Metabolites and bioactivities of Rhizophoraceae mangroves

This review examines the chemical compositions and bioactivities of mangrove plants belonging to the Rhizophoraceae family.The Rhizophoraceae family of true mangrove plants is the most common and is also widely distributed species.It consists of 24 species across four genera.Of the 24 species,12 species remain unexamined for their phytochemical constituents.There have been 268 metabolites reported from 16 species.The key phytochemical constituents identified across the family are the diterpenoids and triterpenoids.The major diterpenoids include pimaranes,beyeranes,kaurenes,dolabranes and labdanes whereas the significant triterpenoids are lupanes,dammaranes and oleananes.Disulphides,dolabranes and labdanes are considered to be the chemotaxonomic markers of the genera Bruguiera,Ceriops and Rhizophora respectively.

福建浮宫红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)次生代谢产物研究

研究红海榄的化学成分.将红海榄的细枝粉碎后用95%乙醇浸提、回流热提,合并浓缩,浸膏的乙酸乙酯萃取物,经柱色谱分离,并应用EI MS,1H NMR,13C NMR等谱学方法确定其结构.从福建浮宫九龙江河口采集的红海榄中分离得到9个化合物,分别为β-谷甾醇(1),胡萝卜甙(2),Taraxerol(3),Careaborin(4),Cis-careaborin(5),2,6-二甲氧基-对羟基苯甲醛(6),异香草酸(7),原儿茶酸(8),2,4,6-三甲氧基苯酚(9).其中化合物(6),(7),(8),(9)为首次从该种植物中分离获得.

中国红树植物红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的化学成分研究

从红树科红海榄 (Rhizophorastylosa)小枝的石油醚提取物中分得 5个三萜化合物 ,通过波谱方法鉴定 ,它们分别是taraxerol (1) ,taraxerone (2 ) ,careaborin (3) ,cis careaborin (4 )和 palmitoyl β amyrin(5 ) ,均为首次从该植物中分得。

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by GC-MS analysis.Methods:Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of ethanol,petroleum ether,acetone,methanol and ethyl acetate.The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test organisms using agar well diffusion technique were carried out.Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and hence minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was performed for the same.Column chromatography was done for partial purification of crude extract and fractions were analyzed by GC-MS.Results:A column chromatographic fractionation of the extracts and further UV visible and GS-MS analysis suggested the active principle compound were a mixture of squalene(19.19%),n-Hexadecanoic acid(6.59%),phytol(4.74%).2-cyclohexane-l- one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,(4.20%) and oleic acid(2.88%).Conclusions:The results are good enough to serve to transform the practice of research in this sub field across a range of different benefit streams that include drug development.By and large this type of structure analyses are most important as aids to more rational decision taking in safety models versus effectiveness.In general,structural data provide prima facie support for drug hypothesis.

红树(Rhizophora apiculata Bl.)的花粉形态与多态现象

通过光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明,红树(Rhizophora apiculata)花粉粒赤道面的形状为球形-近球形,极面观为圆三角形,偶见圆四方形,3-4孔沟,具有连续的环赤道内孔,花粉外壁的典型纹饰为细网状-皱纹状(microreticulate-rugulate)。作者首次报道红树花粉的多态现象,其花粉外壁纹饰和萌发孔数量存在显著的变异,SEM观察到花粉外壁纹饰的变异主要是孔状(perforate)、皱纹状(rugulate)和穴状(foveolate)等类型,LM观察发现4个萌发孔的花粉变异类型。花粉形态的观察与描述为化石花粉的鉴别提供了不可或缺的对比依据。研究红树的花粉形态和发现多态现象有助于了解红树科红树属的花粉外壁演化。花粉的多态现象表明单个花粉形态特征并不能完全代表种的特征。花粉的分类也应该充分考虑花粉性状的间断和连续性,以期正确认识花粉性状在种群内的变异和变异式样,达到客观认识和正确划分植物种下等级的目的。花粉的多态现象为化石花粉的种类鉴定增加了新的参考信息,作者也讨论了花粉多态现象在植物系统演化和古生态学等研究中的可能价值与意义。

