二战后(1947-1966)美国国际教育协会与联邦政府的互动模式及其内在逻辑

二战后,美国国际教育协会的发展极具典型性,独特之处体现于它与联邦政府的互动模式。美国联邦政府逐渐重视国际教育交流事业,通过制定国际教育交流战略,确立教育交流体制,强化其在国际教育交流中的主导地位,使国际教育交流成为政府发挥外交战略,进行冷战对抗的政治工具。国际教育协会因势利导,拓展教育交流平台,扩充组织架构,在国际教育交流中发挥代理职能。双方在国际教育交流中形成了既博弈又合作的互动模式。联邦政府意图贯彻国家意志,而协会则极力保持独立发展态势,双方在矛盾分歧中寻求共识,相互依存。

政府资助、专业协作、民间合作——美国国际教育协会《门户开放》报告解读

《门户开放》是一份专门介绍美国对外教育交流及全球国际学生流动情况的专业性报告,自1954年起由美国国际教育协会每年发布。该报告的产生基于美国对外教育交流领域中"政府资助、专业执行、民间合作"的运作机制,在内容上以数据表现形式直观、整体性强、维度丰富为特点,反映了美国对外教育交流事业的繁荣以及相关研究的高度专业化。在对外教育交流日益活跃的今天,我国也应加强对有关数据统计与分析的重视。

美国国际教育协会对我国“双一流”国际交流合作的启示

随着经济的全球化发展,教育的国际化也登上了历史舞台并扮演着十分重要的角色,对国际教育的参与也体现了一个国家的国际声望和国际话语权。聚焦于非政府组织美国国际教育协会在教育交流中的角色和作用,具体分析美国国际教育协会发展历程、现状及特点,以期对我国双一流国际交流合作开展有所启示。

美国国际教育协会发表最新留美学生情况报告

根据美国非营利的教育和文化交流机构国际教育协会(Institute of International Education，IIE)2003年11月公布的年度报告，2002—2003学年，在美外国留学生总数增幅不到1％，但是，来自印度、韩国和肯尼亚的学生人数有显著增加。这份《2003年门户开放报告》(Open Doors2003)称，印度在美留学生人数居首位，中国居第二位。

Effects of Paclobutrazol Seed Soaking on Non-Structural Carbohydrate and Grain Enrichment in Direct-Seeded Rice

The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield.This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking(PSS)on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR,potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation.The experiment utilized two rice varieties,Jiyujing(JYJ)and Jijing305(JJ305),with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1.PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,and leaf area,as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage.It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf(during the filling stage)and stem sheath(after heading),decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage,and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate,thereby improving DSR yield.In conclusion,PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage,coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains,maintained source-sink balance,and facilitated stable and orderly filling,ultimately resulting in improved yield.

Breeding for Heat Tolerant Aromatic Rice Varieties and Identification of Novel QTL Regions Associated with Heat Tolerance During Reproductive Phase by QTL-Seq

Extremely high temperatures resulting from climate change have become a major challenge for increasing rice production.Therefore,our objective was to develop heat-tolerant aromatic rice varieties using the pedigree method,focusing on selecting for seed-setting ability under extremely high temperatures along with the use of single nucleotide polymorphism/insertion and deletion(SNP/InDel)markers to improve aromatic properties and grain quality.Furthermore,the QTL-seq approach was utilized to identify QTLs for seed-setting rate in an F2 population subjected to heat stress.The candidate QTL regions were then aligned to confirm SNPs/InDels in synonymous F7 candidate heat-tolerant lines.The results revealed that four promising lines,namely 84-7-1-9,84-7-1-10,159-3-3-1,and 159-3-3-10,were classified as heat-tolerant with low amylose content.In addition,lines 84-7-1-9 and 84-7-1-10 were identified as aromatic rice encompassing the aroma gene(badh2).Regarding the QTL-seq results,the qSF2.1 region ranged from 311051 to 3929422 bp on chromosome 2,was identified based on the highest contrasting SNP index between the heat-susceptible and tolerant bulks.The candidate genes within this region include two genes related to heat shock proteins,three genes associated with pollen fertility,and four genes involved in heat stress and other abiotic stress responses.These genes are proposed as potential candidates for heat tolerance and could serve as targets in rice breeding programs aimed at enhancing heat tolerance.

