Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognit...Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.展开更多
Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infectio...Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infection.Most countries lack high-quality HDV prevalence data,and the collection techniques employed often bias published data.In recent meta-analyses,HDV prevalence in HBsAg-positive patients reaches 5%-15%and is even significantly higher in endemic areas.Since HBV vaccination programs were implemented,HDV prevalence has decreased among younger populations.However,owing to immigrant influx,it has increased in some Western countries.The current practice of HDV screening in HBsAg-positive individuals is stepwise,based on physician’s discretion,and limited to at-risk populations and may require numerous visits.Double reflex testing,which includes anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive individuals and then HDV RNA testing for anti-HDV-positive ones,is uncommon.Reflex testing can identify more HDV infection cases and link identified patients to further care and follow-up.Moreover,laboratory-based double reflex screening is less biased than physician-led testing.Therefore,health-care providers should learn about reflex testing,and federal and provincial hepatitis control programs should implement laboratory-based double reflex testing to obtain reliable HDV prevalence estimates.The test’s cost-effectiveness depends on the number of HBV-positive patients screened to identify one HDV-positive patient.Such testing may be viable in areas with low HBsAg but high HDV prevalence.However,its economic impact on areas with low HDV prevalence needs further study.展开更多
This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tai...This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tailored to the distinct clinical manifestations of these patients. Key interventions included early detection of psychological issues prior to initiating treatment, the implementation of comprehensive health education, meticulous monitoring of vital signs throughout the therapy, prompt emergency interventions when needed, adherence to prescribed medication protocols, and careful post-treatment observations including venous catheter management. Following rigorous treatment and dedicated nursing care, 7 patients demonstrated significant improvement and were subsequently discharged.展开更多
Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolat...Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed展开更多
BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes...BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.展开更多
We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the (anti)reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equati...We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the (anti)reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ||X - E||F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive (or antireflexive) solutions of the system mentioned above, and ||·|| is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.展开更多
Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-...Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-wave amplitude and the ratio of H-wave amplitude to M-wave amplitude (the H/M ratio). We performed a cross-sectional survey of patients from a Taiwan rehabilitation center (n = 64, age 20 - 87) who presented with lower back pain that radiated to the leg and received a referral for electrodiagnostic examinations. Reference values for H-wave profile parameters were determined using data from lumbosacral radiculopathy-negative patients (n = 10, age 22 - 53), who had normal big toe test results, ankle reflex test results, motor and sensory nerve conductive studies and F-wave latency and who displayed no evidence of radiculopathy in electromyography and imaging studies. The 50th percentile values for H/M ratio and H-wave amplitude were 28% and 6.25 mV, respectively. An H-wave profile th percentile (H/M ratio bosacral radiculopathy (n = 64). Approximately 41% of patients with an H-wave profile th percentile showed electromyography-confirmed chronic radiculopathy. Electromyography-confirmed current radiculopathy was observed in 35% of patients with an H/R展开更多
Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide s...Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide scope of applications in high technologies(cryptography,astronomy,data security,various coding theory problems,communication networks,etc.).A labeling or a valuation of a graph is any mapping that sends a certain set of graph elements to a certain set of numbers subject to certain conditions.Graph labeling is a mapping of elements of the graph,i.e.,vertex and for edges to a set of numbers(usually positive integers),called labels.If the domain is the vertex-set or the edge-set,the labelings are called vertex labelings or edge labelings respectively.Similarly,if the domain is V(G)[E(G)],then the labeling is called total labeling.A reflexive edge irregular k-labeling of graph introduced by Tanna et al.:A total labeling of graph such that for any two different edges ab and a'b'of the graph their weights has wt_(x)(ab)=x(a)+x(ab)+x(b) and wt_(x)(a'b')=x(a')+x(a'b')+x(b') are distinct.The smallest value of k for which such labeling exist is called the reflexive edge strength of the graph and is denoted by res(G).In this paper we have found the exact value of the reflexive edge irregularity strength of the categorical product of two paths (P_(a)×P_(b))for any choice of a≥3 and b≥3.展开更多
