REE/trace element characteristics of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin

The major elements, trace elements and REEs were analyzed on the samples collected from the sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin to constrain the mechanism of uranium enrichment. The total REE amount ranges from 36.7 to 701.8 μg/g and the REE distribution patterns of the sandstone-type uranium samples are characterized by LREE enrichment and high REE depletion. The results also indicated a high Y abundance and Eu anomalies between 0.77-1.81. High-precision ICP-MS results showed that U abundances are within the range of 0.73-150 μg/g, showing some strong correlation between U enrichment and related elements such as Ti, V, Zr, Mo, and Au. In addition, Th abundance is correlated with ΣREE.

A Study on sediment sources in a small watershed by using REE tracer method

In simulation experiments, rare earth element (REE) tracer method was first used to sludy the sources of sediment yield in a small watershed. The experimental results have shown that the chief parts of sediment sources are constantly changing with the development of gullies. The cutting erosion plays a major role in the primary stage of watershed development. Slope erosion intensity increased gradually with gully development of the watershed, while gully erosion intensity decreased. Similar process was also observed in an individual rainfall. The simulation experiments have shown that the method can satisfactorily interpret the origins of sediment yield of a small watershed on an effective way. The simulation experiments have also provided basic information for field researches.

Geochemical studies on REE and trace elements from several Cu-Au deposits along the lower Yangtze metallogenic valley, central-southern Anhui Province

The Yangtze Valley was one of the most important metallogenic regions during the Jurassic-Cretaceous period in East China, where more than 200 polymetallic Cu-Fe-Au, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag deposits have been found. Trace elements were chemically analyzed and the relevant data were collected from literature for the Yanshanian (Mesozoic) igneous rocks which have close relationship with Cu-Au mineralization. Copper mineralization in the lower Yangtze Valley can be divided into three major types: skarn type, porphyry type and volcanic type. The porphyry type is of rare occurrence, such as the Shaxi porphyry copper deposit in the northern part of the lower Yangtze metallogenic valley. This paper focuses on the REE and trace element geochemistry of several Cu-Au deposits along the lower part of Yangtze metallogenic valley in Anhui. The results showed that there are differences in REE distribution for these four types of Cu-Au mineralization, which confine the sources of REE and trace elements as well as other mantle and transitional compatible elements. The results of both REE and trace element geochemical studies showed that these elements with different characteristics have different origins, probably representing different sources of Cu-Au deposits in the deep crust and upper mantle environments. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of one biotite sample gave an age of 131 Ma with a high level of confidence, which represents the age of formation of the Shaxi porphyrite intrusive with porphrytic Cu-Au mineralization, which is consistent with that of the majority of the adjacent acid intrusives with mass Cu-Au mineralization along the Yangtze metallogenic belt in the Yanshanian period (Mesozoic). This is the first attempt to use the high precision method to date the Shaxi porphyrite intrusive.

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic(Xiajiang Group) epimetamorphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithological member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemistry of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile elements such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydrotherm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaCl-H2O solution system enriched in more Cl than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.

Trace element and REE geochemistry of Sanshenjiang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China

The Sanshenjiang gold deposit in southeastern Guizhou Province, China, is hosted by the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks which experienced low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism. Gold mineralization occurs mainly in the ribbon chiltern slate of the first member of the Longli Formation and is controlled by both strata and faults. Ore bodies are characterized by abundant quartz-arsenopyrite-gold-pyrite-bedding veins, veinlets and small lenses within the shear zone. In this study, trace element and REE geochemistry was analyzed to constrain the origin and genesis of this deposit. The trace element signatures of wall rocks and veins display a basically similar tendency in the spider diagram, showing the genetic relationship. The values of Co/Ni, Y/Ho, Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La reflect that the hydrothermal fluids of this deposit were derived from the mixture of multiple sources with marked enrichment of Cl and moderate to high temperature. There is a broad similarity in the chondrite-normalized patterns and REE fractionation between wall rocks and ore bodies, possibly reflecting their similar origin. Based on the difference in δCe and δEu, quartz veins and lenses can be subdivided into weakly negative Ce-anomalies (δCe=0.81 to 1.06) with slight Eu anomalies (δEu=0.81 to 1.06) type and the significant positive Ce-anomalies (δCe=1.13 to 1.97) with moderate negative Eu-anomalies type, probably suggesting physical-chemical changes in the evolution process of ore-forming fluids from the early to late stage. It can be concluded that the ore-forming process may have experienced three stages: formation of the original ore source bed, regional metamorphism and gold mineralization, on the basis of trace element and REE analysis and field observation.

