RFLP在大豆种质资源及遗传连锁研究中的应用

本文综合论述了ＲＦＬＰ在大豆种质资源及遗传连锁研究中的应用。自８０年代后期ＲＦＬＰ应用到大豆上，现已明确了栽培大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ），野生大豆（Ｇ．ｓｏｊａ）和半野生大豆（Ｇ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ）ＲＦＬＰ的变异性，大量探针已被制备和筛选出来。利用Ｇ．ｍａｘ×Ｇ．ｍａｘ和Ｇ．ｍａｘ×Ｇ．ｓｏｊａ两类组合已绘制出了含约５５０个基因座３０００ｃＭ的ＲＦＬＰ遗传连锁图。一些质量性状基因座和数量性状基因座已被定位到相应的连锁群上。

利用RFLP进行数量基因定位及效应分析的原理与方法

本文介绍了利用RFLP分子标记进行数量基因定位及效应分析的原理与方法，并讨论了其应用存在的问题．

植物育种中的RFLP技术

ＲＦＬＰ是一种新型的遗传标记。在一个经过有性繁殖过程产生的分离群体中，只要利用有效的克隆探针进行检测，就能获得丰富的ＲＦＬＰ标记，再结合常规的遗传分析和专门的计算机软件处理，就可以构建一套在精密度上都比其它遗传连锁图更为先进的ＲＦＬＰ连锁图。利用ＲＦＬＰ连锁图及其检测技术可以在植物基因组中对一些控制重要农艺性状的主基因以及复杂的数量性状基因的位点进行准确的标记定位，从而能有效地进行重要农艺性状的遗传分析和作物改良，野生种质资源的利用以及种间杂交等研究，大大地提高植物育种的效率。利用人工酵母染色体和染色体逐段检测技术结合高密度的ＲＦＬＰ连锁图，可以将一些基因产物未知的目标基因克隆出来，以提高转基国植物创造的实用性。

High-density SNP genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus mapping for resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Genetic linkage maps are essential for studies of genetics, genomic structure, and genomic evolution, and for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL). Identification of molecular markers and construction of genetic linkage maps in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), a classical model plant and important economic crop, have remained limited. In the present study we identified a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and constructed a high-density SNP genetic map for tobacco using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. In 1216.30 Gb of clean sequence obtained using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform, 99,647,735 SNPs were identified that differed between 203 sequenced plant genomes and the tobacco reference genome. Finally, 13,273 SNP markers were mapped on 24 high-density tobacco genetic linkage groups. The entire linkage map spanned 3421.80 cM, with a mean distance of 0.26 cM between adjacent markers. Compared with genetic linkage maps published previously, this version represents a considerable improvement in the number and density of markers. Seven QTL for resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in tobacco were mapped to groups 5 and 8. This high-density genetic map is a promising tool for elucidation of the genetic bases of QTL and for molecular breeding in tobacco.

Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci by molecular markers in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Using an F2 as the mapping population derived from indica Zhaiyeqing 8 and japonica Jingxi 17 of rice, a linkage map was constructed, which consisted of 54 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. By using the interval mapping procedure based on 2 flanking markers, 11 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped for 4 traits: days to heading (Dth1), tiller angle (Ta1), spikelet number per panicle (Sn1, Sn2, Sn3) and spikelet density (Sdn1-Sdn6). An example was taken for QTL mapping of rice, and the interval mapping was shown to be able to detect the QTL located between 2 flanking markers. For a specific trait, more than one QTL could be found on one chromosome. Genetically related traits could be controlled by the same group of QTLs or polygenic system.