For a monoid M and an endomorphism α of a ring R, we introduce the notion of strongly M-α-reflexive rings and study its properties. For an u.p.-monoid M and a right Ore ring R with its classical right quotient ring ...For a monoid M and an endomorphism α of a ring R, we introduce the notion of strongly M-α-reflexive rings and study its properties. For an u.p.-monoid M and a right Ore ring R with its classical right quotient ring Q, we prove that R is strongly M-α-reflexive if and only if Q is strongly M-α-reflexive, where R is α-rigid, α is an epimorphism of R. The relationship between some special subrings of upper triangular matrix rings and strongly M-α-reflexive rings is also investigated. Several known results similar to strongly M-α-reversible rings are obtained.展开更多
Let R be a ring and (S,≤) a strictly ordered monoid. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to reflexive property for rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce the notions of generalized p...Let R be a ring and (S,≤) a strictly ordered monoid. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to reflexive property for rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce the notions of generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive, respectively. We obtain various necessary or sufficient conditions for a ring to be generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive. Examples are given to show that, nil generalized power series reflexive need not be generalized power series reflexive and vice versa, and nil generalized power series reflexive but not semicommutative are presented. We proved that, if R is a left APP-ring, then R is generalized power series reflexive, and R is nil generalized power series reflexive if and only if R/I is nil generalized power series reflexive. Moreover, we investigate ring extensions which have roles in ring theory.展开更多
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies e...BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2^(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3^(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3^(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2^(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.展开更多
A multiple-legged robot is traditionally controlled by using its dynamic model.But the dynamic-model-based approach fails to acquire satisfactory performances when the robot faces rough terrains and unknown environmen...A multiple-legged robot is traditionally controlled by using its dynamic model.But the dynamic-model-based approach fails to acquire satisfactory performances when the robot faces rough terrains and unknown environments.Referring animals' neural control mechanisms,a control model is built for a quadruped robot walking adaptively.The basic rhythmic motion of the robot is controlled by a well-designed rhythmic motion controller(RMC) comprising a central pattern generator(CPG) for hip joints and a rhythmic coupler(RC) for knee joints.CPG and RC have relationships of motion-mapping and rhythmic couple.Multiple sensory-motor models,abstracted from the neural reflexes of a cat,are employed.These reflex models are organized and thus interact with the CPG in three layers,to meet different requirements of complexity and response time to the tasks.On the basis of the RMC and layered biological reflexes,a quadruped robot is constructed,which can clear obstacles and walk uphill and downhill autonomously,and make a turn voluntarily in uncertain environments,interacting with the environment in a way similar to that of an animal.The paper provides a biologically inspired architecture,with which a robot can walk adaptively in uncertain environments in a simple and effective way,and achieve better performances.展开更多
Aim: To investigate the effects of androgen on penile erection through the reflex arc and penile corpus cavernosum,and study the respective roles of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in penile erection in...Aim: To investigate the effects of androgen on penile erection through the reflex arc and penile corpus cavernosum,and study the respective roles of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in penile erection in rats. Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated and implanted with silastic brand silicone tube containing T or DHT, with orwithout daily injections of a 5α-reductase inhibitor, MK-434. The penile reflex, erectile response to electrical stimula-tion (ES) of the cavernous nerves and penile nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity were observed under varying andro-genic status. Results: Penile reflex erection in the rat was, on the whole, related to serum T levels though the numberof glans engorgements was not. The number of cups and flips was significantly decreased by castration, and restoredto the control level by T supplementation. Erectile response to ES and NOS activity in penile tissue was also related toserum T level. T administered together with a 5α-reductase inhibitor no longer restored the number of reflex erection,erectile responses to ES and NOS activity in the corpus cavernosum. Conclusion: Androgen influenced the penile re-flex arc, corpus cavernosum, and the perineal striated muscles. In reflex erection, erectile response to ES and penileNOS activity in the rat, T seems to be first converted to DHT, the more active androgen modality. (Asian J Androl1999 Dec; 1: 169-174)展开更多
In this article, the generalized reflexive solution of matrix equations (AX = B, XC = D) is considered. With special properties of generalized reflexive matrices, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solv...In this article, the generalized reflexive solution of matrix equations (AX = B, XC = D) is considered. With special properties of generalized reflexive matrices, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability and the general expression of the solution are obtained. Moreover, the related optimal approximation problem to a given matrix over the solution set is solved.展开更多