巴戟天内生真菌Cytospora rhizophorae中ProL蛋白的表达纯化及性质分析

【目的】从巴戟天内生真菌Cytospora rhizophorae中克隆proL基因,异源表达ProL蛋白并研究其理化性质,为解析ProL在合成Cytorhizins类新骨架活性化合物途径中的生物学功能奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR技术从C.rhizophorae中克隆proL基因,通过同源重组的方法将proL基因片段插入到pET28a原核表达载体,在大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli中异源表达,使用尿素对ProL蛋白梯度复性,采用SDS-PAGE技术和质谱测序对ProL蛋白进行分析和鉴定,运用生物信息学方法对ProL蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性进行分析,推测其编码蛋白的结构和功能。【结果】克隆得到proL基因的编码序列,开放阅读框全长909 bp,编码303个氨基酸,ProL蛋白分子式为C1495H2320N424O444S13,相对分子质量为33754.22,原子数为4696,等电点为5.69,为酸性蛋白。ProL蛋白在大肠埃希菌中以包涵体的形式大量表达,尿素梯度复性获得了纯度为98.9%的ProL蛋白。生物信息学分析发现ProL氨基酸序列在已知蛋白中与Aspergillus ibericus XP025570169.1的酰胺水解酶2相似性最高,为59.40%,其三维结构模型中包含8个α-螺旋和8个β-折叠,保守氨基酸序列为207~216位。【结论】ProL蛋白属于酰胺水解酶超家族,预测其为一种新颖蛋白,该蛋白可能在生成高度氧化的二苯甲酮类化合物途径中起水解作用。

Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by Tannins Rom Rhizophora Racemosa

Studies on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel electrodes in inhibited hydrochloric acid are described. Conventional weight loss measurements show that a maximum concentration of 140 ppm of tannin from Rhizophora racemosa is required to achieve 72% corrosion inhibition. Similar concentration of tannin: H3PO4 in ratio 1:1 gave 61% inhibition efficiency, whereas efficiency obtained for phosphoric acid as inhibitor in the same environment was 55%. Corrosion rates obtained over six hours of exposure in 1M HCl solution at inhibitor concentrations of 140 ppm are 2 mA/cm2, 2.4 mA/cm2, 2.6 mA/cm2 and 6 mA/cm2 for tannin, tannin/H3PO4 and H3PO4-inhibited and uninhibited specimens respectively. Natural atmospheric exposure studies revealed that specimens treated in H3PO4 resisted corrosion for three weeks, while tannin treated specimens suffered corrosion attack after one week of exposure tests.

Distribution Pattern of Plant Populations of Rhizophora stylosa Community in Yingluo Bay of Guangxi

This paper deals with the distribution pattern type,aggregative intensity,pattern scaleand dynamics of plant populations of Rhizophora stylosa community in Yingluo Bay of Guangxi.The measured results show that R.stylosa population is an aggregated distribution,while thepopulations of Kandelia candel,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Aegiceras corniculatum appear asrandom distribution.The plant population distribution pattern changes,along with the populationdevelopment and the succession of the community.

A model of seasonal foliage dynamics of the subtropical mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa Griff.growing at the northern limit of its distribution

Background： Progress of forest production in response to the environment requires a quantitative understanding of leaf area development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of seasonal crown foliage in order to understand the productivity of mangroves, which play an important role in the subtropical and tropical coastlines of the world. Method： Crown foliage dynamics of the mangrove Rhizophora styloso were studies to reveal patterns of leaf recruitment, survival and seasonal leaf area growth. Results： Flushing of leaves occurred throughout the year, but both flushing and leaf area growth pattern of leaves varied with season. Maximum flushing occurred in summer, but leaf areas did not differ significantly with season. The half-expansion period is longer, and the intrinsic rate of increase was lower in winter. Summer flushed leaves grew faster at their initial stage and reached their maximum area over a shorter period of time. The difference in temperature and air vapor pressure deficit （VPD） between summer and winter contributed to the present dynamics of foliage patterns. The mean leaf longevity was estimated to be 13.1 month. The crown foliage area was almost stable throughout the year. Conclusions： Homeostatic control of the crown foliage area may be accompanied by the existence of ecophysiological mechanisms in R. stylosa. Integrating crown foliage dynamics into forest models represents an important step towards incorporating physiological mechanisms into the models for predicting growth responses to environmental changes and for understanding the complex responses of tree growth and litter production.