REE and Other Trace Element Chemistry of Oldhamite(CaS)in the Qingzhen Chondrite(EH3)and Their Genetic Implications

Instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA) of 14 single oldhamite grains separated from the Qingzhen chondrite (EH3) for refractory(La,Ce,Sm ,Eu,Yb,Lu,Ca,Sc,Hf, and Th),volatile (Na,Cr,Zn,Se,Br,etc.)and siderophile elements (Fe,Ni,Co,Ir,Au ,and As) revealed that oldhamite is highly rich in refractory elements.The mineral serves as the principal carrier of REE and contains about 80% of the REEs in the Qingzhen enstatite chondrite .Furthermore, the large enrichment of LREE relative to HREE is noticed in oldhamite from the Qingzhen .In general, the oldhamite from metal-sulfide assemblages is richer in REE than that from the matrix,i.e.,the earlier the oldhamite grains condensed, the richer they are in REE. Meanwhile.oldhamite is also rich in vol-atile elements such as Se,Br, etc.In terms of the distribution of trace elements in oldhamitc from the Qingzhen ,the chondrite is srggested to have resulted from high-temperature condensation of solar nebula.

Geochemical Behaviors of REE and Other Trace Elements during the Formation of Strata-bound Skarns and Related Deposits:A Case Study of the Dongguashan Cu(Au)Deposit,Anhui Province,China

REE and other trace elements in the altered marbles, massive skarns and ores, as well as garnet and quartz were determined in order to examine the behaviors of trace elements during hydrothermal alteration. It is demonstrated that the high-field-strength (HFS) elements Zr, Hf, Th and Nb were immobile while other trace elements were mobile during the formation of skarns and related deposits. REE and ore-forming elements such as Cu and Ag in hydrothermally-altered marbles and skarns were provided primarily by hydrothermal fluids. In the direction transverse of the strata, the more deeply the marbles were altered, the higher the total REE abundance and the larger the negative Eu anomalies would be. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of skarns are similar to those of the marbles, but the former are distinguished by much higher REE contents and more remarkable negative Eu anomalies. Those patterns were apparently not inherited from the marble protolith, but were controlled by garnets, which were determined by the hydrothermal solutions involved in the infiltration metasomatism. The hydrothermal fluids are characterized by having slightly right-hand dipping REE patterns, being enriched in LREE and having strongly negative Eu anomalies. The uptake of REE from hydrothermal fluids during the growth of garnet crystals resulted in the garnets having similar REE patterns to the hydrothermal fluids. Based on the spatial variation of REE in skarns and the structures of the hosting strata, we can get a better understanding of the transport path and pattern of the fluids involved in the formation of skarns and their related deposits. REE geochemistry investigation can help elucidate the genesis of skarns and skarn-related deposits.