To date, treatment of peripheral facial paralysis has focused on preservation of facial nerve integrity. However, with seriously damaged facial nerve cases, it is difficult to recover anatomical and functional integri...To date, treatment of peripheral facial paralysis has focused on preservation of facial nerve integrity. However, with seriously damaged facial nerve cases, it is difficult to recover anatomical and functional integrity using present therapies. Therefore, the present study utilized artificial facial nerve reflex to obtain orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) electromyography signals on the uninjured side through the use of implanted recording electrodes. The implanted electrical chips analyzed facial muscle motion on the uninjured side and triggered an electrical stimulator to emit current pulses, which resulted in stimulation of injured OOM contraction and maintained bilateral symmetry and consistency. Following signal recognition, extraction, and computer analysis, electromyography signals in the uninjured OOM resulted in complete eyelid closure, which was consistent with the voltage threshold for eye closure. These findings suggested that artificial facial nerve reflex through the use of implanted microelectronics in unilateral peripheral facial paralysis could restore eyelid closure following orbicularis oculi muscle denervation.展开更多
Objective To investigate the role of H1 and H2 receptors in the locus ceruleus (LC) in carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex (CSR) resetting induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of histamine (HA)....Objective To investigate the role of H1 and H2 receptors in the locus ceruleus (LC) in carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex (CSR) resetting induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of histamine (HA). Methods The left and right carotid sinus regions were isolated from the systemic circulation in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The intracarotid sinus pressure (ISP) was altered in a stepwise manner in vivo. ISP-mean arterial pressure (MAP) relationship curve and its characteristic parameters were constructed by fitting to the logistic function with five parameters. The changes in CSR performance induced by i.c.v. HA and the effects of pretreatment with H1 or H2 receptors selective antagonist, chlorpheniramine (CHL) or cimetidine (CIM) into the LC, on the responses of CSR to HA were examined. Results I.c.v. HA (100 ng in 5 μl) significantly shifted the ISP-MAP relationship curve upwards (P 〈 0.05) and obviously decreased the value of the reflex parameters such as MAP range and maximum gain (P 〈 0.05), but increased the threshold pressure, saturation pressure and ISP at maximum gain (P 〈 0.05). The pretreatment with CHL (0.5 μg in 1 μl) or CIM (1.5 μg in 1 μl) into the LC could obviously attenuate the changes mentioned above in CSR performance induced by HA, but the alleviative effect of CIM was less remarkable than that of CHL (P 〈 0.05). Respective microinjection of CHL or CIM alone into the LC with the corresponding dose and volume did not change CSR performance significantly (P 〉 0.05). Conclusion Intracerebroventricular administration of HA results in a rapid resetting of CSR and a decrease in reflex sensitivity, and the responses of CSR to HA may be mediated, at least in part, by H1 and H2 receptors activities in the LC, especially by H1 receptors. Moreover, the effects of the central HA on CSR might be related to a histaminergic descending pathway from the hypothalamus to LC.展开更多
Human depression patients often show abnormal pupillary reflex with morphological changes in hippo campus and prefrontal cortex. This study aimed to find the relationship between the prolonged pupillary light reflex ...Human depression patients often show abnormal pupillary reflex with morphological changes in hippo campus and prefrontal cortex. This study aimed to find the relationship between the prolonged pupillary light reflex (PLR) which had been shown by confined sows with chronic stress or depression and morphological changes in brain, in order to provide theoretical basis for that the confined environment should lead to sows' depression. A total of 637 sows of Durac, Landrace and Large White breeds with various parities were observed, and the pupil light reflex (PLR) was measured and the actual pupillary light reflex time (PLRT) were recorded. All the PLRTs were grouped based on the results of confidence interval: t〉10% as group A, 5% 〈t〈10% as group B, 1%〈t〈5% as group C and t〈l% as group D. Three individuals were randomly selected from each group (12 sows in total) and the white tissues of hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex were prepared for HS staining slices (three slices/per tissue) for observation on tissue structure and pathological changes with high magnification (400X) of electronic microscope. The results showed that in group A (t〉10%) pathological change was found in hippocampus, however, as PLRT increased from group B to group D, pathological changes in hippocampus tissues tended to be deteriorated with the increase of inflammatory cells and nuclear pyknosis phenomena. The same as those shown in hippocampus as the increasing of PLRT from groups A to D, more inflammatory cells appeared in prefrontal cortex for groups B and D. The results suggested that the tissue lesions of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the confined sows with prolonged PLRT might be the results of chronic stress or depression.展开更多
基金funded by Researchers Supporting Program at King Saud University (RSPD2023R809).
