Comprehensive Overview and Analytical Study on Automatic Bird Repellent Laser System for Crop Protection

Birds are a huge hazard to agriculture all around the world,causing harm to profitable field crops.Growers use a variety of techniques to keep them away,including visual,auditory,tactile,and olfactory deterrents. This study presents a comprehensive overview of current bird repellant approaches used in agricultural contexts,as well as potential new ways. The bird repellent techniques include Internet of Things technology,Deep Learning,Convolutional Neural Network,Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,Wireless Sensor Networks and Laser biotechnology. This study’s goal is to find and review about previous approach towards repellent of birds in the crop fields using various technologies.

Energy Efficient and Intelligent Mosquito Repellent Fuzzy Control System

Mosquitoes are of great concern for occasionally carrying noxious diseases(dengue,malaria,zika,and yellow fever).To control mosquitoes,it is very crucial to effectively monitor their behavioral trends and presence.Traditional mosquito repellent works by heating small pads soaked in repellant,which then diffuses a protected area around you,a great alternative to spraying yourself with insecticide.But they have limitations,including the range,turning them on manually,and then waiting for the protection to kick in when the mosquitoes may find you.This research aims to design a fuzzy-based controller to solve the above issues by automatically determining a mosquito repellent’s speed and active time.The speed and active time depend on the repellent cartridge and the number of mosquitoes.The Mamdani model is used in the proposed fuzzy system(FS).The FS consists of identifying unambiguous inputs,a fuzzification process,rule evaluation,and a defuzzification process to produce unambiguous outputs.The input variables used are the repellent cartridge and the number of mosquitoes,and the speed of mosquito repellent is used as the output variable.The whole FS is designed and simulated using MATLAB Simulink R2016b.The proposed FS is executed and verified utilizing a microcontroller using its pulse width modulation capability.Different simulations of the proposed model are performed in many nonlinear processes.Then,a comparative analysis of the outcomes under similar conditions confirms the higher accuracy of the FS,yielding a maximum relative error of 10%.The experimental outcomes show that the root mean square error is reduced by 67.68%,and the mean absolute percentage error is reduced by 52.46%.Using a fuzzy-based mosquito repellent can help maintain the speed of mosquito repellent and control the energy used by the mosquito repellent.

Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective:To determine the ovicidal and repellent activities of methanol leaf extract of Ervatamia coronaria(E.coronaria) and Caeslpinia pulckerrima(C.pulcherrima) against Culex quinquefasciatus(Cx.quinquefasciatus),Aedes aegypti(Ae.aegypti) and Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi).Methods:The ovicidal activity was determined against three mosquito species at various concentrations ranging from 50-450 ppm under the laboratory conditions.The hatch rates were assessed 48 h after treatment.The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm under the laboratory conditions. Results:The crude extract of E.coronaria exerted zero hatchability(100%mortality) at 250.200 and 150 ppm for Cx.quinqitefasciatus,Ae.aegypti and An.stephensi,respectively.The crude extract of C.pulchenima exerted zero hatchability(100%mortality) at 375.300 and 225 ppm for Cx.quinquefasciatus,Ae.aegypti and An.Stephensi,respectively.The methanol extract of E. coronaria found to be more repellenct than C.pukherrima extract.A higher concentration of 5.0 mg/cm^2 provided 100%protection up to 150.180 and 210 min against Cx.quinquefasciatus,Ae. aegypti and An.stephensi,respectively.The results clearly showed that repellent activity was dose dependent.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extracts of E.coronaria and C.pukherrima are an excellent potential for controlling Cx.quinquefasciatus,Ae.aegypti and An.stephensi mosquitoes.

Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.(Family:Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes

Objective:To determine the larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.（Family: Malvaceae）extract against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods:Twenty five late III instar larve of three mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations（15-90 mg/L） and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005:the 24 h LC50 values of the Sida acuta leaf extract was determined following Probit analysis. The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under the laboratory conditions.Results:Results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of crude extract of Sida acuta against three important mosquitoes with LC50 values ranging between 38 to 48 mg/L.The crude extract had strong repellent action against three species of mosquitoes as it provided 100%protection against Anopheles stephensi for 180 min followed by Aedes aegypti（150 min） and Culex quinquefasciatus（120 min）.Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of Sida acuta was an excellent potential for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopleles stephensi mosquitoes.

Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and repellent properties of essential oils from various parts of four plant species Cymbopogan citrates,Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Rosmarinus of ficinalis and Zingiber of ficinale against Culex tritaeniorhynchus（Cx.tritaeniorhynchus） and Anopheles subpictus（An.subpktus）.Methods:Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method.The mosquitoes were reared in the vector control laboratory and twenty five late third ins tar larvae of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and An.subpictus were exposed to based on the wide range and narrow range test,essential oil tested at various concentrations ranging from 25 to 250 ppm.The larval mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions.The repellent efficacy was determined against two mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory conditions.Results:Results showed all the four plant essential oil produced significant larval mortality against two mosquito species.However,the highest larvicidal activity was observed in the essential oil from Zingiber of ficinale against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An.subpktus with the LC50 and LC90 values as 98.83,57.98 ppm and 186.55, 104.23 ppm,respectively.All the four essential oil shows significant repellency against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus than An.subpktus.Among four essential oil tested the highest repellency was observed in Zingiber of ficinale,a higher concentration of 5.0 mg/cm2 provided 100%protection up to 150 and 180 min against Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and An.subpktus,respectively.Conclusions: In this work,it can be concluded that four essential oils which were distilled from Cymbopogan citrates,Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Rosmarinus of ficinalis and Zingiber of ficinale showed promising larvicidal and repellent agent against Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and An.subpktus.

Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors

Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal and repellent activities of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Acacia concinna（A.concinna）,Cassia siamea（C.siamea）.Conundrum sativum（C. sativum）,Cuminum cyminum（C.cyminum）,Lantana camma（L.camara）,Nelumbo nucifera （N.nucifera） Phyllanlhus amarus（P.amarus）.Piper nigrum（P.nigrum） and Trachyspermum ammi（T.ammi） against Anopheles stephensi（An.stephensi） and Culex quinquefasciatus（Cx. quinquefasciatus）.Methods:The larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts were tested against earl) fourth-instar larvae of malaria and filariasis vectors.The mortality was observed 24 h and 48 h after treatment,data were subjected to probit analysis to determine the lethal concentrations(LC50 and LC90) to kill 50 and 90 per cent of the treated larvae of the tested species. The repellent efficacy was determined against two mosquito species at five concentrations（31.25. 62.50.125.00.250.00,and 500.00 ppm） under the laboratory conditions.Results:All plant extracts showed moderate effects after 24 h and 48 h of exposure;however,the highest activity was observed after 24 h in the leaf methanol extract ol N.nucifera.seed ethyl acetate and methanol extract of P.nigrum against the larvae of An.Stephensi(LC50 = 34.76.24.54 and 30.20 ppm) and against Cx.quinquefasciatus(LC50= 37.49.43.94 and 57.39 ppm),respectively.The toxic effect of leaf methanol extract of C.siamea,seed methanol extract of C.cyminum,leaf ethyl acetate extract of N.nucifera.leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extract of P.amarus and seed methanol extract of T.ammi were showed 100%mortality against An.stephensi and Cx.quinquefasciatus alter 48 h exposer.The maximum repellent activity was observed at 500 ppm in methanol extracts of N. nucifera.ethyl acetate and methanol extract of P.nigrum and methanol extract of T.ammi and the mean complete protection time ranged from 30 to 150 min with the different extracts tested. Conclusions:These results suggest that the leaf and seed extracts of C.siamea.N.nucifera.P. amarus.P.nigrum and T.ammi have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of the An.stephensi and Cx.quinquefasciatus.

Mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector,Anopheles stephensi Liston(Diptera:Culicidae)

To determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of Eclipta alba（E.alba） and Andrographis paniculata（A.paniculata） against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi（An.stephensi）Mathods:Adultieidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of E.alba and.1.paniculata with five different solvents like benzene,hexane.ethyl acetate. methanol and chloroform was tested against the five to six dav old adult female mosquitoes of An.stephensi.The adult mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions.The repellent efficacy was determined against An,stephensi mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory conditions.Results:Among the tested solvents the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract.The LC50 and LC90 values of E.alba and A.paniculata against adults of An.stephensi were 150.36.130.19 ppm and 285.22.244.16 ppm. respectively.No mortality was obsened in controls.The chi-square values were significant at P【0.05 lev el.Methanol extract of E.alba and A.paniculata was produce maximum repellency against An.stephensi.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E. nihil and A.paniculata was an excellent potential for controlling An.stephensi mosquitoes.

