Described in this paper are the characteristics of tetrad effects of REE in rare-metal granites.Based on the analytical data and experimental geochemical data available,it is pointed out that the tetrad effects of REE...Described in this paper are the characteristics of tetrad effects of REE in rare-metal granites.Based on the analytical data and experimental geochemical data available,it is pointed out that the tetrad effects of REE in the granites are produced in the metal-fluid system.Intense fractional crystallization of granitic melt(containing REE accessary minerals)and its interaction with volatile-rich(F,Cl)fluid are the major factors leading to the tetrad effects of REE.From this,this paper presents a composite genetic model for high-degree fractional crystallization-volatile-rich fluid metasomatism of rare-metal granites.With the model,quantitative calculations have been made.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that the tetrad effects of REE can be used as an important indicator to distinguish mineralized granites from barren ones.展开更多
Study of the concentration of major,trace,and rare earth elements(REE)in the Shahindezh karst bauxite deposit,northwestern Iran clarifies the relationship of the tetrad effect with geochemical parameters in the bauxit...Study of the concentration of major,trace,and rare earth elements(REE)in the Shahindezh karst bauxite deposit,northwestern Iran clarifies the relationship of the tetrad effect with geochemical parameters in the bauxite ores.The existence of irregular curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns as well as non-CHARAC behavior of geochemically isovalent pairs(Y/Ho)are related to the tetrad effect.The meaningful positive correlation between the sizes of the calculated T3 tetrad effect and some geochemical factors such as Y/Ho,ΣREE,La/Y,(La/Yb)N,and(LREE/HREE)N as well as some major oxides-based parameters like Al2O3+LOI/SiO2+Fe2O3,Al2O3/Fe2O3,Al2O3+LOI,IOL,and SiO2+Fe2O3indicate that the studied bauxite horizon was likely deposited by different(acidic and/or alkalic)solutions at different stages.The lower part of the studied horizon with a thickness of^4.7 m displays alkali characteristics whereas the upper parts of the horizon with a thickness of^5.3 m are characterized by more acidic conditions.These results are fully supported by the co-occurrence of convex-concave tetrad effect curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns.Therefore,the tetrad effect phenomenon used in this study has proved to be a good and reliable geochemical proxy to assess the conditions of the depositional environment in the Shahindezh bauxite ores.展开更多
A new type of REE tetrad effect,a composite M-and W-type,was recognized in the K-feldsparthized and silicificated Shuiquangou alkaline syenites,Dongping,Hebei Province.Different analytical methods such as ICP-MS and i...A new type of REE tetrad effect,a composite M-and W-type,was recognized in the K-feldsparthized and silicificated Shuiquangou alkaline syenites,Dongping,Hebei Province.Different analytical methods such as ICP-MS and isotopic dilution thermal ion mass spectrometer were exploited to verify the REE concentrations of the samples in three laboratories in China,France and Korea.The results are reliable and consistent within errors.In situ quantitative analysis of REE concentrations of individual zircons and apatites extracted from the very same sample has shown that fractional crystallization of magma and the superimposed hydrothermal alteration might have taken place in at least two-stage hydrothermal activities to generate the composite M-and W-type REE tetrad effect.The coexisting melt and aqueous phases,the superimposed alteration by volatile(Cl,CO2) -and Si,K, Al-enriched high temperature hydrothermal fluids might be the important facts for this new MW-type of REE tetrad effect.In addition,the peculiar MW-type tetrad effect might be an indicator for Au mineralization of reworked plutons.展开更多
The Hizeh-Jan kaolin deposit(northwest of Varzeghan, East-Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran) is a product of the alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyro...The Hizeh-Jan kaolin deposit(northwest of Varzeghan, East-Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran) is a product of the alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyrophyllite, muscovite-illite, alunite, calcite, diaspore, goethite and hematite are the most abundant mineral phases in this deposit. The geochemical indicators, such as Y/Ho and Zr/Hf, indicate the non-CHARAC(non-Charge-radius control) behavior of these pairs, which are likely to be due to the occurrence of the tetrad effect phenomenon in this deposit. Simultaneous concave and convex shapes in the chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns are a remarkable feature of the kaolin samples. Bivariate diagrams of the size of the third tetrad effect(T_3) versus geochemical parameters such as Y/Ho, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios display two distinct populations for the kaolin samples. The first population is characterized by high T_3 values(>0.13), which are near or on the fault zone. The second population is characterized by low T_3 values(<0.13), and are farther from the fault zone. The obtained results from the geochemical data have furnished compelling evidence that fluidrock interaction, overprint of hypogene processes by supergene ones, and structural control, are key controlling factors for the occurrence of tetrad effects in REE distribution patterns in the Hizeh-Jan kaolin deposit.展开更多