文摘Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.
文摘Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infection.Most countries lack high-quality HDV prevalence data,and the collection techniques employed often bias published data.In recent meta-analyses,HDV prevalence in HBsAg-positive patients reaches 5%-15%and is even significantly higher in endemic areas.Since HBV vaccination programs were implemented,HDV prevalence has decreased among younger populations.However,owing to immigrant influx,it has increased in some Western countries.The current practice of HDV screening in HBsAg-positive individuals is stepwise,based on physician’s discretion,and limited to at-risk populations and may require numerous visits.Double reflex testing,which includes anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive individuals and then HDV RNA testing for anti-HDV-positive ones,is uncommon.Reflex testing can identify more HDV infection cases and link identified patients to further care and follow-up.Moreover,laboratory-based double reflex screening is less biased than physician-led testing.Therefore,health-care providers should learn about reflex testing,and federal and provincial hepatitis control programs should implement laboratory-based double reflex testing to obtain reliable HDV prevalence estimates.The test’s cost-effectiveness depends on the number of HBV-positive patients screened to identify one HDV-positive patient.Such testing may be viable in areas with low HBsAg but high HDV prevalence.However,its economic impact on areas with low HDV prevalence needs further study.
文摘This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tailored to the distinct clinical manifestations of these patients. Key interventions included early detection of psychological issues prior to initiating treatment, the implementation of comprehensive health education, meticulous monitoring of vital signs throughout the therapy, prompt emergency interventions when needed, adherence to prescribed medication protocols, and careful post-treatment observations including venous catheter management. Following rigorous treatment and dedicated nursing care, 7 patients demonstrated significant improvement and were subsequently discharged.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(1 9771 0 72 ) .
文摘Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed
文摘BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60672160)
文摘We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the (anti)reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ||X - E||F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive (or antireflexive) solutions of the system mentioned above, and ||·|| is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.
文摘Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-wave amplitude and the ratio of H-wave amplitude to M-wave amplitude (the H/M ratio). We performed a cross-sectional survey of patients from a Taiwan rehabilitation center (n = 64, age 20 - 87) who presented with lower back pain that radiated to the leg and received a referral for electrodiagnostic examinations. Reference values for H-wave profile parameters were determined using data from lumbosacral radiculopathy-negative patients (n = 10, age 22 - 53), who had normal big toe test results, ankle reflex test results, motor and sensory nerve conductive studies and F-wave latency and who displayed no evidence of radiculopathy in electromyography and imaging studies. The 50th percentile values for H/M ratio and H-wave amplitude were 28% and 6.25 mV, respectively. An H-wave profile th percentile (H/M ratio bosacral radiculopathy (n = 64). Approximately 41% of patients with an H-wave profile th percentile showed electromyography-confirmed chronic radiculopathy. Electromyography-confirmed current radiculopathy was observed in 35% of patients with an H/R
文摘Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide scope of applications in high technologies(cryptography,astronomy,data security,various coding theory problems,communication networks,etc.).A labeling or a valuation of a graph is any mapping that sends a certain set of graph elements to a certain set of numbers subject to certain conditions.Graph labeling is a mapping of elements of the graph,i.e.,vertex and for edges to a set of numbers(usually positive integers),called labels.If the domain is the vertex-set or the edge-set,the labelings are called vertex labelings or edge labelings respectively.Similarly,if the domain is V(G)[E(G)],then the labeling is called total labeling.A reflexive edge irregular k-labeling of graph introduced by Tanna et al.:A total labeling of graph such that for any two different edges ab and a'b'of the graph their weights has wt_(x)(ab)=x(a)+x(ab)+x(b) and wt_(x)(a'b')=x(a')+x(a'b')+x(b') are distinct.The smallest value of k for which such labeling exist is called the reflexive edge strength of the graph and is denoted by res(G).In this paper we have found the exact value of the reflexive edge irregularity strength of the categorical product of two paths (P_(a)×P_(b))for any choice of a≥3 and b≥3.