Characteristics of Geochemical Evolution of Trace Elements and REE in Gejiu Granites, Yunnan Province

The evolution characteristics of Gejiu granites.Yunnan Province are described in terms of theirPetrology,especially their trace elements and REE geochemistry The three major types of Gejiu granites:porphyritic biotite monzonitic granite(stageⅠ),medium-coarse-grained biotite-K-feldspar granite(stage Ⅱ)and two-mica alkali-feldspar granite(stage Ⅲ)are thought to have been formed successively from the samegranite magma source through fractional crystallization(Rayliegh fractionation),because linear correlationsare found between log(Rb/Sr)-log Sn,log(Rb/Ba)-log Sn,log(Rb/Ba)-log(Rb/Sr),log La-log Sr,log Ce-log Sr,log Eu-log Sr,etc In addition.the characteristics of REE distribution patterns in these three major types ofgranites also reflect the magmatic differentiation features of Gejiu granites.Of the three major types,the twomica alkali-feldspar granite of stage Ⅲ nuderwent the strongest differentiation,and thus has the closestgenetic relationship with the Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposit Such tin-polymetal mineralized granites arecharacterized by high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios,low K/Rb and ∑Ce/∑Y ratios and remarkable Eu depletion.

Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs)treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications

Although previous investigations of the trace elements in snow and ice from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau obtained interesting information about pollution from human activities on the plateau, most were based on traditional acidification methods.To emphasize the influence of the different sample-preparation methods on the records of trace elements and rare earth elements, snow samples were collected from glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China and prepared using two methods: traditional acidification and total digestion. Concentrations of 18 trace elements(Al, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Li,Cu, Co, Mo, Cs, Sb, Pb, Tl, and U), along with 14 rare earth elements(REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er,Tm, Yb, and Lu), Y, and Th in the snow samples, were measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry(ICP-SFMS). The results showed that the mass fraction of the trace elements(defined as ratio of concentration in the acid-leachable fraction to that in the digested sample) such as Mo, Ti, Al, Rb, and V, varied from 0.06 to 0.5. The mass fraction of other trace elements varied from about 0.6 to more than 0.9; those of the REEs, Y, and Th varied from 0.34 to0.75. Lower mass fractions will lead to an overestimated contribution of other sources, especially human activities, and the underestimated fluxes of these trace elements(especially REEs, Y, and Th, as well as dust) if the REEs are used as the proxy for the crust dust. The two sample-preparation methods exhibited different REE normalized distribution patterns,REE ratios, and provenance-tracing results. The REE normalized distribution patterns and proxies in the digested samples are more reliable and integrated than those found in traditional acidification method for dust-provenance tracing.

长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作用

长江与黄河沉积物的稀土元素（ＲＥＥ） 组成特征不同。长江沉积物ＲＥＥ 含量较高， 元素含量变化也大于黄河样品； 球粒陨石标准化模式表明长江沉积物的（Ｌａ／ Ｌｕ） Ｎ 、（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ） Ｎ 、（Ｇｄ／ Ｙｂ） Ｎ 的值也相应地比黄河沉积物中的高１０ ％ 左右，分布曲线均呈明显的右倾状，轻重稀土分馏明显，相对富集ＬＲＥＥ，且长江样品比黄河样品更富集ＬＲＥＥ，但Ｅｕ 亏损不及黄河样品；两者的北美页岩标准化曲线均呈平坦稍右倾状，具弱Ｃｅ 亏损，Ｅｕ 异常不明显。黄河中游黄土的ＲＥＥ 组成及流域物理风化决定了黄河沉积物的ＲＥＥ 特征；而长江流域复杂的源岩与较强的化学风化控制了长江沉积物的ＲＥＥ 组成特点。长江与黄河沉积物ＲＥＥ 组成特征与世界其他河流沉积物ＲＥＥ 特点一致，它们也可作为河流入海物质组成代表。相对长江沉积物而言，黄河沉积物ＲＥＥ 分布模式与上陆壳的更为相近，可用来示踪上陆壳平均组成。

利用REE示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的进展

REE示踪技术作为一种新手段,在土壤侵蚀研究中得到广泛的应用。本文介绍了国内外利用REE示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的进展及示踪元素的布设方法,并在此基础上,对REE示踪技术及示踪元素布设方法进行了探讨。旨在为今后的研究工作提供参考。