Understanding Investigational Perspective of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Rice

Whole-grain rice has gained significant attention for its potential health benefits,particularly because of its antioxidant and antibacterial properties.Despite this growing interest,there remains a pressing need for a comprehensive evaluation of the methods used to analyze these bioactive compounds,considering the diversity of rice types and the influence of environmental factors.This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of recent analytical methods,particularly those employed over the last five years,to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of rice.It focuses on commonly used antioxidant assays,such as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging activity assay,which encompasses both single electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms.Other antioxidant assays are also discussed,alongside methods used to evaluate antibacterial properties,including disc diffusion,well diffusion,broth or agar dilution,and advanced techniques such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent assays.The review further explores the bacterial strains most frequently studied,including Bacillus cereus,Listeria monocytogenes,Escherichia coli,and Salmonella species.It highlights the key techniques and parameters employed to ascertain and quantify the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of rice,while critically analysing the strengths and limitations of these approaches.By synthesizing current methods and offering insights into their application,this review can be served as a guide for future research aimed at standardizing and improving the assessment of rice’s bioactive properties,paving the way for broader scientific and practical applications.

Small auxin-up RNA gene OsSAUR33 promotes seed aging tolerance in rice

Seed aging tolerance during storage is generally an important trait for crop production, yet the role of small auxin-up RNA genes in conferring seed aging tolerance is largely unknown in rice. In this study, one small auxin-up RNA gene, OsSAUR33, was found to be involved in the regulation of seed aging tolerance in rice. The expression of OsSAUR33 was significantly induced in aged seeds compared with unaged seeds during the seed germination phase. Accordingly, the disruption of OsSAUR33 significantly reduced seed vigor compared to the wild type(WT) in response to natural storage or artificial aging treatments. The rice OsSAUR33 gene promotes the vigor of aged seeds by enhancing their reactive oxygen species(ROS) level during seed germination, and the accumulation of ROS was significantly delayed in the aged seeds of Ossaur33 mutants in comparison with WT during seed germination. Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)) treatments promoted the vigor of aged seeds in various rice varieties. Our results provide timely theoretical and technical insights for the trait improvement of seed aging tolerance in rice.

Disruption of Energy Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis in Honglian Type-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility(HL-CMS)Rice Pollen

Honglian type-cytoplasmic male sterility(HL-CMS)is caused by the inter-communication between the nucleus and mitochondria.However,the mechanisms by which sterility genes regulate metabolic alterations and changes in mitochondrial morphology in the pollen of HL-CMS remain unclear.In this study,we compared the morphological differences between the pollen of the male sterile line YA and the near-isogenic line NIL-Rf6 using hematoxylin-eosin staining and 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)staining.HL-CMS is characterized by gametophytic sterility,where the aborted pollen grains are empty,and the tapetal layer remains intact.Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial morphological changes at the microspore stage,revealing significant mitochondrial alterations,characterized by the formation of'large spherical mitochondria',occurred at the binucleate stage in the YA line.Additionally,metabolomics analysis revealed decreased levels of metabolites associated with the carbohydrate and flavonoid pathways.Notably,the decrease in flavonoids was found to contribute to an elevation in reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Therefore,we propose a model in which rice fertility is modulated by the levels of pollen carbohydrates and flavonoid metabolites,with impaired mitochondrial energy production and reduced flavonoid biosynthesis as the main causes of ROS accumulation and pollen abortion in rice.