基金partially supported by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China(KJ2017A040)
文摘For a monoid M and an endomorphism α of a ring R, we introduce the notion of strongly M-α-reflexive rings and study its properties. For an u.p.-monoid M and a right Ore ring R with its classical right quotient ring Q, we prove that R is strongly M-α-reflexive if and only if Q is strongly M-α-reflexive, where R is α-rigid, α is an epimorphism of R. The relationship between some special subrings of upper triangular matrix rings and strongly M-α-reflexive rings is also investigated. Several known results similar to strongly M-α-reversible rings are obtained.
文摘Let R be a ring and (S,≤) a strictly ordered monoid. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to reflexive property for rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce the notions of generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive, respectively. We obtain various necessary or sufficient conditions for a ring to be generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive. Examples are given to show that, nil generalized power series reflexive need not be generalized power series reflexive and vice versa, and nil generalized power series reflexive but not semicommutative are presented. We proved that, if R is a left APP-ring, then R is generalized power series reflexive, and R is nil generalized power series reflexive if and only if R/I is nil generalized power series reflexive. Moreover, we investigate ring extensions which have roles in ring theory.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81373749No.81574071,and No.81673883
文摘BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2^(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3^(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3^(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2^(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50905012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. 2012JBM088)
文摘A multiple-legged robot is traditionally controlled by using its dynamic model.But the dynamic-model-based approach fails to acquire satisfactory performances when the robot faces rough terrains and unknown environments.Referring animals' neural control mechanisms,a control model is built for a quadruped robot walking adaptively.The basic rhythmic motion of the robot is controlled by a well-designed rhythmic motion controller(RMC) comprising a central pattern generator(CPG) for hip joints and a rhythmic coupler(RC) for knee joints.CPG and RC have relationships of motion-mapping and rhythmic couple.Multiple sensory-motor models,abstracted from the neural reflexes of a cat,are employed.These reflex models are organized and thus interact with the CPG in three layers,to meet different requirements of complexity and response time to the tasks.On the basis of the RMC and layered biological reflexes,a quadruped robot is constructed,which can clear obstacles and walk uphill and downhill autonomously,and make a turn voluntarily in uncertain environments,interacting with the environment in a way similar to that of an animal.The paper provides a biologically inspired architecture,with which a robot can walk adaptively in uncertain environments in a simple and effective way,and achieve better performances.
文摘Aim: To investigate the effects of androgen on penile erection through the reflex arc and penile corpus cavernosum,and study the respective roles of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in penile erection in rats. Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated and implanted with silastic brand silicone tube containing T or DHT, with orwithout daily injections of a 5α-reductase inhibitor, MK-434. The penile reflex, erectile response to electrical stimula-tion (ES) of the cavernous nerves and penile nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity were observed under varying andro-genic status. Results: Penile reflex erection in the rat was, on the whole, related to serum T levels though the numberof glans engorgements was not. The number of cups and flips was significantly decreased by castration, and restoredto the control level by T supplementation. Erectile response to ES and NOS activity in penile tissue was also related toserum T level. T administered together with a 5α-reductase inhibitor no longer restored the number of reflex erection,erectile responses to ES and NOS activity in the corpus cavernosum. Conclusion: Androgen influenced the penile re-flex arc, corpus cavernosum, and the perineal striated muscles. In reflex erection, erectile response to ES and penileNOS activity in the rat, T seems to be first converted to DHT, the more active androgen modality. (Asian J Androl1999 Dec; 1: 169-174)
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10571047)and by Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department of China Grant(06C235)+1 种基金by Central South University of Forestry and Technology (06Y017)by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20060532014)
文摘In this article, the generalized reflexive solution of matrix equations (AX = B, XC = D) is considered. With special properties of generalized reflexive matrices, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability and the general expression of the solution are obtained. Moreover, the related optimal approximation problem to a given matrix over the solution set is solved.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.60876082Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology,No.0852nm06600Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Shanghai "Phosphor" Science Foundation,China,No.08SG13
文摘To date, treatment of peripheral facial paralysis has focused on preservation of facial nerve integrity. However, with seriously damaged facial nerve cases, it is difficult to recover anatomical and functional integrity using present therapies. Therefore, the present study utilized artificial facial nerve reflex to obtain orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) electromyography signals on the uninjured side through the use of implanted recording electrodes. The implanted electrical chips analyzed facial muscle motion on the uninjured side and triggered an electrical stimulator to emit current pulses, which resulted in stimulation of injured OOM contraction and maintained bilateral symmetry and consistency. Following signal recognition, extraction, and computer analysis, electromyography signals in the uninjured OOM resulted in complete eyelid closure, which was consistent with the voltage threshold for eye closure. These findings suggested that artificial facial nerve reflex through the use of implanted microelectronics in unilateral peripheral facial paralysis could restore eyelid closure following orbicularis oculi muscle denervation.
