With the rapid development of the fields of tumor biology and immunology, tumor immunotherapy has been used in clinical practice and has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential, particularly for treating tumors...With the rapid development of the fields of tumor biology and immunology, tumor immunotherapy has been used in clinical practice and has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential, particularly for treating tumors that do not respond to standard treatment options. Despite its advances, immunotherapy still has limitations, such as poor clinical response rates and differences in individual patient responses, largely because tumor tissues have strong immunosuppressive microenvironments. Many tumors have a tumor microenvironment (TME) that is characterized by hypoxia, low pH, and substantial numbers of immunosuppressive cells, and these are the main factors limiting the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. The TME is crucial to the occurrence, growth, and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, numerous studies have been devoted to improving the effects of immunotherapy by remodeling the TME. Effective regulation of the TME and reversal of immunosuppressive conditions are effective strategies for improving tumor immunotherapy. The use of multidrug combinations to improve the TME is an efficient way to enhance antitumor immune efficacy. However, the inability to effectively target drugs decreases therapeutic effects and causes toxic side effects. Nanodrug delivery carriers have the advantageous ability to enhance drug bioavailability and improve drug targeting. Importantly, they can also regulate the TME and deliver large or small therapeutic molecules to decrease the inhibitory effect of the TME on immune cells. Therefore, nanomedicine has great potential for reprogramming immunosuppressive microenvironments and represents a new immunotherapeutic strategy. Therefore, this article reviews strategies for improving the TME and summarizes research on synergistic nanomedicine approaches that enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.展开更多
Face recognition has attracted great interest due to its importance in many real-world applications. In this paper,we present a novel low-rank sparse representation-based classification(LRSRC) method for robust face r...Face recognition has attracted great interest due to its importance in many real-world applications. In this paper,we present a novel low-rank sparse representation-based classification(LRSRC) method for robust face recognition. Given a set of test samples, LRSRC seeks the lowest-rank and sparsest representation matrix over all training samples. Since low-rank model can reveal the subspace structures of data while sparsity helps to recognize the data class, the obtained test sample representations are both representative and discriminative. Using the representation vector of a test sample, LRSRC classifies the test sample into the class which generates minimal reconstruction error. Experimental results on several face image databases show the effectiveness and robustness of LRSRC in face image recognition.展开更多
Semantic representation of evidence-based medical guidelines provides the support for the data inter-operability and has been found many applications in the medical domain. In this paper, we describe a semantic repres...Semantic representation of evidence-based medical guidelines provides the support for the data inter-operability and has been found many applications in the medical domain. In this paper, we describe a semantic representation approach of evidence-based medical guidelines, which is based on the Semantic Web Technology standards. We discuss several use cases of that semantic representation of evidence-based medical guideline, and show that they are potentially useful for medical applications.展开更多
It is well-known that global warming due to anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse effects advanced the start of the vegetation growing season （SOS） across the globe during the 20th century. Projections of further cha...It is well-known that global warming due to anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse effects advanced the start of the vegetation growing season （SOS） across the globe during the 20th century. Projections of further changes in the SOS for the 21st century under certain emissions scenarios （Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs） are useful for improving understanding of the consequences of global warming. In this study, we first evaluate a linear relationship between the SOS （defined using the normalized difference vegetation index） and the April temperature for most land areas of the Northern Hemisphere for 1982-2008. Based on this relationship and the ensemble projection of April temperature under RCPs from the latest state-of-the-art global coupled climate models, we show the possible changes in the SOS for most of the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the 21st century. By around 2040-59, the SOS will have advanced by -4.7 days under RCP2.6, -8.4 days under RCP4.5, and -10.1 days under RCPS.5, relative to 1985-2004. By 2080-99, it will have advanced by -4.3 days under RCP2.6, -11.3 days under RCP4.5, and -21.6 days under RCP8.5. The geographic pattern of SOS advance is considerably dependent on that of the temperature sensitivity of the SOS. The larger the temperature sensitivity, the larger the date-shift-rate of the SOS.展开更多