玉米DNA限制性片段长度多态(RFLPs)的研究

文章简要介绍了10余年来有关玉米DNA限制性片段长度多态(RFLPs)的研究,说明RFLP的分析原理和特点,构建玉米RFLP连锁图的方法,以及玉米RFLPs在遗传育种中的主要应用。

Quantitative trait locus mapping of yield and plant height in autotetraploid alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)is the most widely grown forage legume crop worldwide.Yield and plant height are important agronomic traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors.The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)and molecular markers associated with alfalfa yield and plant height.To understand the genetic basis of these traits,a full-sib F1 population composed of 392 individuals was developed by crossing a low-yielding precocious alfalfa genotype(male parent)with a high-yielding latematuring alfalfa cultivar(female parent).The linkage maps were constructed with 3818 single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers on 64 linkage groups.QTL for yield and plant height were mapped using phenotypic data for three years.Sixteen QTL associated with yield and plant height were identified on chromosomes 1 to 8.Six QTL explained more than 10%of phenotypic variation,representing major loci controlling yield and plant height.One locus on chromosome 1 controlling yield traits had not been identified in previous studies.Three QTL co-located with other QTL(qyield-1 and qheight-7,qheight-5 and qyield-4,qheight-6,and qyield-6).With further validation,the markers closely linked with these QTL may be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding new alfalfa varieties with high yield.

Construction of high-density genetic linkage map of Pyropia yezoensis(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)and identifi cation of red color trait QTLs in the thalli

Pyropia yezoensis is an important macroalga because of its extensive global distribution and economic importance.Color is an important trait in the thalli of P.yezoensis,it is also an effective marker to identify the hybridization in genetic breeding.In this study,a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed based on high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers,and used for analyzing the quantitative trait loci(QTLs)of red color trait in the thalli of P.yezoensis.The conchospore undergoes meiosis to develop into an ordered tetrad,and each cell has a haploid phenotype and can grow into a single individual.Based on this theory,F1 haploid population was used as the mapping population.The map included 531 SNP markers,394.57 cM long on average distance of 0.74 cM.Collinear analysis of the genetic linkage map and the physical map indicated that the coverage between the two maps was 79.42%.Furthermore,QTL mapping identified six QTLs for the chromosomal regions associated with the red color trait of the thalli.The value of phenotypic variance explained(PVE)by an individual QTL ranged from 4.71%-63.11%.And QTL qRed-1-1,with a PVE of 63.11%,was considered the major QTL.Thus,these data may provide a platform for gene and QTL fine mapping,and marker-assisted breeding in P.yezoensis in the future.

Construction of Genetic Linkage Map of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using an Intervarietal Cross and QTL Map for Spike Related Traits

Most often a genetic linkage map is prepared using populations obtained from two highly diverse genotypes. However, the markers from such a map may not be useful in a breeding program as these markers may not

玉米抗矮花叶病QTL定位

利用玉米自交系X178(抗)和B73(感)组配的F2群体(234个单株),构建了包含249个SSR和AFLP标记位点的遗传连锁图谱,图谱全长1659.3cM,平均图距6.58cM。采用人工接种法对216个F3家系在苗期、拔节期和抽雄期分别进行玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定。应用复合区间作图法分析抗病QTL与基因效应。结果表明,在3个发育阶段检测到的抗病QTL数目及作用方式略有不同。在苗期和拔节期各检测到4个抗病QTL,分别位于第3、5、6和9染色体上,可解释总表型变异的53.9%和54.8%;在抽雄期检测到5个抗病QTL,位于第2、3、5、6和9染色体上,可解释总表型变异的65.1%。在3个发育阶段第5染色体上的抗病QTL均表现为主效位点,可解释表型变异的26.1%～40.5%。

麻类作物分子育种的研究现状与展望

麻类作物资源的保护和开发利用的成功依赖于对基因库资源遗传变异的数量、分布及其进化关系充分的了解和掌握。传统的研究方法有很大局限性,分子标记的出现弥补了传统方法的不足,成为现代科学研究的有利工具。目前关于麻类作物的遗传背景知识相对有限,但是对于作物育种又是必需的。一张高密度的遗传连锁图谱可以用于重要性状定位、重要基因克隆、比较基因组学研究和分子标记辅助育种。本文系统地论述了利用分子标记技术在6种麻类作物包括红麻、黄麻、亚麻、苎麻、大麻、剑麻的遗传连锁图谱构建及基因定位、分子标记辅助育种方面的研究进展。