Aboveground Biomass Estimation of <i>Avicennia marina</i>(Forssk) Vierh. and <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i>Lam. in the Mangoky Delta, SW Madagascar

Forty-three trees (23 Rhizophora mucronata and 20 Avicennia marina) were studied for the establishment of allometric relationships between the aboveground biomass “y” and the following dendrometric variables “x”: diameter at breast height DBH, (DBH)2 product Ht (where Ht is the total height), and the basal circumference Cb of the trees. The Log y = A Log [(DBH)2·Ht] + B equation gives a fairly satisfactory regression coefficient (R2 > 0.9) for the woody compartments. For A. marina, it is the equation Log y = A Log Cb + B that is the best correlated for the estimation of less woody compartments (R2 = 0.826 to 0.847). As for R. mucronata, these are much more related to DBH. For trees of 8 - 10 m height, the aboveground biomass of the delta is higher (171 t·ha-1 for R. mucronata) than that of Puerto Rico, but quite comparable to that of Australia (110 t·ha-1 for A. marina). The first tools for estimating aboveground biomass are given for these two characteristic species of the Indo-Pacific Region and East Africa. Because of the low values of the regression coefficients for some allometric relationships obtained, precautions should be taken in case of extrapolation.

不同基质对红海榄幼苗生长生理特性的影响

本研究目的为筛选出适宜红海榄幼苗生长的基质,提高栽培效率和幼苗的环境适应能力。本研究设置沙、沙:泥(7:3)、沙:泥(3:7)、泥4种不同基质配比,测定红海榄幼苗在不同基质配比条件下的生长指标、生物量、根系形态指标及生理指标。结果表明,沙:泥(7:3)处理的红海榄幼苗具有较高的生长指标、根系指标、生物量、光合色素含量和活性氧清除能力,有利于生长发育。随着泥比例增加,红海榄幼苗各项生长生理指标均下降。沙的养分含量较泥低,生长后期应密切注重养分的需求程度,及时补充养分输入。主成分综合得分排序显示,沙:泥(7:3)基质处理是红海榄的最佳育苗基质。

羧甲基纤维素钠对红海榄幼苗生长和土壤养分的影响

为明确羧甲基纤维素钠(Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose,CMC)对沿海困难立地砂砾质土壤的改良作用,以红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)胚轴为材料,通过室内潮汐模拟试验,研究不同CMC施用量(质量比为1.6%、2.4%、3.2%、4.0%和4.8%)对红橄榄幼苗生长和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,随CMC施用量增加,红海榄幼苗生长量和生物量整体呈先增后减的趋势,均在4.0%CMC处理下最大。与CK相比,不同CMC处理下红海榄幼苗的株高、地径和叶片数分别增加9.78%~38.54%、13.83%~54.31%和20.00%~36.67%;根、茎和叶生物量分别增加10.58%~64.72%、7.97%~36.76%和37.62%~117.99%;土壤有机质、全钾和速效钾含量分别显著增加625.22%~671.96%、147.62%~161.52%和55.56%~77.78%。CMC可促进红海榄幼苗生长,提高土壤养分,可作为沿海困难立地砂砾质土壤的改良剂,推荐CMC施用量为4.0%。

聚丙烯酰胺对砂砾质滩涂红海榄幼苗生长及土壤养分的影响

[目的]明确聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对沿海困难立地砂砾质滩涂的改良作用。[方法]以红海榄胚轴为供试样本,通过室内潮汐模拟试验,研究不同PAM施用量(0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%,分别记为P_(1)、P_(2)、P_(3)、P_(4)、P_(5))与城市污泥发酵肥、复合生物菌剂混施对红树生长和土壤养分的影响。[结果]与CK相比,不同PAM施用量处理下红海榄幼苗树高、叶片数分别增加18.75%~48.82%、5.0%~55.0%,地径显著增加43.16%~71.43%;根系、茎部生物量分别增加16.41%~87.26%、14.91%~72.75%;叶片生物量显著增加64.36%~156.93%,根冠比显著降低15.62%~26.98%。施用PAM对土壤有机质、磷和钾的全量及速效养分影响较大,与CK相比,不同PAM施用量处理下土壤有机质、全磷、全钾分别显著增加623.47%~794.78%、114.49%~142.03%和145.90%~167.24%;速效磷、速效钾分别显著增加146.55%~268.12%、24.69%~61.74%。[结论]PAM与城市污泥发酵肥、复合生物菌剂混施可促进红海榄幼苗生长,保持土壤养分,可作为沿海困难立地砂砾质滩涂的土壤改良剂,推荐PAM施用量为0.75%。