The muscovite granites at the study area are being emplaced into biotite granites and ophiolitic mélange settings. They occur in four exposures namely;Umm Seleimat, Sikait, Umm El Kheran and Umm Addebaa exposure....The muscovite granites at the study area are being emplaced into biotite granites and ophiolitic mélange settings. They occur in four exposures namely;Umm Seleimat, Sikait, Umm El Kheran and Umm Addebaa exposure. The presence of garnet and muscovite flakes may reflect the peraluminous nature of the studied muscovite granites. Petrographically, the studied granites are mostly subsolvus and consist of plagioclase, K-feldspars, quartz, muscovite and biotite. Garnet, zircon, allanite and opaques are accessories. The textural features of these granites are expressed by bent plagioclase lamellae, distorted microcline twinning, deformed mica flakes and development of myrmekite and recrystallization of feldspars into fine-grained aggregates. Umm Seleimat and Sikait exposures are more differentiated due to the presence of high content of K-feldspar and LREEs. The REE budget decreased from Umm Seleimat-Sikait exposures to Umm El Kheran-Umm Addebaa exposures as (514.5 - 495.6) to (195.9 - 197.7), respectively. Umm Seleimat-Sikait exposures have lower HREE/LREE (0.12 - 0.67), relative to Umm El Kheran-Umm Addebaa exposures (0.99 - 2.06). The studied granites revealed that the chondrite normalized REE patterns are the normal M-type of tetrad effect, where TE1,3 tetrad effect is higher than 1 in all samples which implies that there was an interaction between melt and water-haloid-rich fluid when these granites are crystallized from magma. Spectrometric values of Umm Seleimat and Umm Addebaa indicate that U content is more than Th content. Applying the U mobilization equation proved that the studied granites have been originated from a late magmatic phase of magma very rich in radioelements, also the majority of measurements lie above the zero line indicating that the studied granites affected with hydrothermal solutions rich in uranium than thorium which indicates uranium addition.展开更多
Intrusion of quartz-monzodioritic igneous bodies of Oligocene age into Eocene lithic crystal tufts and trachy-basalts resulted in the occurrence of a widespread argillic alteration zone in the Jizvan district （northe...Intrusion of quartz-monzodioritic igneous bodies of Oligocene age into Eocene lithic crystal tufts and trachy-basalts resulted in the occurrence of a widespread argillic alteration zone in the Jizvan district （northern Iran）. Mineralogically, the argillie alteration zone includes minerals such as kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyrophyllite, muscovite-illite, alunite, rutile, calcite, feldspar, chlorite, hematite and goethite. Therefore, the non-CHARAC behaviour for trace elements in the argillic samples is reflected in the non-chondritic Y/Ho and Zr/Hf ratios and the irregular REE patterns, which appear related to the tetrad effect phenomenon. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns indicate both concave （W-shaped） and convex （M-shaped） tetrad effects in the argillic samples. Based on the field evidence and the results from geochemical studies, it can be concluded that the samples from the argillic alteration zone having high fourth tetrad effect values （〉0.30） were developed in the fault and breccia zones. The results indicate that factors such as preferential scavenging by Mn-oxides, crystallization of clay minerals, fluid-rock interaction, overprint of hypogene mineral assemblage by supergene ones, and the structural control, have all played an important role in the occurrence of tetrad effects in samples of the argillic zone in the Jizvan district.展开更多
The southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt—about 30 km southwest of Abu-Ramad city—is mainly covered by ophiolitic rocks(Sul Hamed), island arc assemblage, younger granites(muscovite granites of Qash Amer and ...The southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt—about 30 km southwest of Abu-Ramad city—is mainly covered by ophiolitic rocks(Sul Hamed), island arc assemblage, younger granites(muscovite granites of Qash Amer and two mica granites of El Sela), and various acidic and basic dikes. Field, petrological, and geochemical studies indicate that the El Sela shear zone has been subject to hydrothermal and supergene alteration such as kaolinization, albitization, sericitization, and hematitization. It is invaded by quartz ENE–WSW veins associated with hydrothermal alteration accompanied by radioactive mineralization. The investigated younger granitic rocks had very low contents of compatible elements, such as Cr, Ni,and Co; and high contents of incompatible elements, such as Zr, and large ion lithophiles, such as Sr, especially in the El Sela shear zone. Major oxide and trace element analyses revealed calc-alkaline affinity and peraluminous character.These highly differentiated granitic rocks' lower Zr/Hf and higher Y/Ho than the normal ratio are consistent with hydrothermal alteration. Most samples had rare earth element(REE)-patterns with an M-type tetrad effect in the first and fourth segments and a W-type tetrad in the third segment. The average ∑REE in the studied granites was lower than the world granite average; the ratio of light to heavy REEs greater. The main radioactive, uranium-bearing, and uraniferous Fe and Mn minerals are uranothorite,autunite, uranophane and autunite as compounds, kasolite,columbite, xenotime, uranophane-bearing zircon and jarosite, silver-bearing pyrite, hematite, and autunite-bearing pyrolusite.展开更多
文摘Described in this paper are the characteristics of tetrad effects of REE in rare-metal granites.Based on the analytical data and experimental geochemical data available,it is pointed out that the tetrad effects of REE in the granites are produced in the metal-fluid system.Intense fractional crystallization of granitic melt(containing REE accessary minerals)and its interaction with volatile-rich(F,Cl)fluid are the major factors leading to the tetrad effects of REE.From this,this paper presents a composite genetic model for high-degree fractional crystallization-volatile-rich fluid metasomatism of rare-metal granites.With the model,quantitative calculations have been made.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that the tetrad effects of REE can be used as an important indicator to distinguish mineralized granites from barren ones.