Nanoemulsified Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus oils exhibit enhanced repellent activities against Anopheles stephensi

Objective:To formulate nanoemulsion from essential oils of Mentha(M.)piperita L.and Eucalyptus(E.)globulus L.and to compare their repellant activity with normal essential oils and N,N-diethyl-m toluamide(DEET)as a standard chemical compound.Methods:In this study,protection time of essential oils and DEET was evaluated on four human subjects using test cage,and their values were determined against Anopheles stephensi.Furthermore,ED50 values for the above essential oils were determined using the ASTM E951-94 method.The compositions of essential oils were determined using GC-MS,and droplet size and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were measured with dynamic light scattering.Results:The results(expressed as mean±SD)showed that protection time of M.piperita 50%,M.piperita Nano 50%,E.globulus 50%,E.globulus Nano 50%,and DEET 25%was(2.89±0.45)h,(4.17±0.28)h,(0.96±0.27)h,(5.51±0.02)h,and(6.10±0.47)h,respectively.ED50 values were 29.10(95%CI:23.36-36.06)μg/cm^2 for Mentha,19.39(15.35-23.99)μg/cm^2 for Mentha Nano,36.10(28.70-48.01)μg/cm^2 for Eucalyptus,18.50(14.65-23.23)μg/cm^2 for Eucalyptus Nano,and 3.62(2.68-4.55)μg/cm^2 for DEET,respectively.E.globulus Nano and M.piperita Nano provided significantly longer protection than normal essential oils E.globulus and M.piperita(P<0.01).Conclusions:The preparation of nanoemulsion from the essential oils of M.piperita and E.globulus,significantly increases the protection time and reduces ED50 values of these essential oils,hence,M.piperita Nano and E.globulus Nano can be good alternatives to DEET and other chemical compounds.

Semaphorin 3A: from growth cone repellent to promoter of neuronal regeneration

Highlight Semaphorin 3A is a classically known axonal guidance cue that mediates axonal growth cone repulsion and collapse.Recent works,however,suggest that it may have the apparently diametrically opposite activity of promoting neuronal regeneration.

Repellent Activity of Extracts of Wild Rice Species against Panonychus citri and Aphis citricola in Associated with Esterase Isoenzyme in Insests

Six species of wild rice with different ecophenotypes including Oryza grandiglumis （E6-1, E6-3 / 6-4）, O. minuta （E13-9, E13-13）, O. officinalis（E15-8, E15-13）, O. punctata （E16-1, E16-3, E16-13）, O. granulata（E7-4）, and O. latifolia（101392, E9-1, E9-10） were extracted with methnol and the repellent activity of the extracts against the two insects Aphis citricola and Panonychus citri were studied. The extracts of O. officinalis E15-8 showed higher repellent rate to the two insects than those of the other species. The repellent rates of the extracts of E15-8 to P. citriand A. citricola were 83.26% and 87.86% at 5×10^4 μg/mL in 24 h and 87.95% and 82.43% in 48 h, respectively. The extracts of O. officinalis E15-8 had the effect of inhibition to the esterase of the two insects.

Repellent,larvicidal and adulticidal activities of essential oil from Dai medicinal plant Zingiber cassumunar against Aedes albopictus

Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito re-pellent.However,the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown.The aim of the study is to identify the components of Z.cassumunar essential oil that show repellent activity against Aedes albopictus.We also evaluated the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of Z.cassumunar essential oil against Ae.albopictus.In-cage mosquito repellent experiments showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil possessed moderate repellent activity with a minimum effective dose(MED)of 0.16±0.01 mg/cm^(20,compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide(DEET,0.03±0.01 mg/cm^(20).Bioassay-guided fractionation identified the major active compound of Z.cassumunar essential oil as(-)-terpinen-4-ol(1)(MED:0.19±0 mg/cm^(20).We also found that Z.cassumunar essential oil showed moderate larvicidal activity against first instar larvae of Ae.albopictus with a LC50(50%lethal concentration)of 44.9 mg/L after 24 h.Fumigation bioassays showed that Z.cassumunar essential oil exhibits moderate adulticidal activity against Ae.albopictus with a LC50 of 5.44%,while(-)-terpinen-4-ol showed significant adulticidal activity with a LC50 of 2.10%after 24 h.This study verifies that the Z.cassumunar essential oil has mosquito repellent activity,and that(-)-terpinen-4-ol is mainly responsible for this activity.Furthermore,this study provides scientific support for the folk usage of Z.cassumunar essential oil as mosquito repellent and indicates that Z.cassumunar essential oil and(-)-terpinen-4-ol can be used as plant-derived repellents and insecticides for mosquito control.