Expanding Viral Diversity in Rice Fields by Next-Generation Sequencing

In rice fields,rice plants usually grow alongside wild weeds and are attacked by various invertebrate species.Viruses are abundant in plants and invertebrates,playing crucial ecological roles in controlling microbial abundance and maintaining community structures.To date,only 16 rice viruses have been documented in rice-growing regions.These viruses pose serious threats to rice production and have traditionally been identified only from rice plants and insect vectors by isolation techniques.Advances in next-generation sequencing(NGS)have made it feasible to discover viruses on a global scale.Recently,numerous viruses have been identified in plants and invertebrates using NGS technologies.In this review,we discuss viral studies in rice plants,invertebrate species,and weeds in rice fields.Many novel viruses have been discovered in rice ecosystems through NGS technologies,with some also detected using metatranscriptomic and small RNA sequencing.These analyses greatly expand our understanding of viruses in rice fields and provide valuable insights for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated rice diseases.

Mitigating ethyl carbamate production in Chinese rice wine:Role of raspberry extract

This study investigated the use of raspberry extract(RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate(EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine(Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage. It focused on the addition of RBE to the fermentation mash and its effects on EC levels. The results showed a significant reduction in EC production that could be attributed to RBE's role in altering urea and citrulline catabolism and inhibiting arginine metabolism, thus preventing EC precursors from reacting with ethanol. Additionally, RBE enhanced the rice wine's flavor profile, as shown by volatile component and amino acid analysis. This study also explored RBE's impact on the metabolism of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simulated fermentation environment, and found increased arginine, reduced urea and citrulline levels, altered enzyme activities, and gene expression changes in the arginine metabolism and transport pathways. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrated RBE's efficacy in reducing the EC content in Chinese rice wine, offering valuable insights for EC reduction strategies.

Effects of increased seeding density on seedling characteristics,mechanical transplantation quality,and yields of rice with crop straw boards for seedling cultivation

The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022,using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250,300,and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality,mechanical transplantation quality,yields,and economic benefits of rice.The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics,but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10(300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age),only 152-155 trays ha^(-1),resulting in a 62%reduction in the number of trays needed.By increasing the seeding rate of rice,missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.The treatment of 300-15(300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age)achieved the highest yields and economic gains.These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.On that basis,rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.

Biofilmed-PGPR:Next-Generation Bioinoculant for Plant Growth Promotion in Rice under Changing Climate

The exopolysaccharide matrix of diazotrophic cyanobacteria was used to integrate phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)solubilizing bacteria,enhancing the survival of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,and ultimately the survival of bacteria in the rhizosphere for better plant growth.A new biofilm-based formulation comprising the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Anabaena AMP2,P-solubilizing Bacillus megaterium var.phosphaticum PB1,and K-solubilizing Rhizobium pusense KRBKKM1 was tested for efficacy in rice.The growth medium with half-strength BG-11 medium supplemented with 3%glucose showed best for biofilm formation under in vitro conditions.Analysis of the methanolic extract of the cyanobacterial-bacterial biofilm(CBB)showed the activity of antioxidants,such as 2-methoxy phenol and pentadecane,which are proven to improve plant-microbe interactions and plant growth,respectively.Treatment of rice seeds with CBB extract at 100 mL/kg or 200 mL/kg showed significant enhancement in germination rate and seedling length.Therefore,a pot culture experiment with the CBB formulations was carried out,and different growth and yield parameters were recorded.Principal component analysis showed that plant growth,yield,soil dehydrogenase activity,and soil chlorophyll content were positively correlated with rice plants amended with vermiculite-based CBB at 2 kg/hm^(2) followed by a spray with aqueous CBB formulation at 5 mL/L at 15 and 30 d after rice transplanting grown with a 25%reduced level of nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium chemical fertilizers than the recommended dose.Further,Pearson correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with soil dehydrogenase(r=0.92**)and soil chlorophyll content(r=0.96**).We concluded that CBB could be used as a novel biofilm-based bio-inoculant to increase rice productivity and crop fitness as a component in integrated nutrient management and sustainable organic farming strategies with reduced chemical fertilizers.