辣椒重要性状基因定位及遗传图谱构建研究进展

分子标记的开发和应用促进了辣椒遗传育种的研究。而饱和的分子标记连锁遗传图谱是辣椒基因定位、克隆和分子标记辅助育种的重要工具。自1984年以来,辣椒的分子标记遗传图谱已建立了多个,所采用的分子标记主要有RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、CAPs和SSR等几种,构图群体多采用种间或种内杂交组合的F2、BC1和DH群体。另外,分子标记辅助育种技术是辣椒优良品种选育的新方法,但前提是具有与控制重要性状的基因紧密连锁的分子标记。本文综述了控制辣椒产量、品质、抗病性、雄性不育等重要性状的基因定位研究情况,同时,对辣椒分子标记连锁遗传图谱的构建情况进行了总结,并对辣椒分子育种的可能性进行了讨论。

斑点鲶鱼的基因图谱及遗传标记选育研究(英文)

本文主要总结斑点鲶鱼基因组学研究的最新动态。斑点鲶鱼和蓝色鲶鱼是杂交可育的两个近缘种 ,这一杂交体系不仅为数量性状的表型带来最大的变异 ,同时也为基因型的多样性提供了最大的可能性。利用 AF L P、RAPD、微卫星顺序标记、EST以及 DNA单体多样性标记 ,以建立遗传连锁图。旨在克隆抗病基因、生长基因、抗逆基因、以及控制食物转化率、产肉率、收获率数量性状的基因。另外还对于适合于鲶鱼基因组研究的 DN A指纹技术进行了评估。并通过极端表型、基因型的分析鉴定出了与生长速度、食物转化率及抗病性有连锁的遗传标记。使用基因型分析、辐射细胞溶合及 BA C基因库 ,以建立斑点鲶鱼的遗传连锁图及物理图 ,并用基因薄膜技术、基因芯片技术 。

利用24个微卫星进行猪数量性状座位定位及其遗传效应分析

以 3头英系大白公猪与 7头梅山母猪杂交产生的三代资源家系用来检测猪重要经济性状的数量性状座位(QTL) ,2 0 0 0年下半年随机选留 140头F2代个体 ,进行屠宰测定 ,记录了包括生长、胴体组成等 43个性状 ;从已定位于家猪 3、4和 7号染色体上的遗传标记中选用 2 4个微卫星标记对所有个体进行基因型检测。采用最小二乘回归区间定位法进行QTL检测 ,通过置换实验来确定显著性阈值。在所研究的 32个生长和胴体性状中 ,3条染色体总共 16个QTL达到染色体显著水平 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其中 4个达到染色体极显著性水平 (P <0 0 1) ;同时在 4号和 7号染色体上还检测到了影响器官重性状的 3个QTL ,达到了染色体显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )。在某些QTL座位 ,其有利等位基因来源于具有较低性状平均值的品种。 2QTL模型分析下 ,在 4号染色体上检测到影响板油重的 2个QTL ,并且它们的效应方向相反。

水稻抗UV-B的QTL定位和环境互作分析

以“Lemont”（美国）和“Dular”（印度）杂交建立的包含123个家系的水稻重组自交系（RIL）群体，构建了含有97对SSR分子标记的水稻遗传连锁图谱。以该遗传群体及其亲本为材料，分别在2005年晚季和2006年早季进行UV—B辐射增强处理，考察了株高性状，并转换成抑制率进行混合线性模型的复合区间作图定位，共检测到2个抗UV—B辐射增强的加性QTLs，分别位于第4和第6染色体上，解释了4．72％和2．69％的遗传变异，分析还发现控制该性状QTL存在环境互作效应，分别解释了8．36％和5．42％的遗传变异，大于加性QTLs。同时检测到7对上位性互作基因，解释了0．00～6．88％的遗传变异，也存在-9环境的互作效应，解释了1．94％～23．31％的遗传变异，暗示着基因上位性的重要作用。