Evaluation of antimicrobial properties from the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza of Burmanallah coast,South Andaman,India

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of partially purified leaf,bark and root extracts obtained from two mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza from South Andaman against clinical bacterial and fungal pathogens.Methods:Roots,bark and leaves were dried in the shade and subjected to organic solvent extraction.Antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed by agar well diffusion technique.Column purified extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for compound identification.Results:Results of the partially purified extracts were analyzed by column chromatography.Fractions collected by high performance liquid chromatography exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activities against several bacterial and fungal pathogens.Fungal pathogen Aspergillus niger(25 mm)was found to be more sensitive against the mangrove extracts as compared with Klebsiella pneumoniae(23 mm),Escherichia coli,Shigella flexneri,Salmonella typhi(22 mm).Active fractions were identified as tannin compounds based on the peaks obtained by high performance liquid chromatography.Conclusions:Present findings reveal that mangrove bark,roots,and leaves contain valuable metabolites,which have significant importance in the pharmacological industries.Hence,this study suggests that these two mangrove plants Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are potential candidates for discovering antimicrobial compounds against clinical pathogens.

拉关木浸提液对红海榄胚轴萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

为探究外来红树拉关木Laguncularia racemosa对乡土红树红海榄Rhizophora stylosa的化感作用,研究通过室内栽培试验,分别用低浓度(0.1 g·mL^(-1))、中浓度(0.3 g·mL^(-1))、高浓度(0.5 g·mL^(-1))的拉关木根水浸提液和叶水浸提液对红海榄胚轴和幼苗进行处理。结果显示:拉关木根水浸提液对红海榄胚轴萌发的化感作用为“低浓度促进高浓度无影响”,对幼苗生长则表现为“无影响”;叶水浸提液对红海榄胚轴萌发有“低浓度促进高浓度抑制”的化感作用,以及对幼苗生长整体表现为“低浓度无影响高浓度抑制”的化感作用;对于红海榄幼苗叶片酶活性(SOD、POD)的影响,仅中等浓度拉关木根水浸提液对红海榄幼苗POD活性有显著的抑制效应。

海南东寨港红海榄种群结构与数量动态变化特征

为了解东寨港国家级红树林保护区内红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)种群的动态变化,以保护区内建设的1 hm2的固定样地中的红海榄种群作为研究对象,对其种群的结构与数量动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)此区域的红海榄种群径级结构为不规则的金字塔型,Ⅰ~Ⅲ龄级的个体数量之和占种群个体总数的48.84%,Ⅳ龄级后植株个体数量降低趋势明显。(2)数量动态变化指数反映出该区域的红海榄种群为增长型的种群,但种群较为不稳定,外界干扰下种群数量增长趋势不显著。(3)红海榄种群的存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅲ类型。(4)红海榄种群的静态生命表、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及生存分析反映出该区域的红海榄种群的在低龄级的阶段种群的动态变化相对较为剧烈,发展到高龄级阶段种群的动态变化相对平稳。(5)红海榄种群数量的时间序列分析也反映出,红海榄种群当前虽然低龄级的个体数量较多,但未来几个龄级时间后,能发育到较高龄级的个体相对较少,未来的种群将以中高龄级的个体为主体。东寨港国家级红树林保护区的红海榄种群为增长型种群,但其种群对外界干扰较为敏感,低龄级阶段种群动态变化较为激烈,中、高龄级阶相对较为平稳。因此,应加强对其种群的长期监测以及灾害的防治,尤其要加强对低龄级阶段个体的保护和人工辅助修复。

