alcohol consumption.However,knowledge pertaining to the etiopathogenesis of the disease has evolved over the past four decades.Recent evidence endorses NAFLD as a terminology of exclusion and suggests that it may often leads to misdiagnosis or inappropriate management of patients,particularly in clinical practice.On the other hand,the new definition is useful in addressing hepatic steatosis with metabolic dysfunction,which ultimately covers most of the patients with such illness.Therefore,it seems to be helpful in improving clinical diagnosis and managing high-risk patients with fatty liver disease.However,it is imperative to validate the new terminology at the population level to ensure a holistic approach to reduce the global burden of this heterogeneous disease condition.

Currency Systems and Their Role in Entering and Leaving the Economic Crisis

The paper focuses on a comparison of two contrasting approaches： having a single universal currency in a given fiscal area or supporting a concurrent presence of more competing currencies of different types. A systemic analysis （based on studying both conventional and unorthodox literature） of the modern monetary system points out that the very type of money that is used suffers internal errors that make a crisis inevitable. The indebtedness is systemic and unavoidable in a currency that is issued as a liability. Parallel currencies are proposed as a general solution. A specific solution, including a redefined national currency, is offered too, with an outline of its possible experimental verification. Such a system could help to prevent the next economic crisis, mitigate it, or at least facilitate its leaving. The paper also deals with criticism that is held against the idea of concurrent currencies.

Adaptive tracking control for air-breathing hypersonic vehicles with state constraints

We investigate the adaptive tracking problem for the longitudinal dynamics of state-constrained airbreathing hypersonic vehicles, where not only the velocity and the altitude, but also the angle of attack(AOA) is required to be tracked. A novel indirect AOA tracking strategy is proposed by viewing the pitch angle as a new output and devising an appropriate pitch angle reference trajectory. Then based on the redefined outputs(i.e., the velocity,the altitude, and the pitch angle), a modified backstepping design is proposed where the barrier Lyapunov function is used to solve the state-constrained control problem and the control gain of this class of systems is unknown.Stability analysis is given to show that the tracking ob jective is achieved, all the closed-loop signals are bounded,and all the states always satisfy the given constraints. Finally, numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Information retrieval:a view from the Chinese IR community

During a two day strategic workshop in February 2018,22 information retrieval researchers met to discuss the future challenges and opportunities within the field.The outcome is a list of potential research directions,project ideas,and challenges.This report describes the major conclusions we have obtained during the workshop.A key result is that we need to open our mind to embrace a broader IR field by rethink the definition of information,retrieval,user,system,and evaluation of IR.By providing detailed discussions on these topics,this report is expected to inspire our IR researchers in both academia and industry,and help the future growth of the IR research community.