Larvicidal and repellent activity of tetradecanoic acid against Aedes aegypti(Linn.) and Culex quinquejasciatus(Say.)(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and repellent efficacy of tetradecanoic acid against Aedes aegrpti（Ae.aegypti） L,and Culex quinquefasciatus（Cx.quinquefasciatus） Say（Diptera: Culicidae）.Methods:Larvicidal efficacy of tetradecanoic acid was tested at various concentrations against the early third instar larvae of Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus. The repellent activity was determined against two mosquito species at three concentrations viz..1.0.2.5 and 5.0 ppm under the laboratory conditions.Results:The tetradecanoic acid was found to be more effective against Cx.quinquefasciatus than Ae.aegypti larvae.The LC50 values were 14.08 ppm and 25.10 ppm,respectively.Tetradecanoic acid showed lesser repellency against Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus.The highest repellency was observed in higher concentration of 5.0 mg/cm2 provided 100%protection up to 60 and 90 min against Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus respectively.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the tetradecanoic acid is a potential for controlling Cx.quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti mosquitoes.

Larvicidal,ovicidal and repellent activities of marine sponge Cliona celata(Grant) extracts against Anopheles stephensi Liston(Diptera:Culicidae)

Obective:To evaluate the larvieidal.ovieidal and repellent properties of solvent extracts of marine sponge Cliona celala(C.celata)(Grant) against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi(An.stephensi) Listen.Methods:Marine sponge C.celala was thoroughly washed with distilled water and shade dried for 48 h.Then the sponges were homogenized and extracted sequentially with hexane,ethyl acetate and methanol,Lanvicidal and ovicidal activities were tested at four different concentrations viz.,62.5.125.0.250.0 and 500.0 ppm.for repellent study extracts were taken in three different concentrations viz..5.0.2.5.1.0 mg/cm at.Results:Among the three solvent extracts of C.celata,methanol extract showed thc highest lanvieidal activity at 500 ppm against the fourth inslar larvae of An.stephensi.The LC_(50)and LC_(90) values of C.celata methanol extract were recorded as 80.61 and 220.81 ppm against An.stephensi larvae respectively.High ovieidal activity of 91.2%was recorded al 500 ppm concentration of methanol extract.The haxane extract was found to be the most effective protectant against the adult female mosquitoes of An.stephensi.The mean protection time recorded in hexane extract was up to 245 min at 5 mg/cm^2 dosage against An.Stephensi adults.Conclusions:The screening results suggest that the hexane and methanol extracts of C.celata arc promising in mosquito control.Considering these bioaclivitics.C.celata could the probed further to obtain some novel pesticidal molecules.

Phenological stage effect on phenolic composition and repellent potential of Mentha pulegium against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne

Objective:To elucidate for the first time the phenological stage effect on polyphenol,flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents of pennyroyal(Mentha pulegium)as well as their antioxidant capacities and insecticidal potentials against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne.Methods:Crude methanol extracts from pennyroyal(Mentha pulegium)aerial parts were evaluated for their anti radical,reducing power activities and repellent potentials against selected coleopteran insects during different phenological stages.Results:Phenolic contents of pennyroyal aerial parts and their antioxidant effects were significantly dependent on maturity stage of the plant.The maximum of phenol production was reached during the full flowering stage.Apigenin was the major phenol in Mentha pulegium with an amount of6.01 mg/g of dry vegetable matter during this period.Nevertheless,at fructification stage,the highest antioxidant activity was not related to high phenolic content.The repulsive effect of pennyroyal extract showed that Lasioderma serricorne was more susceptible to pennyroyal extract than Tribolium castarneum with corresponding median repellent dose values of 0.124and 0.006 mg/mL respectively.Moreover,great differences in insect repulsion depending on extract concentrations,exposure time and developmental stage was observed.For the lowest concentration(0.125 mg/mL),the repellent effect against Tribolium reached its maximum(90%)during the fructification stage(after 24 h of exposure)while this repellent effect was 80%during the vegetative stage.Conclusions:Due to the strong insecticidal potential of pennyroyal extracts,this study highlights the therapeutic properties of this plant and encourages its use as a safer,environmental-friendly and efficient insecticide in food industry.

Conception by a Process for Extruding Plastic Mulching Film with Cade Oil and Study of Snail Repellent and Anti-bacterial Adhesion Effects

In organic lettuce cultivation,snails can cause great economic loss.There is a lack of effective control methods for these molluscs.This work is focused on the development of a new agricultural plastic mulch material based on low density polyethylene(LDPE),as it is the most widely used polymer in plasticulture.The objective was to develop a new bio-based plastic mulch material that is insect repellent and anti-biofilm by incorporating a bioactive substance into the conventional formulation of the material.A new plastic mulching film made of 0.1%cade oil as was produced using the extrusion process.Bioadhesion tests carried out with aqueous suspensions of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa show that this material is endowed with anti-biofilm effects.This study will demonstrate how to act by repulsive effect to Helix aspersa against this devastating mollusk in salads culture.