坡面侵蚀分布特征动态变化过程的REE示踪法研究

本文利用REE示踪技术 ,初步探讨了野外全坡长小区在次降雨过程中 ,坡面侵蚀时空分布的动态变化过程。结果表明 :利用REE示踪法不仅可以准确地测定坡面不同地形部位的相对侵蚀量 ,还可通过对侵蚀过程样的分析 ,较为客观揭示降雨侵蚀过程中坡面各部位相对侵蚀量的时空变化趋势。坡面各部位相对侵蚀量随时间的变化可能存在三种模式 ,增长递减型、递增型和波动型。其最大侵蚀部位主要集中在坡面中段 ,并随降雨的持续 ,存在向坡面下部移动的趋势。

REE示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布规律

通过室内模拟和野外小区试验，采用中子活化分析手段，进行了运用ＲＥＥ 示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布的可行性分析。结果表明：示踪元素条带施放法研究土壤侵蚀，可定量分析黄土坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量，具有满意的试验精度，并揭示了产沙强度随坡长存在３ 种变化模式。

内蒙古北山花石头山萤石矿床成因:萤石微量、稀土和H-O同位素制约

花石头山萤石矿是北山成矿带东段新发现的具有中-大型潜在资源的萤石矿床,矿体位于梭梭井黑云母二长花岗岩外接触带,受NE向、近SN向断裂构造控制,赋矿围岩主要为西双鹰山组石英砂岩和粉砂岩夹灰岩透镜体。笔者在对花石头山萤石矿床地质特征研究基础上,开展萤石微量、稀土和H-O同位素地球化学特征研究。结果显示,9件萤石样品均表现出MREE相对LREE和HREE强烈富集,标准配分曲线呈“倒V”型。Eu的正异常(1.11~1.25)和Ce的负异常(0.90~0.95)指示成矿流体来源相同且为较低温度的弱氧化环境。此外,萤石样品的La/Ho-Y/Ho特征也表明形成这些萤石的成矿流体可能为同期同源的富F流体。5件萤石中的δD_(V-SMOW)和δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)值分别为-109.7‰~-99.4‰(平均值为-104.3‰)和-3.1‰~-1.9‰(平均值为-2.3‰),表明成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水的混合热液。Tb/La-Tb/Ca特征进一步表明花石头山萤石矿床是岩浆热液作用的产物。此外,全部萤石样品中仅Sb元素相对围岩(西双鹰山组、北山地区和地壳)表现为不同程度富集,其余元素均呈不同程度亏损。两件黑云母二长花岗岩的稀土标准配分曲线呈右倾型,LREE相对HREE强烈富集。结合矿床地质特征,认为花石头山萤石矿床形成于中低温弱氧化还原环境,成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水的混合热液,成矿物质F主要来源于黑云母二长花岗岩,Ca主要来源于西双鹰山组,成因类型为中低温热液充填型矿床。

示踪REE的中子活化分析

介绍了中子活化分析法的基本原理，分析REE的方法步骤、含量计算及误美来源。结果表明：利用仪器中子活化分析（INAA）可精确测定沉积泥沙中REE的含量，对涉及的REE三次重复精密度偏差小于10％，其准确度完全能够满足REE示踪法研究土壤侵蚀的精度要求。

联用扫描电子显微镜-能谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法核取证表征铀矿石浓缩物

该研究建立了联合扫描电子显微镜-能谱法(SEM-EDS)、全溶/电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和萃淋去铀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(CL-TBP/ICP-MS)鉴别铀矿石浓缩物(UOC)中60余种杂质元素种类和含量的方法。通过SEM-EDS得到5种UOC的表面微观形貌,并结合ICP-MS得到的N、O、S、K和Cl等基体元素的含量信息,可初步判断不同UOC的生产方式及其化学组成。全溶/ICP-MS方法可快速测定Na、Ca、Fe等含量较高的基体元素,特别在测量W、Sn等易吸附或水解元素含量方面具有优势。CL-TBP/ICP-MS方法的优势在于可获得包含极低含量目标元素在内的60种元素的种类和浓度,对重点关注的稀土元素的检出限可达10-9 g/g量级。根据稀土元素含量及其分布模式信息,可有效鉴别不同来源的UOC,并初步推测其成矿类型。该方法操作简便、结果准确、重现性好,可为铀矿石浓缩物和其他铀基体材料的核取证表征、解析溯源、数据库建设等提供参考和技术支持。