Geographical Indications and Regional Public Brands of the Whole Rice Industry Chain in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt is the main rice producing area in China.The rice industry chain is the agricultural pillar industry chain of this economic belt and it is the key to ensuring national food security and promoting comprehensive rural revitalization.This study discusses the entire rice industry chain in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the national rice production functional zones,agricultural product quality and safety,national famous and excellent new agricultural products,national specialty agricultural products,"China s good grain and oil"products,and national advantageous characteristic industrial clusters.Then,it discusses the geographical indications of rice and its products in this economic belt from geographical indication products,geographical indication trademarks,agricultural geographical indications,geographical indication standards,geographical indication special indications,national geographical indication product protection demonstration zones,and Chinese geographical indication products protected by the European Union.In addition,it analyzes the five main problems between geographical indications and public brands,such as the limited use of geographical indication specific signs and the imperfect intellectual property protection system for geographical indications.Finally,it proposes eight strategies,including promoting the high-quality development of the entire rice industry chain,creating a geographical indication regional public brand for rice and its products,and implementing geographical indication protection projects.

RICE问诊模式在农村订单定向免费医学生全科医学教育中的应用

目的探讨RICE问诊模式在农村订单定向免费医学生全科医学教育中的应用。方法采用自行设计的问卷表调查420名农村订单定向免费医学生对RICE问诊模式的兴趣、态度、了解程度,比较两种问诊模式下医学生对全科医学相关知识的掌握情况,以及学生对RICE问诊模式的满意度。结果97.38%(409/420)的全科医学生认为有必要开展RICE问诊模式课程;96.43%(405/420)的学生表示对全科医学的学习兴趣有所提高;95.24%(400/420)的学生认为可以加深对全科理论知识的了解;85.00%(357/420)的学生完全了解RICE问诊模式;86.67%(364/420)的学生表示能够提高医患沟通的能力;74.05%(311/420)的学生认为RICE问诊模式能够提高从“生物-心理-社会”方面作出诊断的能力。RICE问诊模式下医学生的理论知识和实操能力得分及总成绩均明显优于传统问诊模式,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。学生对RICE问诊模式的满意度为97.86%(411/420),显著高于传统问诊模式的89.76%(377/420),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论RICE问诊模式在全科医学教育中具有良好的应用价值,可以提高农村订单定向免费医学生的学习兴趣,调动自主学习性,能够为今后的基层工作打下扎实的基础。

RICE原则联合手法淋巴引流技术治疗急性期踝关节扭伤的临床效果

踝关节扭伤的急性期,在RICE原则下,结合应用优势较高、疗效突出的手法淋巴结引流技术,探究其应用效果和干预积极性。方法 纳入2020.01-2024.01期间治疗的80例踝关节扭伤患者,均属于急性期,按照随机数字表法,将其分为对比组、试验组,各40例,分别采取常规(RICE原则)、常规+手法淋巴引流技术,对比差异。结果 试验组的疗效更低(P<0.05);干预后,试验组的疼痛、肿胀和踝关节功能评分均更好(P<0.05),其肢体周径、细胞外液含量指标均更好(P<0.05)。结论 联合干预模式(RICE+手法淋巴引流技术)可以有效减少踝关节损伤程度,也可有效减少肿胀程度,减少肢体周径,减少细胞外液浓度,可以有效减少疼痛感,缩短病程,加快疾病康复速度,其干预优势明显。