基于RIL群体鉴定棉花抗黄萎病相关QTLs

【目的】鉴定出能够稳定表达的棉花抗黄萎病相关数量性状位点(Quantitative trait loci,QTLs)。【方法】以抗落叶型黄萎病棉花品种常抗棉和感黄萎病品种TM-1为亲本配制的111个重组自交系家系为作图群体,筛选出多态性简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记,并用于构建遗传图谱。用完备复合区间作图法对该群体在安阳大田、新疆重病地及病圃等多个环境下的黄萎病病情指数进行QTLs检测。【结果】构建了1张含有12个连锁群、40个标记、总长212.5 cM(厘摩)的遗传图谱。获得了6个与抗黄萎病基因相关的QTLs,对数优势比(Logarithm of the odd score,LOD)分布在2.51～5.55,贡献率最大为20.34%,最小为6.93%。其中,qVR-D05-1能够在安阳大田2015年7月15日和新疆南疆重病地2016年7月9日2个环境中检测到,贡献率分别为12.96%和20.34%。【结论】本研究得到的qVR-D05-1能够为定位出稳定的棉花抗黄萎病相关QTLs提供参考。

大白菜抗TuMV-C_4的QTL分析

采用高抗芜菁花叶病毒C4株系(TuMV-C4)的大白菜高代自交系A52-2为父本、感病自交系高IV-5为母本杂交后获得的F2代263个单株作为作图群体,利用SRAP分子标记技术进行遗传分析,构建了1张包含10个连锁群,由152个 SRAP标记组成的大白菜分子遗传图谱。该图谱覆盖长度为1066.3cM,平均图距7.06cM。利用Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0软件和复合区间作图法进行分析,共检测到5个与抗TuMV-C4株系相关的QTLs。

甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱构建及产量相关性状QTL定位研究进展

油菜是世界上重要的油料作物,甘蓝型油菜在油菜生产中占据着主导地位。本文主要综述了甘蓝型油菜遗传连锁图谱构建从最初的RFLP发展到SNP标记及产量性状相关的千粒重、主花序有效角果数和每角粒数等数量性状位点(QTL)定位的研究进展,并指出了目前存在的问题和对甘蓝型油菜图谱构建进行展望,以期为甘蓝型油菜的遗传育种提供理论依据。

Progress in the Study of Molecular Genetic Improvements of Poplar in China

The poplar is one of the most economically important and intensively studied tree species owing to its wide application in the timber industry and as a model material for the study of woody plants. The natural resource of poplars in China is replete. Over the past 10 years, the application of molecular biological techniques to genetic improvements in poplar species has been widely studied in China. Recent advances in molecular genetic improvements of poplar, including cDNA library construction, gene cloning and identification, genetic engineering, gene expression, genetic linkage map construction, mapping of quantitative trait loci （QTL） and molecular-assisted selection, are reviewed in the present paper. In addition, the application of modern biotechnology to molecular improvements in the genetic traits of the poplar and some unsolved problems are discussed.

利用重组自交系群体定位玉米生育期相关性状QTL

利用玉米自交系80007和80044为亲本,衍生包含355个家系的重组自交系(RIL)F9群体,采用SSR标记构建包括219个标记的连锁图谱,图谱总长度2 133.5 cM,标记间平均距离9.7 cM。采用完备区间作图法对控制玉米抽雄期、散粉期、吐丝期以及散粉至吐丝间隔期的4个生育期相关性状进行QTL分析。结果表明,共检测到60个QTL,其中抽雄期检测到20个QTL,吐丝期检测到15个QTL,散粉期检测到20个QTL,散粉至吐丝间隔期检测到5个QTL。共有7个QTL对表型变异的解释率超过了10%,表现为主效QTL效应,分布在第3、4和第9染色体。有11个QTL在不同环境中能重复检测出,是受环境影响较小、为较稳定的QTL。分析发现,生育期相关性状的QTL在染色体上有"成簇"分布的现象,并且贡献率较大的QTL控制着多个相关性状。结果表明,bin3.04-3.05、bin3.09、bin7.03和bin9.02-9.03是生育期相关性状QTL的密集区域,这些区域存在对生育期相关性状重要作用的位点。