清镇陨石(EH3)中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。

豫西南高庄金矿床Re-Os定年及S-Pb同位素和REE示踪

高庄金矿床是豫西南一处重要金矿,成矿时代、物质来源以及矿床成因类型尚不清楚。本文对高庄金矿石中载金矿物磁黄铁矿进行Re-Os测年,获得(137±2)Ma成矿年龄,表明金矿床为燕山晚期成矿。分别对载金矿物磁黄铁矿、容矿地层(二郎坪群火神庙组)和侵入岩体(堂坪岩体)进行了S、Pb和REE组成分析。矿石硫化物δ34SCDT值为-3.0‰^-1.5‰,平均值为-2.24‰,深源S特征明显,矿石S可能来源于容矿的二郎坪群火神庙组基性火山岩地层。矿石硫化物206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb的变化范围分别为17.106~17.505、15.469~15.602、37.835~38.194。堂坪岩体206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb的变化范围分别为18.244 3~19.238 2、15.594 8~15.693 5、38.504 2~39.616 3,二郎坪群火山岩206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb变化范围分别为18.176 8~18.669 2、15.607 1~15.801 9、38.375 9~39.080 9。矿石铅同位素组成与地层和岩体的岩石铅组成相近,表明岩体和地层都提供了成矿物质。矿石与二郎坪群火神庙组地层的REE球粒陨石标准化配分曲线都为平坦型。可见,豫西南高庄金矿形成于秦岭碰撞造山之后的燕山晚期陆内构造-岩浆热液过程,成矿物质主要来源于矿体周围火山岩地层。

黔南双龙泉铅锌矿床热液方解石C-O同位素和REE地球化学特征

双龙泉铅锌矿床是牛角塘铅锌矿田的重要组成部分,位于其东北部。矿床以锌为主,锌金属储量约8.5×10~7kg。牛角塘铅锌矿田以往的研究主要集中在马坡矿段,对其它矿段矿床的研究相对薄弱。本文通过对双龙泉矿床热液方解石的C-O同位素和REE地球化学研究,以期为整体认识牛角塘铅锌矿田的成因提供更加丰富的信息。方解石中除Zn和Cd有一定程度富集外,其余微量元素均呈现不同程度的亏损,显示双龙泉铅锌矿床低温成矿的特征及其它热液矿物的存在。方解石REE的富集特征及相关参数表明,赋矿围岩为成矿提供了部分物质,且成矿是在还原的条件下进行的,方解石和围岩的C-O组成,进一步表明赋矿围岩参与了成矿,且碳酸盐矿物在形成大量硫化物矿石中扮演重要角色。综上,双龙泉铅锌矿床具有后生低温成矿特征,但成矿作用(环境)极其特殊。

Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens

There is a dearth of information about the distribution of trace elements in kerogen from shale rocks despite several reports on trace element composition in many shale samples. In this study, trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The results from this study show redox-sensitive elements relatively concentrated in the kerogens as compared to the shales. This may be primarily due to the adsorption and complexation ability of kerogen, which enables enrichment in Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn. For the rare earth elements(REEs),distinct distribution characteristics were observed for shales dominated by terrigenous minerals and their kerogen counterparts. However, shales with less input of terrigenous minerals showed similar REE distribution patterns to their residual kerogen. It is speculated that the distribution patterns of the REEs in shales and kerogens may be sourcerelated.