基金supported financially by the Research Bureau of Urmia University
文摘Study of the concentration of major,trace,and rare earth elements(REE)in the Shahindezh karst bauxite deposit,northwestern Iran clarifies the relationship of the tetrad effect with geochemical parameters in the bauxite ores.The existence of irregular curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns as well as non-CHARAC behavior of geochemically isovalent pairs(Y/Ho)are related to the tetrad effect.The meaningful positive correlation between the sizes of the calculated T3 tetrad effect and some geochemical factors such as Y/Ho,ΣREE,La/Y,(La/Yb)N,and(LREE/HREE)N as well as some major oxides-based parameters like Al2O3+LOI/SiO2+Fe2O3,Al2O3/Fe2O3,Al2O3+LOI,IOL,and SiO2+Fe2O3indicate that the studied bauxite horizon was likely deposited by different(acidic and/or alkalic)solutions at different stages.The lower part of the studied horizon with a thickness of^4.7 m displays alkali characteristics whereas the upper parts of the horizon with a thickness of^5.3 m are characterized by more acidic conditions.These results are fully supported by the co-occurrence of convex-concave tetrad effect curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns.Therefore,the tetrad effect phenomenon used in this study has proved to be a good and reliable geochemical proxy to assess the conditions of the depositional environment in the Shahindezh bauxite ores.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40773018)the National Basic Research Program of China(2006CB403504)This is contribution No.IS-1124 from GIGCAS
文摘A new type of REE tetrad effect,a composite M-and W-type,was recognized in the K-feldsparthized and silicificated Shuiquangou alkaline syenites,Dongping,Hebei Province.Different analytical methods such as ICP-MS and isotopic dilution thermal ion mass spectrometer were exploited to verify the REE concentrations of the samples in three laboratories in China,France and Korea.The results are reliable and consistent within errors.In situ quantitative analysis of REE concentrations of individual zircons and apatites extracted from the very same sample has shown that fractional crystallization of magma and the superimposed hydrothermal alteration might have taken place in at least two-stage hydrothermal activities to generate the composite M-and W-type REE tetrad effect.The coexisting melt and aqueous phases,the superimposed alteration by volatile(Cl,CO2) -and Si,K, Al-enriched high temperature hydrothermal fluids might be the important facts for this new MW-type of REE tetrad effect.In addition,the peculiar MW-type tetrad effect might be an indicator for Au mineralization of reworked plutons.
基金supported financially by the Research Bureau of Urmia University
文摘The Hizeh-Jan kaolin deposit(northwest of Varzeghan, East-Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran) is a product of the alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyrophyllite, muscovite-illite, alunite, calcite, diaspore, goethite and hematite are the most abundant mineral phases in this deposit. The geochemical indicators, such as Y/Ho and Zr/Hf, indicate the non-CHARAC(non-Charge-radius control) behavior of these pairs, which are likely to be due to the occurrence of the tetrad effect phenomenon in this deposit. Simultaneous concave and convex shapes in the chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns are a remarkable feature of the kaolin samples. Bivariate diagrams of the size of the third tetrad effect(T_3) versus geochemical parameters such as Y/Ho, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios display two distinct populations for the kaolin samples. The first population is characterized by high T_3 values(>0.13), which are near or on the fault zone. The second population is characterized by low T_3 values(<0.13), and are farther from the fault zone. The obtained results from the geochemical data have furnished compelling evidence that fluidrock interaction, overprint of hypogene processes by supergene ones, and structural control, are key controlling factors for the occurrence of tetrad effects in REE distribution patterns in the Hizeh-Jan kaolin deposit.