Waterproof and Oil Repellent Treatments of Cotton Fabric

The waterproof and oil-repellent finishing of the dyed single-sided plain cotton fabric was carried out by two-dip and two-pad process. The influences of baking temperature (&deg;C), baking time (min), concentration of finishing solution (g/L) and percentage of liquid on waterproof effect of fabric were analyzed;the influences of the contact angle and the baking temperature (&deg;C), the baking time (min) and the concentration of the finishing agent (g/L) on the oil repellency of the fabric were investigated. The results showed that the best water-repellent finishing technology for cotton fabric was the concentration of finishing agent 30 g/L, the baking temperature 110&deg;C, the baking time 1.5 min and the liquid-uptake 70%. The best oil-repellent finishing process for cotton fabric is 35 g/L for finishing agent, 150&deg;C for baking temperature, and 1.5 min for baking time and pick up rate of 80%. After cotton fabric is treated with water-repellent and oil-repellent agent, the water-repellent contact angle of the fabric can reach 128&deg;and the oil-repellent grade 6. The best finishing effect is obtained at this time. After the finishing agent acts on the surface of the fibre, the surface properties of the fibre can be changed, and the surface of the fibre can be changed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. The finishing agent has good film-forming property, which makes the surface of cotton fibre smooth and has good waterproof and oil-repellent performance.

Impact of Different Water Repellent Finishes on Cotton Double Jersey Fabrics

This study demonstrated that the variation in physical and chemical performance on cotton double jersey knit fabrics was decided by the knit structure, water repellent chemicals types and their concentration. Here, two types of double jersey fabrics were treated with different types of water repellent chemicals at different formulations to evaluate the performance of water repellent finishes on knit fabrics properties. The levels of water repellency of the fabrics were assessed by AATCC 127 hydrostatic head test method and by ISO 4920:2012 spray rating test method. To evaluate the performance of water repellent finishes on knit fabric properties, GSM, bursting strength test according to ASTM (D 3786-87) method, air permeability, color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, chlorinated water and color fastness to rubbing with ISO method were done. The results showed that both physical and chemical properties of the finished cotton knits, depend to a great extent on knit structure, the water repellent finish type and concentration to obtain water repellent fabrics with desirable properties.

Plasma Treatment for Preparing Durable Water Repellent and Anti-Stain Synthetic Fabrics for Automotive Applications

This paper describes the development of a plasma process to produce a durable water repellent and anti-stain thin film on synthetic textile, utilized for the upholstery in the automotive field. The coatings were deposited in non equilibrium low pressure plasmas fed with 1H, 1H, 2H-perfluo-ro- 1-decene employing, as substrates, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate thermo-coupled to polyurethane foam. It was found that the XPS F/C ratio of the deposit was higher than 1.4 and that the treated textile was always very hydrophobic (WCA > 140?) and oil resistant (motor oil CA > 110?), even after wear.

Prevention and Control Measures of Citrus Huanglongbing and Application Ideas of Repellent Plants

Citrus huanglongbing is the most infectious and destructive disease in citrus production in the world.The essential characteristics,transmission routes and severity,and diagnosis of citrus huanglongbing,as well as control methods and effects of Diaphorina citri are summarized,and the application ideas of repellent plants is put forward.

Study on the Repellent Effects of Different Grass Species on Raspberry Drosophila melanogaster

Large leaf mint(Agastache rugosus),white clover(Trifolium repens),spearmint(Mentha spicata),tall fescue(Festuca elata),orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata)and alfalfa(Medicago sativa)were selected to perform sod culture,and the repellent effects of different grass species on adult raspberry Drosophila melanogaster were studied,so as to provide a scientific basis for grass cultivation in the control of raspberry fruit fly.The study showed that spearmint and big leaf mint had strong repellent effects on raspberry D.melanogaster,with repellent effects reaching 81.25%and 72.73%,respectively,and could be promoted as the main plant varieties in grassing orchards;and the next was alfalfa and white clover,which had the average repellent effects of 50.57%and 34.94%on D.melanogaster,respectively,and could be used as nectar plants to supplement the ecosystem of the sod culture orchards.