文摘Objective To investigate the role of H1 and H2 receptors in the locus ceruleus (LC) in carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex (CSR) resetting induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of histamine (HA). Methods The left and right carotid sinus regions were isolated from the systemic circulation in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The intracarotid sinus pressure (ISP) was altered in a stepwise manner in vivo. ISP-mean arterial pressure (MAP) relationship curve and its characteristic parameters were constructed by fitting to the logistic function with five parameters. The changes in CSR performance induced by i.c.v. HA and the effects of pretreatment with H1 or H2 receptors selective antagonist, chlorpheniramine (CHL) or cimetidine (CIM) into the LC, on the responses of CSR to HA were examined. Results I.c.v. HA (100 ng in 5 μl) significantly shifted the ISP-MAP relationship curve upwards (P 〈 0.05) and obviously decreased the value of the reflex parameters such as MAP range and maximum gain (P 〈 0.05), but increased the threshold pressure, saturation pressure and ISP at maximum gain (P 〈 0.05). The pretreatment with CHL (0.5 μg in 1 μl) or CIM (1.5 μg in 1 μl) into the LC could obviously attenuate the changes mentioned above in CSR performance induced by HA, but the alleviative effect of CIM was less remarkable than that of CHL (P 〈 0.05). Respective microinjection of CHL or CIM alone into the LC with the corresponding dose and volume did not change CSR performance significantly (P 〉 0.05). Conclusion Intracerebroventricular administration of HA results in a rapid resetting of CSR and a decrease in reflex sensitivity, and the responses of CSR to HA may be mediated, at least in part, by H1 and H2 receptors activities in the LC, especially by H1 receptors. Moreover, the effects of the central HA on CSR might be related to a histaminergic descending pathway from the hypothalamus to LC.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31472131/C170109,31201834/C170109)Scientific Research Foundation for Doctorship of Northeast Agricultural University(2010RCB37)
文摘Human depression patients often show abnormal pupillary reflex with morphological changes in hippo campus and prefrontal cortex. This study aimed to find the relationship between the prolonged pupillary light reflex (PLR) which had been shown by confined sows with chronic stress or depression and morphological changes in brain, in order to provide theoretical basis for that the confined environment should lead to sows' depression. A total of 637 sows of Durac, Landrace and Large White breeds with various parities were observed, and the pupil light reflex (PLR) was measured and the actual pupillary light reflex time (PLRT) were recorded. All the PLRTs were grouped based on the results of confidence interval: t〉10% as group A, 5% 〈t〈10% as group B, 1%〈t〈5% as group C and t〈l% as group D. Three individuals were randomly selected from each group (12 sows in total) and the white tissues of hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex were prepared for HS staining slices (three slices/per tissue) for observation on tissue structure and pathological changes with high magnification (400X) of electronic microscope. The results showed that in group A (t〉10%) pathological change was found in hippocampus, however, as PLRT increased from group B to group D, pathological changes in hippocampus tissues tended to be deteriorated with the increase of inflammatory cells and nuclear pyknosis phenomena. The same as those shown in hippocampus as the increasing of PLRT from groups A to D, more inflammatory cells appeared in prefrontal cortex for groups B and D. The results suggested that the tissue lesions of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the confined sows with prolonged PLRT might be the results of chronic stress or depression.