YOLO-Rice:一种基于YOLOv5的水稻虫害检测

为了保证水稻的高产和稳产、提高水稻虫害检测的识别率,提出一种高效快速的检测算法——YOLO-Rice。首先,在传统YOLOv5s模型的基础上融合CA机制;其次,更换PANet为BiFPN结构;随后,使用更加轻量的CARAFE结构来代替原始的上采样模块;最后,替换损失函数来提高收敛速度,以便更好地进行定位。结果表明,与Faster R-CNN、SSD、YOLOv3等模型相比,YOLO-Rice的检测精确率提高了2.4%~40.8%,召回率提高了6.9%~31.4%,平均精度均值提高了7%~37.2%。由此可说明,改进后的模型在多个方面都优于原模型,具有更强的鲁棒性和更高的准确率,实现了对水稻虫害的准确、高效识别。

水稻驯化与中华文明的起源——中国地理教学中的思政教育

作为世界文化遗产,良渚文化确证了中华民族的5 000年文明史.这与水稻的起源密切有关.水稻起源的讨论始于19世纪,由瑞士植物学家阿方斯·德康多尔基于文献证据认为起源于中国和印度,历经不同国家学者的反复认证,起源于长江中下游已成基本共识.大致说来,水稻起源于10 000年前的长江中下游,后历经尝鲜、补充,直到5 000年前才正式成为当地食物供应的主体.大体上,10 000年前的上山遗址,表明了水稻的驯化和稻作农业的起源,仍然处在最初阶段.到了7 000~8 000年前的河姆渡文化时期,人类社会依然处于由采集狩猎向稻作农业社会的转变过程中,人类还没有进入到真正的稻作农业社会阶段.良渚文化时期,中国的长江下游地区已经进入到了稻作农业社会阶段,完成了从采集狩猎向稻作农业的转变过程.水稻和小麦为全球两大主粮.约10 000年前,小麦起源于两河流域,后扩散至埃及和印度河流域.在四大古文明中,唯有中华文明的生产基础是水稻,其余三个文明均是小麦.从西至东,古埃及文明、古两河文明、古印度文明以及中华文明(良渚文化),非常巧合的是它们均恰好位于北纬30°线上,体现出5 000年前古代文明出现的规律性.

The underlying mechanism of variety–water–nitrogen–stubble damage interactions on yield formation in ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting

Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.

A phenology-based vegetation index for improving ratoon rice mapping using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data

Ratoon rice,which refers to a second harvest of rice obtained from the regenerated tillers originating from the stubble of the first harvested crop,plays an important role in both food security and agroecology while requiring minimal agricultural inputs.However,accurately identifying ratoon rice crops is challenging due to the similarity of its spectral features with other rice cropping systems(e.g.,double rice).Moreover,images with a high spatiotemporal resolution are essential since ratoon rice is generally cultivated in fragmented croplands within regions that frequently exhibit cloudy and rainy weather.In this study,taking Qichun County in Hubei Province,China as an example,we developed a new phenology-based ratoon rice vegetation index(PRVI)for the purpose of ratoon rice mapping at a 30 m spatial resolution using a robust time series generated from Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2(HLS)images.The PRVI that incorporated the red,near-infrared,and shortwave infrared 1 bands was developed based on the analysis of spectro-phenological separability and feature selection.Based on actual field samples,the performance of the PRVI for ratoon rice mapping was carefully evaluated by comparing it to several vegetation indices,including normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),enhanced vegetation index(EVI)and land surface water index(LSWI).The results suggested that the PRVI could sufficiently capture the specific characteristics of ratoon rice,leading to a favorable separability between ratoon rice and other land cover types.Furthermore,the PRVI showed the best performance for identifying ratoon rice in the phenological phases characterized by grain filling and harvesting to tillering of the ratoon crop(GHS-TS2),indicating that only several images are required to obtain an accurate ratoon rice map.Finally,the PRVI performed better than NDVI,EVI,LSWI and their combination at the GHS-TS2 stages,with producer's accuracy and user's accuracy of 92.22 and 89.30%,respectively.These results demonstrate that the proposed PRVI based on HLS data can effectively identify ratoon rice in fragmented croplands at crucial phenological stages,which is promising for identifying the earliest timing of ratoon rice planting and can provide a fundamental dataset for crop management activities.