海南三亚河红树凋落物产量与季节变化研究

在海南三亚河红树 (Rhizophora apiculata)纯林区设置 4个 1 m2 凋落物收集网于 1 999年全年逐旬收集 ,4个网的平均年凋落物总产量为 1 388.2 4 g/ (m2· a) ,其中叶 79.9% ,枝 8.8% ,花 6.4% ,果 4.9%。与国内外有关资料对比 ,三亚河红树纯林凋落物产量是很高的 ,主要与树较高、低纬度、河流型和林带窄有关。凋落物总产量有多峰值的季节变化 ,峰月依次为 1 0～ 1 1月份、4月份和 8月份 ,谷月依次为 1 2月份、5月份和 9月份。叶的产量的峰谷变化与总产量相一致。枝的产量 77%的网次为 0 ,仅 2、8、9、1 0、1 1月份形成 5个峰值 ,其中后两个最大的峰值对总产量峰值的贡献达占 31 .7%和 31 .2 %。花的产量在 3～ 5月份略显平坦的峰值 ,8～ 1 2月份维持较低的产量。果的产量在 6～ 7月份有一个较宽的峰 ,1 0和 1 1月份有两个窄峰 ,1 2月份至来年 4月份基本上没有产量。花和果的凋落物产量变化明显与植物物候期有关。取 1 999年逐旬平均气温、降水量和平均风速资料与相应的凋落物产量进行相关分析显示 ,平均气温宏观控制叶凋落物产量和凋落物总产量 ,枝凋落物产量主要受平均风速影响。估算整个三亚河 1 4 hm2 红树林区可年产凋落物1 9 4t。

红海榄幼苗生长对海平面上升的适应性研究

采用盐度-淹水时间的模拟控制实验体系,探讨盐度-淹水双因素胁迫下,红海榄幼苗叶片内生理指标(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、丙二醛MDA和游离脯氨酸Pro)的变化规律。结果表明盐度-淹水胁迫对红海榄幼苗叶片内的生理指标都具有极显著的影响(p<0.01)。随盐度胁迫的增加,SOD、POD、CAT、Pro活性呈现先升后降的趋势,MDA含量则呈现先升后降再升的趋势。随淹水胁迫的增加,MDA、Pro、CAT活性呈现先升后降的趋势,SOD呈现先降后升再降的趋势,POD活性呈现逐渐降低的趋势。盐度-淹水双胁迫比单一胁迫对幼苗的损害更为严重。

盐胁迫下红海榄脯氨酸与活性氧代谢特征研究

系统地研究了盐胁迫下红海榄脯氨酸和活性氧的代谢特征.结果表明:1)脯氨酸含量随着盐度的增加出现先降后升的趋势,当盐度达到10时,其含量达最低.在无盐和高盐环境下脯氨酸的大量积累是植物细胞的适应性反应,其含量的高低不宜作为红海榄的抗盐性指标.2)超量脯氨酸积累会影响CO2的固定,降低叶片细胞内有机物的合成量,导致高盐胁迫下叶片的肉质化程度降低.3)红海榄SOD活性随盐度呈先降低后升高的趋势,其超氧负离子释放速率与SOD活性呈负相关.在中高盐度下,其POD、CAT活性迅速增加,可有效地清除由SOD与O 2产生的H2O2,避免了由于盐胁迫导致活性氧增加而对质膜造成的伤害.

无瓣海桑与乡土红树植物混交对林地大型底栖动物的影响

选择广东省雷州市附城镇和珠海市淇澳岛沿海1年生无瓣海桑人工林,分别在林下混种乡土红树植物红海榄或木榄幼苗,对混交林和无瓣海桑纯林林地大型底栖动物群落进行比较,探讨无瓣海桑与乡土红树植物混交对林地大型底栖动物的影响。结果显示,混交林和无瓣海桑纯林之间大型底栖动物群落的优势种存在差异;相似性分析检验(One-Way ANOSIM)、等级聚类和非参数多变量标序结果均表明1年无瓣海桑+红海榄混交林、1年无瓣海桑+木榄混交林和1年无瓣海桑纯林之间大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。研究还发现在无瓣海桑人工林林下混交红海榄或木榄这两种乡土红树植物,可提高林地底栖动物的生物量和物种多样性。BIOENV分析说明大型底栖动物分布与红海榄或木榄这两种混交的乡土树种的凋落物量密切相关,这进一步证实了混交乡土红树植物对林地底栖动物多样性和分布的影响。两个研究地实验结果均显示,在无瓣海桑林下种植木榄的效果要优于红海榄,表现在木榄的平均苗高、凋落物量、凋落物量占群落凋落物总量百分比和幼苗成活率均高于红海榄,其对提高林地大型底栖动物生物量和物种多样性的效果也明显优于红海榄。