文摘The muscovite granites at the study area are being emplaced into biotite granites and ophiolitic mélange settings. They occur in four exposures namely;Umm Seleimat, Sikait, Umm El Kheran and Umm Addebaa exposure. The presence of garnet and muscovite flakes may reflect the peraluminous nature of the studied muscovite granites. Petrographically, the studied granites are mostly subsolvus and consist of plagioclase, K-feldspars, quartz, muscovite and biotite. Garnet, zircon, allanite and opaques are accessories. The textural features of these granites are expressed by bent plagioclase lamellae, distorted microcline twinning, deformed mica flakes and development of myrmekite and recrystallization of feldspars into fine-grained aggregates. Umm Seleimat and Sikait exposures are more differentiated due to the presence of high content of K-feldspar and LREEs. The REE budget decreased from Umm Seleimat-Sikait exposures to Umm El Kheran-Umm Addebaa exposures as (514.5 - 495.6) to (195.9 - 197.7), respectively. Umm Seleimat-Sikait exposures have lower HREE/LREE (0.12 - 0.67), relative to Umm El Kheran-Umm Addebaa exposures (0.99 - 2.06). The studied granites revealed that the chondrite normalized REE patterns are the normal M-type of tetrad effect, where TE1,3 tetrad effect is higher than 1 in all samples which implies that there was an interaction between melt and water-haloid-rich fluid when these granites are crystallized from magma. Spectrometric values of Umm Seleimat and Umm Addebaa indicate that U content is more than Th content. Applying the U mobilization equation proved that the studied granites have been originated from a late magmatic phase of magma very rich in radioelements, also the majority of measurements lie above the zero line indicating that the studied granites affected with hydrothermal solutions rich in uranium than thorium which indicates uranium addition.
基金supported financially by the Research Bureau of Urmia University
文摘Intrusion of quartz-monzodioritic igneous bodies of Oligocene age into Eocene lithic crystal tufts and trachy-basalts resulted in the occurrence of a widespread argillic alteration zone in the Jizvan district （northern Iran）. Mineralogically, the argillie alteration zone includes minerals such as kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyrophyllite, muscovite-illite, alunite, rutile, calcite, feldspar, chlorite, hematite and goethite. Therefore, the non-CHARAC behaviour for trace elements in the argillic samples is reflected in the non-chondritic Y/Ho and Zr/Hf ratios and the irregular REE patterns, which appear related to the tetrad effect phenomenon. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns indicate both concave （W-shaped） and convex （M-shaped） tetrad effects in the argillic samples. Based on the field evidence and the results from geochemical studies, it can be concluded that the samples from the argillic alteration zone having high fourth tetrad effect values （〉0.30） were developed in the fault and breccia zones. The results indicate that factors such as preferential scavenging by Mn-oxides, crystallization of clay minerals, fluid-rock interaction, overprint of hypogene mineral assemblage by supergene ones, and the structural control, have all played an important role in the occurrence of tetrad effects in samples of the argillic zone in the Jizvan district.
文摘The southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt—about 30 km southwest of Abu-Ramad city—is mainly covered by ophiolitic rocks(Sul Hamed), island arc assemblage, younger granites(muscovite granites of Qash Amer and two mica granites of El Sela), and various acidic and basic dikes. Field, petrological, and geochemical studies indicate that the El Sela shear zone has been subject to hydrothermal and supergene alteration such as kaolinization, albitization, sericitization, and hematitization. It is invaded by quartz ENE–WSW veins associated with hydrothermal alteration accompanied by radioactive mineralization. The investigated younger granitic rocks had very low contents of compatible elements, such as Cr, Ni,and Co; and high contents of incompatible elements, such as Zr, and large ion lithophiles, such as Sr, especially in the El Sela shear zone. Major oxide and trace element analyses revealed calc-alkaline affinity and peraluminous character.These highly differentiated granitic rocks' lower Zr/Hf and higher Y/Ho than the normal ratio are consistent with hydrothermal alteration. Most samples had rare earth element(REE)-patterns with an M-type tetrad effect in the first and fourth segments and a W-type tetrad in the third segment. The average ∑REE in the studied granites was lower than the world granite average; the ratio of light to heavy REEs greater. The main radioactive, uranium-bearing, and uraniferous Fe and Mn minerals are uranothorite,autunite, uranophane and autunite as compounds, kasolite,columbite, xenotime, uranophane-bearing zircon and jarosite, silver-bearing pyrite, hematite, and autunite-bearing pyrolusite.