文摘With the rapid development of the fields of tumor biology and immunology, tumor immunotherapy has been used in clinical practice and has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential, particularly for treating tumors that do not respond to standard treatment options. Despite its advances, immunotherapy still has limitations, such as poor clinical response rates and differences in individual patient responses, largely because tumor tissues have strong immunosuppressive microenvironments. Many tumors have a tumor microenvironment (TME) that is characterized by hypoxia, low pH, and substantial numbers of immunosuppressive cells, and these are the main factors limiting the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. The TME is crucial to the occurrence, growth, and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, numerous studies have been devoted to improving the effects of immunotherapy by remodeling the TME. Effective regulation of the TME and reversal of immunosuppressive conditions are effective strategies for improving tumor immunotherapy. The use of multidrug combinations to improve the TME is an efficient way to enhance antitumor immune efficacy. However, the inability to effectively target drugs decreases therapeutic effects and causes toxic side effects. Nanodrug delivery carriers have the advantageous ability to enhance drug bioavailability and improve drug targeting. Importantly, they can also regulate the TME and deliver large or small therapeutic molecules to decrease the inhibitory effect of the TME on immune cells. Therefore, nanomedicine has great potential for reprogramming immunosuppressive microenvironments and represents a new immunotherapeutic strategy. Therefore, this article reviews strategies for improving the TME and summarizes research on synergistic nanomedicine approaches that enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61374134)the key Scientific Research Project of Universities in Henan Province,China(No.15A413009)
文摘Face recognition has attracted great interest due to its importance in many real-world applications. In this paper,we present a novel low-rank sparse representation-based classification(LRSRC) method for robust face recognition. Given a set of test samples, LRSRC seeks the lowest-rank and sparsest representation matrix over all training samples. Since low-rank model can reveal the subspace structures of data while sparsity helps to recognize the data class, the obtained test sample representations are both representative and discriminative. Using the representation vector of a test sample, LRSRC classifies the test sample into the class which generates minimal reconstruction error. Experimental results on several face image databases show the effectiveness and robustness of LRSRC in face image recognition.
基金Supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework EURECA Project(FP7-ICT-2011-7,288048)the Key Projects of National Social Science Foundation of China(11ZD&189)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2014CFB247)
文摘Semantic representation of evidence-based medical guidelines provides the support for the data inter-operability and has been found many applications in the medical domain. In this paper, we describe a semantic representation approach of evidence-based medical guidelines, which is based on the Semantic Web Technology standards. We discuss several use cases of that semantic representation of evidence-based medical guideline, and show that they are potentially useful for medical applications.
基金supported by the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues (Grant No. XDA05090000)City U Strategic Research (Grant No. 7004164)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 41405082)
文摘It is well-known that global warming due to anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse effects advanced the start of the vegetation growing season （SOS） across the globe during the 20th century. Projections of further changes in the SOS for the 21st century under certain emissions scenarios （Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs） are useful for improving understanding of the consequences of global warming. In this study, we first evaluate a linear relationship between the SOS （defined using the normalized difference vegetation index） and the April temperature for most land areas of the Northern Hemisphere for 1982-2008. Based on this relationship and the ensemble projection of April temperature under RCPs from the latest state-of-the-art global coupled climate models, we show the possible changes in the SOS for most of the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the 21st century. By around 2040-59, the SOS will have advanced by -4.7 days under RCP2.6, -8.4 days under RCP4.5, and -10.1 days under RCPS.5, relative to 1985-2004. By 2080-99, it will have advanced by -4.3 days under RCP2.6, -11.3 days under RCP4.5, and -21.6 days under RCP8.5. The geographic pattern of SOS advance is considerably dependent on that of the temperature sensitivity of the SOS. The larger the temperature sensitivity, the larger the date-shift-rate of the SOS.
